Showing posts with label 12th Arts. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 12th Arts. Show all posts

HSC 12th Geography Important Board Question Paper 2026 (Maharashtra Board) | Target 90+ Marks

GEOGRAPHY (39)

Important Model Board Question Paper 2026

Time: 3 Hrs. | Max. Marks: 80

General Instructions:

  • (1) All questions are compulsory.
  • (2) Draw relevant diagrams/graphs wherever necessary.
  • (3) Use of colour pencil and map stencil is allowed.
  • (4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
Q. 1. Answer the sub-questions as per given instructions: [20 Marks]
(A) Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’: (5)

(Below is the solved chain)

No. Column 'A' Column 'B' Column 'C'
1 Consumer goods Ready for direct consumption Automobiles
2 Geography Physical geography Climatology
3 Migration International India to Australia
4 Formal region Distinct boundaries State
5 Urban land use Industrial area Pharmaceuticals
(B) Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between the assertion and reason: (5)

1. A: Increase in dependency ratio will affect the economy.
R: Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.

Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. A: When cities grow, their functions also grow.
R: Cities have only one function.

Answer: (a) Only A is correct.

3. A: Diversity is found in industrial production in India.
R: India is predominantly agrarian country.

Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

4. A: Hardwood trees are found in equatorial evergreen Forest.
R: Lumbering is not developed on a commercial level in equatorial regions.

Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

5. A: In India, industrial areas are found concentrated in few regions.
R: India is agricultural country.

Answer: (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) Identify and write the incorrect factor: (5)

1. Population composition:
(a) Age structure (b) Sex-ratio (c) Relief (d) Occupational structure

Answer: (c) Relief

2. Types of settlements on the basis of spacing between the houses:
(a) Compact settlement (b) Dispersed settlement (c) Isolated settlement (d) Regional settlement

Answer: (d) Regional settlement

3. Primary economic activity factor which is not related directly to latitude:
(a) Lumbering (b) Fishing (c) Mining (d) Agriculture

Answer: (c) Mining

4. Indicators of regional development:
(a) Literacy (b) Language (c) Life expectancy (d) Quality of population

Answer: (b) Language

5. Branches of physical geography:
(a) Geology (b) Pedology (c) Climatology (d) Population geography

Answer: (d) Population geography
(D) Identify whether the following statements are true or false: (5)
  1. Migration affects the distribution and density of population. [True]
  2. Tertiary activities include only services. [True]
  3. Regions can be very small or very large. [True]
  4. Bakery industries are not located near the markets. [False]
  5. Man is not a social animal. [False]
Q. 2. Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR): [12 Marks]

(1) Mountainous regions are sparsely populated.

Solution:
  • Relief and Slope: Mountainous regions have steep slopes and rugged terrain, making construction of houses, roads, and railways difficult and expensive.
  • Climate: The climate is often harsh, with very low temperatures, heavy rainfall, or snow, which is not suitable for human habitation.
  • Agriculture: Soil erosion is high, and fertile land is scarce. Short growing seasons limit agricultural productivity.
  • Accessibility: Lack of transport facilities restricts trade, industrial development, and mobility.
  • Therefore, mountainous regions support fewer people and are sparsely populated.

(2) Rural to urban migration is increasing.

Solution:
  • Employment Opportunities: Urban areas offer better job opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors compared to the seasonal nature of agriculture in rural areas.
  • Standard of Living: Cities provide better amenities like education, healthcare, electricity, and entertainment.
  • Pull Factors: The attraction of city life, higher wages, and social mobility pull people from villages.
  • Push Factors: Poverty, lack of land, and unemployment in rural areas push people towards cities.

(3) Industrial growth is limited in South America.

Solution:
  • Physiography: Large parts of the continent are covered by the Andes Mountains and the dense Amazon rainforest, which hinder infrastructure development.
  • Climate: The extreme tropical climate in the north and arid deserts affect human efficiency and industrial setup.
  • Inaccessible Resources: Although rich in minerals, many deposits are located in inaccessible regions.
  • Political Instability: Historically, political instability and lack of capital investment have slowed down industrial progress.

(4) The suburbs near main cities are rapidly developing.

Solution:
  • Congestion in Cities: Main cities face high land prices, pollution, and overcrowding.
  • Better Connectivity: Improvement in transport (metro, highways) allows people to live in suburbs and commute to the city for work.
  • Cheaper Housing: Land and housing are more affordable in suburbs compared to the city center (CBD).
  • Space: Suburbs offer more open space for larger residential complexes and industries.

(5) Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.

Solution:
  • Coniferous Forests: Canada has vast belts of coniferous forests (Taiga) with soft wood trees like Pine, Spruce, and Fir.
  • Homogeneous Species: Trees of the same species are found in pure stands, making commercial exploitation easier.
  • Climate: Frozen rivers in winter act as natural roads for transporting logs (logging is done in winter, transport in spring).
  • Demand: High demand for paper, pulp, and newsprint in the global market drives the industry.
Q. 3. Distinguish between (Any THREE): [9 Marks]

(1) Physical Geography and Human Geography.

Solution:
Physical Geography Human Geography
Studies natural features and phenomena (Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere). Studies human activities and their relationship with the environment.
Branches: Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography. Branches: Economic Geography, Population Geography, Settlement Geography.
Focuses on nature. Focuses on Man.

(2) Expansive Pyramid and Constrictive Pyramid.

Solution:
Expansive Pyramid Constrictive Pyramid
Broad base indicating high birth rate. Narrower base indicating lower birth rate.
Tapers rapidly towards the top (high death rate). Apex is not extremely narrow (lower death rate, higher life expectancy).
Typical of developing/underdeveloped countries (e.g., Nigeria). Typical of developed countries (e.g., Sweden).

(3) Large-scale industries and Cottage industries.

Solution:
Large-scale Industries Cottage Industries
Require huge capital investment and large machinery. Require very little capital and simple hand tools.
Located in specific industrial zones; employ specialized labor. Usually run at home by family members; hereditary skills.
Production for international or national markets (e.g., Iron & Steel). Production for local markets (e.g., Pottery, Handicrafts).
Q. 4. Map Work: [11 Marks]
(A) Mark and name the following on the outline map of the world with suitable index (Any SIX): (6)

(Note: Students must practice marking these locations on a physical World Map)

  1. Country having highest population in the World: Mark India (Note: As per recent data, India has surpassed China, but check specific textbook edition. If 2011 census is strictly followed, China).
  2. Mega city on the western coast of India: Mark Mumbai.
  3. Grassland in the U.S.A.: Mark the Prairies (Central North America).
  4. Major industrial country in Northern part of South America: Mark Venezuela (Oil industry) or broadly Brazil (though Brazil is central/east). Venezuela is strictly North.
  5. Canal connecting Asia, Europe and Africa continents: Mark the Suez Canal.
  6. Largest desert in Africa: Mark the Sahara Desert.
  7. Sparsely populated snow covered island in North Atlantic ocean: Mark Greenland.
  8. Country having highest life expectancy in Asia: Mark Japan.
(B) Read the map (World - Major transportation routes) and answer the questions: (5)
Read the map (World - Major transportation routes) and answer the questions

(Based on standard map reading questions)

  1. Which is the major international airport in Europe?
    Ans: London (Heathrow) or Rome/Paris as shown on the specific map provided in exam.
  2. Which rail route connects two continents?
    Ans: Trans-Siberian Railway (connects Europe and Asia).
  3. Which canal connects Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean?
    Ans: Panama Canal.
  4. Which continent does not have any permanent means of transportation?
    Ans: Antarctica.
  5. Name an international airport in Africa.
    Ans: Johannesburg or Cairo (depending on map labels).
Q. 5. Write short notes on (Any THREE): [12 Marks]

(1) Shifting Agriculture.

Solution:

Also known as 'Slash and Burn' agriculture. It is a primitive subsistence farming method practiced in tropical forest regions (Amazon, Congo, Northeast India). A patch of forest is cleared by burning. Seeds are sown in the ashes. The land loses fertility after 2-3 years, and the farmer moves to a new patch. It causes deforestation and soil erosion. It is known by different names like 'Jhum' in India and 'Roca' in Brazil.

(2) Means of communication and their importance.

Solution:

Communication involves the exchange of information. It is classified into personal (telephone, email) and mass communication (TV, radio, internet). Importance: It integrates the world (Global Village), facilitates trade and commerce, aids in disaster management, helps in education, and supports defense systems. Modern satellite communication and the internet have revolutionized the speed and volume of data transfer.

(3) Causes of regional imbalances in India.

Solution:

Regional imbalance refers to disparities in development between different regions. Causes include:
1. Historical Factors: British focused on port cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai).
2. Geographical Factors: Himalayan states and desert regions (Rajasthan) face difficult terrain.
3. Availability of Resources: Mineral-rich states (Jharkhand) vs resource-poor states.
4. Infrastructure: Lack of power, transport, and water in some states hinders industrialization.

(4) Footloose Industries.

Solution:

Industries that are not tied to a specific location based on raw materials are called footloose industries. The raw materials are usually light, small, and valuable (e.g., electronic chips). Transportation costs for raw materials and finished products are low. They depend more on skilled labor, power supply, and accessibility (roads/airports). Examples: Electronics, Watchmaking, Diamond cutting, Software.

Q. 6. (A) Read the following passage and answer the questions: [8 Marks]

Topic: Mining – Use of minerals

(Passage : Mining – Use of minerals
Man has been using minerals since ancient times. Minerals have been used for making weapons, tools, jewellery, medicines, utensils, etc. The various stages of cultural evolution of man are also related to the use of minerals. At the end of the Stone Age, man developed skills of using minerals. Various periods like the Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Atomic Age respectively were delineated accordingly.
Man has even started exploiting the mineral oil and natural gas reserves from the sea and ocean beds too.
Man cannot manufacture the minerals that are found naturally in the earth’s crust. The distribution of minerals is highly uneven in the world. The activity depends solely on the availability of minerals and not related to latitude directly. Even though the minerals may be present, actual mining depends on several factors such as the geology of the region, the value of minerals, climate, capital investment, technology , skilled labour, etc. Due to mechanisation, this occupation has developed on a large scale.)

(1) What kind of minerals are exploited by man from sea and ocean beds?

Answer: Mineral oil and natural gas.

(2) Why have humans been using minerals since ancient times?

Answer: To make weapons, tools, jewellery, medicines, and utensils.

(3) What is the reason for large scale development of mining activity?

Answer: Mechanization (use of machines) and technology have led to large-scale development.

(4) Why the mining activity is not related to latitude directly?

Answer: Mining depends solely on the availability of minerals in the earth's crust and geological structure, not on the latitude or climate of the region.
(B) Draw neat and labelled diagrams (Any TWO): (4)

(Students should practice drawing these)

  • Linear Settlement Pattern: Houses arranged along a road, river, or canal.
  • Demographic Transition Theory (Stage 1 and 2): Graph showing BR and DR.
  • Classification of Industries: Flow chart based on raw material or capital.
Q. 7. Answer the following questions in detail (Any ONE): [8 Marks]

(1) Explain the human factors affecting distribution of population. Give suitable examples.

Solution:

Population distribution is uneven across the world. While physical factors are primary, human factors play a crucial role:

  1. Agriculture: Fertile regions support agriculture and high population density. Example: The Ganga plains in India and the Nile delta in Egypt are densely populated due to intensive agriculture.
  2. Mining: Discovery of minerals attracts labor and industries, turning even harsh climates into populated areas. Example: Katanga copper belt in Africa or the Chota Nagpur Plateau in India.
  3. Transportation: Regions with good transport connectivity (roads, ports, railways) attract trade and population. Example: Coastal cities like Mumbai and Singapore.
  4. Urbanization/Industrialization: Cities offer jobs, education, and health facilities. Industrial belts attract migrants. Example: The Tokyo-Yokohama industrial region in Japan.
  5. Political and Government Policies: Government incentives to settle in sparse areas (e.g., Siberia in Russia) or political unrest (migration from Syria) affect distribution.

(2) What is primary economic activity? Explain the types of primary economic activities.

Solution:

Definition: Economic activities that depend directly on nature and involve the extraction or utilization of natural resources (land, water, vegetation, minerals) are called primary economic activities.

Types:

  1. Hunting and Gathering: The oldest activity. People hunt animals and gather fruits/roots. Now restricted to tribes like Bushmen (Kalahari) and Pygmies (Congo).
  2. Fishing: Catching fish from oceans, rivers, and lakes. Developed in regions with indented coastlines and shallow continental shelves (e.g., Dogger Bank, Japan coast).
  3. Lumbering: Cutting wood from forests. Commercial lumbering is highly developed in Coniferous forests (Canada, Scandinavia) due to softwood.
  4. Animal Husbandry: Rearing animals for milk, meat, and wool. Ranges from nomadic herding to commercial livestock ranching (e.g., Downs in Australia, Prairies).
  5. Agriculture: The most important activity. Cultivation of crops. Includes subsistence farming, plantation farming, and extensive commercial grain farming.
  6. Mining: Extraction of minerals from the earth. It is the base for industrial development.

12th Geography Board Papers with Solution

HSC Geography

Labels: , , , , ,

HSC 12th History Important Board Question Paper 2026 (Maharashtra Board) | Target 90+ Marks

IMPORTANT QUESTION PAPER - BOARD EXAM 2026

SUBJECT: HISTORY (38)

Time: 3 Hrs. | Max. Marks: 80

Q. 1. (A) Choose the correct alternatives and rewrite the statements: [6 Marks]

(1) The first seafarer to circumnavigate the African continent was ______.

  • (a) Henry the Navigator
  • (b) Marco Polo
  • (c) Bartholomew Dias
  • (d) Columbus
Answer: (c) Bartholomew Dias

(2) In 1440 ______ started the printing press.

  • (a) James Watt
  • (b) Gutenberg
  • (c) Aristotle
  • (d) Homer
Answer: (b) Gutenberg

(3) It was made obligatory for the Indian Rulers to get license (Cartaz) for sailing on Indian ocean by the ______.

  • (a) Dutch
  • (b) British
  • (c) Portuguese
  • (d) French
Answer: (c) Portuguese

(4) The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by ______.

  • (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
  • (b) Mahatma Jotirao Phule
  • (c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
  • (d) Swami Vivekanand
Answer: (b) Mahatma Jotirao Phule

(5) The first conference of Asian and African countries was held in 1955 at ______ in Indonesia.

  • (a) Bandung
  • (b) Paris
  • (c) Colombo
  • (d) Maldives
Answer: (a) Bandung

(6) Headquarters of SEATO was located at ______.

  • (a) Thailand
  • (b) Philippines
  • (c) Pakistan
  • (d) United Kingdom
Answer: (a) Thailand

Q. 1. (B) Find the incorrect pairs in group ‘B’ and write the correct ones: [4 Marks]

(1) Group ‘A’ vs Group ‘B’

  • (i) Kunwar Singh — Lucknow
  • (ii) Nanasaheb Peshwa — Kanpur
  • (iii) Queen Lakshmibai — Jhansi
  • (iv) Chimasaheb — Kolhapur
Incorrect Pair: (i) Kunwar Singh — Lucknow
Corrected Pair: Kunwar Singh — Bihar (or Begum Hazrat Mahal — Lucknow)

(2) Group ‘A’ vs Group ‘B’

  • (i) Christopher Columbus — Discovery of America
  • (ii) Vasco-da-Gama — Discovery of China
  • (iii) Mungo Park — Discovery of Africa
  • (iv) Abel Janszoon Tasman — Discovery of New Zealand
Incorrect Pair: (ii) Vasco-da-Gama — Discovery of China
Corrected Pair: Vasco-da-Gama — Discovery of India (Calicut)

(3) Group ‘A’ vs Group ‘B’

  • (i) "Do boond Zindagi ke" — Swaccha Bharat Abhiyan
  • (ii) "Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress" — Sarvashiksha Abhiyan
  • (iii) "Come and Play" — Scheme for development of sports
  • (iv) "Atulya Bharat" — Advertisement Campaign to boost tourism
Incorrect Pair: (i) "Do boond Zindagi ke" — Swaccha Bharat Abhiyan
Corrected Pair: "Do boond Zindagi ke" — Pulse Polio Campaign

(4) Group ‘A’ vs Group ‘B’

  • (i) Burma Independence Army — Aung San
  • (ii) Pan-African Congress — W.E.B. Du Bois
  • (iii) Internal autonomy to colonies — Winston Churchill
  • (iv) Indian Independence Movement — Mahatma Gandhi
Incorrect Pair: (iii) Internal autonomy to colonies — Winston Churchill
Corrected Pair: Winston Churchill — Opposed to giving autonomy (Atlantic Charter context). Or correct leader for autonomy.

Q. 2. (A) Write the names of historical places/persons/events: [4 Marks]

  1. An engineer who successfully sailed the steamboat named ‘Clermont’:
    Ans: Robert Fulton
  2. The fort built by the British at the north of Chennai:
    Ans: Fort St. George
  3. Code name of military mission planned by the Indian Army for liberation of Goa:
    Ans: Operation Vijay
  4. The place where the Portuguese stored ammunition:
    Ans: Panaji (or specific arsenal location)

Q. 2. (B) Choose the correct reasons and complete the sentences: [4 Marks]

(1) Ravindranath Tagore gave up his title (Sir) because he wished —

Ans: (a) To criticise ‘Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.’

(2) The League of Nations was established after the First World War because —

Ans: (b) To avoid any situation that could lead to another World War.

(3) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj levied octroi on the salt trade to —

Ans: (b) stop the British trade of salt. (Or Portuguese/Colonial trade impact). *Correction based on text: (d) oppose the colonialists / (b) stop British trade. The specific context is usually to hit the Portuguese/British salt monopoly.*
Specific Textbook Answer: To make the salt imported by the Portuguese/British costlier and protect local salt manufacturing.

(4) No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America because —

Ans: (a) They did not want to let United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand.

Q. 3. (A) Observe the given map (1857 Revolt) and answer the questions: [5 Marks]

Observe the given map (1857 Revolt) and answer the questions
[Note: Imagine a map of India showing the Centres of the Revolt of 1857: Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow, Banaras, Barrackpore, Satara, etc.]
  1. How many colonies are shown in this map? (Question from American Colonies Map variation) / To which topic is this map related? (1857 Map)
    Ans (1857 Map): The map is related to the Freedom Struggle of 1857.
  2. Name the ocean that lies on the east coast of India.
    Ans: Bay of Bengal.
  3. Name any one place on the eastern side of India involved in the revolt of 1857.
    Ans: Barrackpore / Calcutta.
  4. In the uprising of 1857, write the name of any one place, presently in Maharashtra.
    Ans: Satara / Nagpur / Kolhapur.
  5. Name any one centre of independence struggle of 1857 in present Bangladesh.
    Ans: Dacca (Dhaka) / Chittagong.

Q. 3. (B) Complete the concept maps (Any FOUR): [8 Marks]

(1) The spread of the British Empire was in these continents:

Asia
Africa
America (North)
Australia

(2) Social Reformers and their organizations:

Reformer Organization
Swami Dayanand Saraswati Arya Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahmo Samaj
Swami Vivekananda Ramkrishna Mission
Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan Scientific Society / Aligarh Movement

(3) Newspapers published by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar:

Dr. Ambedkar's Newspapers
Mooknayak
Bahishkrut Bharat
Janata
Samata

(4) Princely states and colonies merged in India after independence:

Hyderabad
Junagadh
Kashmir
Goa (Portuguese) / Pondicherry (French)

Q. 4. (A) Write short notes (Any THREE): [6 Marks]

(1) Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj: Explain his role in social equality, reservation policy in Kolhapur state, support for Dr. Ambedkar, and educational reforms.

(2) Decolonisation: Define the process where colonies gained independence from imperial powers, specifically in Asia and Africa after WWII.

(3) Speed Post: Discuss the modernization of the Indian postal service and its impact on communication.

(4) Boston Tea Party: Explain the protest by American colonists against the British tax on tea, a key event leading to the American Revolution.

Q. 4. (B) Explain the following statements with reasons (Any THREE): [9 Marks]

  1. Industrial Revolution first began in England.
    Reason: Availability of iron and coal, humid climate suitable for textiles, large colonies to supply raw materials and buy finished goods, and political stability.
  2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj decided to attack the region of Bardesh.
    Reason: To curb the Portuguese activities, protect his subjects from Portuguese atrocities (forced conversions), and secure the Konkan coast.
  3. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar determined to work for creating a society based on "Freedom, Equality and Fraternity".
    Reason: To eradicate the caste system, remove untouchability, and ensure human rights and dignity for the depressed classes.
  4. The cold war began between America and Russia.
    Reason: Ideological differences (Capitalism vs Communism), the arms race after WWII, and the struggle for global dominance.

Q. 5. State your opinion (Any THREE): [9 Marks]

  1. The contribution of Krantisinha Nana Patil is significant in the Indian freedom struggle.
    Opinion: Mention the 'Prati Sarkar' (Parallel Government) in Satara, his underground activities, and how he empowered the rural masses against British rule.
  2. India is a leading country in the field of space research.
    Opinion: Discuss ISRO's achievements (Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan), cost-effective satellite launches, and self-reliance in space technology.
  3. All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our Heritage places.
    Opinion: Heritage places are symbols of our history and culture. Preserving them promotes tourism and passes knowledge to future generations. Neglect leads to irreversible loss.

Q. 6. Answer the following questions in detail (Any TWO): [10 Marks]

(1) Explain the conflict between the Portuguese and Maratha Empires.
Key Points: Shivaji Maharaj's naval expansion, Portuguese support to Maratha enemies (Siddhis), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's campaign against Goa, and the battle of Vasai under Chimaji Appa.

(2) Write in detail about the movement for liberation of Goa.
Key Points: Dr. T.B. Cunha's role, formation of Goa Congress Committee, diplomatic efforts by Indian Govt, Operation Vijay (1961), and final surrender of Portuguese forces.

(3) Explain the causes and effects of European Crusades.
Key Points: Religious zeal to reclaim Jerusalem, Pope's appeal. Effects: Contact with the East, rise of trade, decline of Feudalism, introduction of new crops/sciences to Europe.

Q. 7. Answer in detail with the help of given points (Any ONE): [15 Marks]

(1) Write about the Quit India Movement of 1942.

  • (a) Mumbai Session: Held at Gowalia Tank Maidan (August Kranti Maidan), passed the Quit India Resolution on 8th August 1942.
  • (b) Appeal by Mahatma Gandhi: Gave the slogan "Do or Die", urged people to consider themselves free and non-violently resist British rule.
  • (c) Its impact: Mass uprisings, underground radio (Usha Mehta), parallel governments (Patil, Chavan), showed the British that they could no longer rule India against the will of the people.

(2) Write in detail about the British East India Company:

  • (a) Foundation: Established in 1600 under a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I.
  • (b) Powers: Monopoly over trade in the East, power to wage war, sign treaties, and maintain armies.
  • (c) Administrative structure: Factories (trading posts), Officers (factors/writers), evolution into a political power after Plassey and Buxar.

12th History Board Papers with Solution

HSC History

Labels: , , , , ,

HSC English Board Paper July 2023 Solutions | Maharashtra Board

Board Question Paper: July 2023 - English Yuvakbharati Solution

SECTION – I: PROSE

Q.1. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

A1. Read and rewrite the following sentences and state whether they are True or False:

  • (a) A lady missionary has presented Soapy a black bow on Thanksgiving Day.
    Ans: True
  • (b) The head-waiter’s eye did not fall upon his tattered trousers and decadent shoes.
    Ans: False
  • (c) A policeman was in the lead when people came running round the corner.
    Ans: True
  • (d) The officer did not inquire about the man who broke the glass.
    Ans: False

A2. Match the incidents given in column ‘A’ with the consequences given in column ‘B’:

Column A (Incident) Column B (Consequence)
(1) Soapy tried to enter a cafe. Strong and ready hands of the head-waiter turned him around.
(2) Soapy broke a glass window. The cop ran after another man.
(3) Two waiters pitched Soapy on the callous pavement. He stood up slowly beating the dust from his clothes.
(4) Soapy stood silent with his hands in his pockets. He wanted to get arrested by the police.
*(Implied context of his inaction)*

A3. Complete the following sentences:

(i) Here ‘Island’ means Blackwell’s Island (the prison).

(ii) The island is ‘Coveted’ because it offered food and shelter from the cold winter for three months.

A4. ‘Students should stay away from crime’. Write your opinion on the above sentence.

Ans: I strongly agree that students should stay away from crime. Crime not only destroys a student's future and career prospects but also brings shame to their family. Instead, students should focus on education and character building to become responsible citizens who contribute positively to society.

A5. Do as directed:

(i) Soapy turned off Broadway. (Identify the correct tense form)

Ans: (b) The simple past tense

(ii) ‘Soapy took a stone and dashed it through the glass. (Make it a simple sentence)

Ans: (a) Taking a stone Soapy dashed it through the glass.

A6. Find the synonyms of the following from the extract:

  • (i) jail: limbo / island
  • (ii) old and worn out shoes: decadent shoes
  • (iii) dishonourable: ignoble
  • (iv) nervous manner: agitatedly

B1. Language Study

(1) There were no boats to take the people across. (Rewrite beginning with ‘If...’)

Ans: (c) If there were boats, they would have taken people across.

(2) He simply abandoned his sack by the stream. (Rewrite beginning with ‘His sack...’)

Ans: (c) His sack was abandoned by him by the stream.

(3) She said, “I have worked hard from childhood.” (Indirect narration)

Ans: (a) She said that she had worked hard from childhood.

B2. Spot the error

India pays tribute to Gandhiji for his birth anniversary.

Ans: India pays tribute to Gandhiji on his birth anniversary.

12th English Board Papers

Q.2. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

A1. Arrange the following statements in a proper sequence:

1. (iii) Gopal explained timidly that it was his birthday.
2. (i) The director was impressed.
3. (iv) His lips were red with the chewing of betel leaves.
4. (ii) Their faces were blurred beyond the shadows.

A2. Give reasons:

(i) Gopal's forty-ninth birthday was a peculiar one because astrologers had predicted that he might not see this birthday, and he had lived in secret terror of this day all his life.

(ii) He felt stuffy because he was not allowed to shift his position to maintain continuity, and the big lamp scorched his face.

A3. 'All of them are my Yamas'. Explain the statement.

Ans: 'Yama' is the God of Death. Gopal felt that the director, the boss, and the writer, who were forcing him to perform a death scene on the very day he feared he would die, were essentially agents of death (Yamas) bent on ensuring the astrologer's prediction came true.

A4. 'Superstition poison our minds.' Explain in your own words.

Ans: Superstitions act as a mental poison because they instill irrational fear and anxiety, as seen in Gopal's case. They prevent logical thinking and can ruin moments of happiness by creating imaginary dangers, making a person a prisoner of their own beliefs.

A5. Do as directed:

(i) He laughed aloud on hearing of the problem. (Use ‘would’)

Ans: (c) He would laugh on hearing of the problem.
(Note: Depending on context 'would have laughed' implies counterfactual, but 'would laugh' implies habit. Given options, (c) is structurally sound for habitual past).

(ii) They all stood around and looked at him. (not only ... but also)

Ans: (a) They all not only stood around but also looked at him.

A6. Find out the antonyms for the following from the extract:

  • (i) bravely x timidly
  • (ii) pleasant x unpleasant
  • (iii) accept x refuse
  • (iv) moving x unmoving

(B) Summarising

The Fear of Death

Gopal's forty-ninth birthday was marred by fear as astrologers had predicted he might not survive the day. While he wished to spend it safely, he was stuck on a film set. The director was impressed by his acting, but the story-writer refused to change the script where Gopal's character dies. Trapped under scorching lamps and unable to move, Gopal felt the film crew were like 'Yamas' (Agents of Death) determined to fulfill the prophecy.

(C) Mind Mapping

Topic: My Future Goals

  • Career
    • Complete Degree (B.Tech)
    • Secure a job in MNC
    • Start a side business
  • Personal
    • Learn guitar
    • Travel to Europe
    • Maintain fitness
  • Social
    • Volunteer at NGO
    • Sponsor a child's education

SECTION II: POETRY

Q.3. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

A1. Describe the scene in the beginning of the poem.

Ans: The scene describes a very calm and quiet ocean. There was no wind stirring in the air, the sea was motionless, and the ship stood still with its keel steady in the ocean.

A2. Give reasons:

(i) The ship was still at sea because there was no wind to move its sails ("No stir in the air").

(ii) The Abbot of Aberbrothok had placed the bell on the Inchcape Rock so that it would ring with the movement of waves during storms and warn mariners of the dangerous rock.

A3. Write two incidents/ occasions on which you helped other people.

Ans: 1. I helped a visually impaired person cross a busy street near my college.
2. I donated my old books and clothes to an orphanage last Diwali.

A4. Give the rhyming pairs and rhyme scheme from stanza 2 from the extract.

Rhyming pairs: shock - Rock; fell - Bell.
Rhyme Scheme: aabb

A5. Compose four lines of your own on 'Sea'.

The vast blue sea, so deep and wide,
With waves that dance and roll and slide,
A home for fish and coral reef,
Its beauty is beyond belief.

(B) Appreciation

Appreciation of the poem 'Money'

About the poem and poet: The poem 'Money' is written by William H. Davies. It reflects on the poet's experience with wealth and poverty.

Theme: The central theme is the dual nature of money. It highlights how wealth attracts false friends, while poverty, though difficult, brings true friends and genuine happiness.

Poetic Style/Language: The poem uses simple narrative language. It employs rhyme (aabb in some stanzas) and rhythm to convey a profound message.

Poetic Devices: The poet uses Inversion ("Came knocking all day at my door"), Simile ("Then felt I like a child"), and Repetition ("Money, money, O!") to emphasize his points.

Message/Values: The poem teaches us that money is not essential for happiness. True joy lies in simplicity and genuine relationships, which are often found among the poor rather than the rich.

SECTION – III: WRITING SKILLS

Q.4. Complete the activities as per the instructions given below:

(A) Attempt ‘Any One’ of the following activities: (4)

(1) Drafting a Virtual Message

Date: 25th July 2023
Time: 4:00 PM

To: Piano Teacher

Message:
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you that I will be late for today's Piano class by approximately 30 minutes. My school bus has broken down on the way, causing an unexpected delay. I apologize for the inconvenience and will join the class as soon as I reach.

From: [Student Name]

OR

(2) Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Statement of Purpose for B.B.A.

From managing school events to observing my father’s retail business, I have always been fascinated by the dynamics of management and commerce. My goal is to become a successful entrepreneur, and I believe a Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) is the crucial first step.

I have consistently performed well in my academics, particularly in Economics and Commerce. Beyond books, I served as the Cultural Secretary of my college, which honed my leadership and organizational skills. I am eager to learn about marketing strategies, human resource management, and global business trends.

Your university is renowned for its practical approach to business education and industry exposure. I am confident that the B.B.A. program at your esteemed institution will provide me with the necessary skills and exposure to succeed in the corporate world. I am committed to contributing positively to the university community while pursuing my academic goals.

OR

(3) Group Discussion

Topic: Save Water ('No water, No life')

Evaluator: Good morning everyone. Today the topic for our group discussion is 'Save Water'. As we know, water is the essence of life. I invite you to present your views.

Participant 1 (Arjun): Hello everyone. I would like to start by saying that "No water, No life" is not just a slogan but a scary reality. Despite 71% of Earth being water, freshwater is scarce. We are facing a global water crisis due to pollution and wastage.

Participant 2 (Sneha): I agree with Arjun. The situation is alarming. We need to focus on solutions. I believe rainwater harvesting is a crucial step. Every housing society must implement it to recharge groundwater levels.

Participant 3 (Rahul): True, Sneha. Along with that, we need to fix domestic wastage. Simple things like fixing leaking taps and using buckets instead of showers can save liters of water daily. Agriculture also consumes a lot of water; drip irrigation should be mandatory.

Participant 1 (Arjun): Yes, and industries must treat water before dumping it into rivers. Water conservation must become a mass movement.

Evaluator: Thank you all. We had a very healthy discussion. It is concluded that while the crisis is real, a combination of technology like rainwater harvesting and personal responsibility can help us 'Save Water'.

(B) Attempt ‘Any One’ of the following activities: (4)

(1) E-mail

To: owner@sportsstore.com
Subject: Inquiry regarding sports equipment and bulk purchase discount

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to you as the Sports Secretary of my local club. We are planning to upgrade our sports inventory for the upcoming season and are interested in purchasing equipment from your store.

We require the following items:

  • Cricket Bats (English Willow) - 5 units
  • Leather Cricket Balls - 20 units
  • Badminton Rackets (Professional grade) - 10 units
  • Football (Size 5) - 10 units

Could you please provide a quotation for these items? Additionally, since this is a bulk order, we would appreciate it if you could inform us about any discounts applicable for sports clubs. Please also let us know your warranty policy and delivery timelines.

Looking forward to your prompt response.

Regards,
XYZ
Sports Secretary

OR

(2) Report Writing

Grand Success of Annual Prize Distribution Function

By Student Editor, XYZ College Magazine | July 26, 2023

Mumbai: XYZ Junior College celebrated its Annual Prize Distribution Function yesterday with great zeal and enthusiasm. The event was held in the college auditorium, which was beautifully decorated for the occasion.

The program began at 10:00 AM with the lighting of the lamp by the Chief Guest, Mr. A.K. Sharma, a renowned educationist. The Principal presented the annual report, highlighting the college's achievements in academics and sports. Cultural performances, including a folk dance and a skit on social awareness, mesmerized the audience.

The highlight was the prize distribution ceremony. Meritorious students were felicitated with trophies and certificates. The 'Student of the Year' award was bagged by Miss Riya Singh for her all-round excellence. The Chief Guest, in his speech, emphasized the importance of discipline and hard work. The function concluded with a vote of thanks followed by the National Anthem.

OR

(3) Interview

Name of the interviewee: Mr. Ruskin Bond (Famous Author)
Field/Reputation: Literature / Renowned Short Story Writer
Date/Venue/Time: 25th July 2023, XYZ College Hall, 11:00 AM
Duration: 1 Hour

Questions:

  1. Good morning, Sir. Could you tell us a little about your early life and the struggles you faced during your childhood?
  2. What were the major hurdles you faced during your education, and how did you overcome them?
  3. Who has been your role model or biggest inspiration in the field of writing?
  4. How crucial was your family's support in your decision to become a full-time writer?
  5. Can you share the memory of your first success or achievement that made you believe in your talent?
  6. What is your definition of a successful plan for writing a captivating story?
  7. Despite such a celebrated career, are there any dreams that remain unfulfilled for you?
  8. Finally, what message would you like to give to the aspiring young writers of our college?

(C) Attempt ‘Any One’ of the following activities: (4)

(1) Speech

Importance of Science and Technology

Honorable Judges, Respected Teachers, and my dear friends,

A very good morning to all. Today, I stand before you to speak on the topic "Importance of Science and Technology".

We live in an era where science and technology are the driving forces of our existence. From the smartphone in our pocket to the satellites in space, technology has revolutionized the way we live, communicate, and work. Science has given us the cure for deadly diseases, increasing our life expectancy, while technology has turned the world into a global village.

It has made education accessible through the internet and made travel faster and safer. However, we must remember that technology is a double-edged sword. While it offers solutions, its misuse can lead to destruction. It is our responsibility to use science for the betterment of humanity and the protection of our environment.

To conclude, science and technology are the wings that allow humanity to fly high. Let us use them wisely.

Thank you.

OR

(2) Compering: World Environment Day

1. Prayer:
"Good morning everyone. Let us begin this auspicious occasion of World Environment Day by invoking the blessings of the Almighty. I request everyone to stand for the prayer."

2. Welcome & Introduction:
"Welcome to our college's celebration of nature! Today, on World Environment Day, we gather to pledge our allegiance to Mother Earth. The theme for this year is 'Ecosystem Restoration'. We are honored to have Mr. Green, a noted environmentalist, as our Chief Guest."

3. Felicitation:
"I request our Principal to felicitate our Chief Guest with a sapling, a symbol of life and growth. Thank you, Sir."

4. Speakers’ Participation:
"Now, let us hear from our students. First, I invite Miss Anjali to share her views on plastic pollution... [After speech] Thank you Anjali for those eye-opening facts."

5. Presidential Address:
"I now request our Principal to address the gathering."

6. Vote of Thanks:
"As we come to the end of this program, I thank our guests, teachers, and students for making this event a success. Let's not just celebrate today, but act every day. Thank you!"

OR

(3) Expansion of Idea

Actions Speak Louder Than Words

The proverb "Actions speak louder than words" emphasizes that what a person actually does is more important than what they say they will do. People often make grand promises or boast about their abilities, but without action, these words are meaningless.

In every field of life, results are achieved through hard work and execution, not just planning or talking. For instance, a politician may promise development, but the citizens believe him only when they see actual progress. Similarly, a student cannot top exams by just talking about studying; they must put in the hours of work.

Trust is built on actions. When our behavior matches our words, we gain respect. Therefore, instead of wasting energy on empty boasts, we should focus on our actions. Let your success make the noise, rather than your voice. Ultimately, history remembers doers, not just talkers.

(D) Attempt ‘Any One’ of the following activities: (4)

(1) Review

Film Review: 3 Idiots

  • Title: 3 Idiots
  • Subject/Plot: The movie revolves around the lives of three engineering students—Rancho, Farhan, and Raju—and their journey through the pressures of the Indian education system. It highlights the importance of pursuing one's passion over rote learning.
  • Presentation/Music: Directed by Rajkumar Hirani, the film is a visual treat with excellent cinematography capturing the scenic beauty of Ladakh. The music by Shantanu Moitra is soulful, with songs like "All is Well" becoming anthems of optimism.
  • Message: The film delivers a powerful message: "Don't chase success; chase excellence, and success will follow." It encourages students to think beyond grades and follow their hearts.
OR

(2) Blog

Title: Unlocking Your Best Self: The Art of Personality Development

In today's competitive world, having a degree is not enough. The need for personality development has never been greater. It is not just about looking good, but about developing a strong character and confidence.

One of the most critical aspects is the importance of communication skills. Being able to express your thoughts clearly can set you apart in a job interview or a social gathering. It bridges the gap between talent and success.

Other aspects of personality development include body language, emotional intelligence, and a positive attitude. Finally, one must not ignore dressing sense. As they say, "First impressions are lasting impressions." Dressing appropriately for the occasion shows respect for yourself and others.

Start working on yourself today, for the biggest investment you can make is in yourself!

OR

(3) Appeal

FIGHT THE VIRUS, SAVE HUMANITY!

PREVENT THE SPREAD OF CORONA VIRUS

Your Safety is in Your Hands!

ЁЯШ╖ WEAR A MASK - Protect yourself and others.
ЁЯз╝ SANITIZE HANDS - Wash frequently with soap.
ЁЯУП SOCIAL DISTANCING - Keep a safe distance (6 feet).
ЁЯНО EAT HEALTHY - Boost your immunity.

Let's break the chain together!

Issued in public interest by:
Health Club, XYZ College

SECTION-IV (LITERARY GENRE - NOVEL)

Q.5. (A) Complete the activities given below:

(i) Match the columns:

Column A (Novel) Column B (Author)
(a) The Heart of Darkness (iii) Joseph Conrad
(b) The Turn of the Screw (iv) Henry James
(c) Death in Venice (ii) Thomas Mann
(d) Pearl (i) John Steinbeck

(ii) Choose the correct alternatives:

  • (a) The central idea in the novel is theme.
  • (b) The main character in the novel is referred to as protagonist.
  • (c) The struggle between the opposite forces in the story is called conflict.
  • (d) Language and techniques used in the novel is known as style.

(B) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below:

(i) Explain how the setting of the extract “To Sir, with Love” contributes to the theme.

Ans: The setting of the Greenslade School in London’s East End reflects the gritty social reality of the students. The rough environment highlights the challenges of racism and class prejudice that Braithwaite faces. The transformation of these students within this setting underscores the theme that education and respect can overcome social barriers.

(ii) Describe in brief the plot of the extract from "To Sir, with Love".

Ans: The extract covers the half-yearly report of the Students' Council. Students present reports on their subjects, showing remarkable maturity. Braithwaite’s class, led by Fernman and Miss Joseph, impresses everyone. They confidently question the teachers, and Denham critiques the P.T. syllabus, showcasing the students' development.

(C) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below:

(i) Describe the character-sketch of Phileas Fogg from the extract.

Ans: Phileas Fogg is a wealthy English gentleman who is cool, calm, and mathematically precise. He is extremely punctual and unemotional. In the extract, despite the chaos of the arrest and delays, he remains composed and focused on his goal, representing the ideal of a rational Victorian gentleman.

(ii) Compare the characters Passepartout and detective Fix.

Ans: Passepartout is Fogg's loyal, emotional, and somewhat naive servant who provides comic relief and physical aid. In contrast, Detective Fix is suspicious, deceptive, and determined to arrest Fogg, believing him to be a bank robber. While Passepartout acts out of loyalty, Fix acts out of duty and self-interest.

(D) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below:

(i) Arrange the sentences in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract ‘The Sign of Four’.

1. (d) Mary Morstan was a well-dressed young lady. (Narrator describes her entry)
2. (c) Mary's father was an officer in an Indian regiment. (Part of her story)
3. (b) Mary received a large and lustrous pearl through the post. (Part of her story)
4. (a) Holmes put a revolver in his pocket. (Preparation to leave)

(ii) Discuss the importance of the following statement: "The trio-Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre."

Ans: This decision marks the turning point in the story from exposition to action. By agreeing to accompany Mary to the Lyceum Theatre to meet the anonymous letter-writer, Holmes and Watson formally accept the case. It sets the adventure in motion and brings the three characters together for the mystery that follows.

Name Page No. 1 Name Page No. 2 Name Page No. 3 Name Page No. 4 Name Page No. 5 Name Page No. 6 Name Page No. 7 Name Page No. 8 Name Page No. 9 Name Page No. 10 Name Page No. 11 Name Page No. 12 Name Page No. 13 Name Page No. 14 Name Page No. 15 Name Page No. 16
Labels: , , , , , ,

Maharashtra Board 12th Economics Question Paper Solution March 2022 Marathi Medium

рдмोрд░्рдб рдк्рд░рд╢्рдирдкрдд्рд░िрдХा : рдоाрд░्рдЪ реирежреиреи
рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ (Economics) - рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдЙрдд्рддрд░े

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рез. (рдЕ) рд╕рд╣рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдкूрд░्рдг рдХрд░ा. [рел]

(рез) рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ : рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд :: рд╕ूрдХ्рд╖्рдо рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ : рдХिंрдордд рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд
(реи) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдоाрдЧрдгी : рдЕрди्рдирдзाрди्рдп рд╡ рдн्рд░рдордгрдз्рд╡рдиी :: рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдоाрдЧрдгी : рднूрдоी рд╡ рд╢्рд░рдо
(рей) рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी : \( Ed = \infty \) :: рдПрдХрдХ рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी : \( Ed = 1 \)
(рек) рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдкрдж्рдзрдд : рдоाрд▓рд╕ाрдаा рдкрдж्рдзрдд :: рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдкрдж्рдзрдд : рдШрдЯрдХ рдкрдж्рдзрдд
(рел) рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдХрд░ : рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХрд░ :: рд╡рд╕्рддू рдЖрдгि рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХрд░ (GST) : рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХрд░

Economics Board Questions with Solution

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рез. (рдм) рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдкाрд░िрднाрд╖िрдХ рд╢рдм्рдж рд▓िрд╣ा. [рел]

(рез) рдЙрдкрднोрдХ्рдд्рдпाрдХрдбूрди рдЙрдкрднोрдЧ рдШेрддрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡ाрдвीрд╡ рд╡рд╕्рддूрдкाрд╕ूрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕ीрдоांрдд рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा (Marginal Utility)
(реи) рдХिंрдордд рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा рдЗрддрд░ рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддीрдд рдмрджрд▓ांрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгीрдд рдШрдЯ рд╣ोрддे.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдоाрдЧрдгीрдЪा рд╕ंрдХोрдЪ (Decrease in Demand)
рдЯीрдк: рдХाрд╣ी рд╕ंрджрд░्рднाрдд рдпाрд▓ा 'рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдШрдЯ' рдЕрд╕ेрд╣ी рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд, рдкрд░ंрддु 'рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा' рд╢рдм्рджрдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдиे 'рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдШрдЯ' (Decrease) рд╣े рдЕрдзिрдХ рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдЖрд╣े.
(рей) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдирдЧрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрдиंрддрд░ рдоिрд│рдгाрд░ी рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी (Average Revenue)
(рек) рдЕрд╕ा рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзी, рдХी рдЬ्рдпाрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдЪे рдШрдЯрдХ рдЖрдгि рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдЪा рдЦрд░्рдЪ рдмрджрд▓рдгे рд╢рдХ्рдп рдЕрд╕рддे.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рджीрд░्рдШ рдХाрд│ (Long Period)
(рел) рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдд рджेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╕ीрдоा рд░ेрд╖ेрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджिрдд рд╣ोрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдЕंрддिрдо рд╡рд╕्рддू рд╡ рд╕ेрд╡ांрдЪे рдмाрдЬाрд░рднाрд╡ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдпेрдгाрд░े рдоूрд▓्рдп.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рджेрд╢ांрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди (GDP)

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рез. (рдХ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рд╡िрдзाрдиे рдкूрд░्рдг рдХрд░ा. [рел]

(рез) рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХрд░рдгाрд░े рд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ _______ .
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░
(реи) рдХिрдорддीрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рдоाрдг рдХрдоी рдЕрд╕рддे, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░ा рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ _______ .
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рддीрд╡्рд░ рдЙрддाрд░ाрдЪा
(рей) рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪी рд╡िрдХ्рд░ी рд╡ाрдврд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдХрд░ाрд╡ा рд▓ाрдЧрдгाрд░ा рдЦрд░्рдЪ _______ .
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) рд╡िрдХ्рд░ी рдЦрд░्рдЪ
(рек) рдорд╣рд╕ुрд▓ी рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдЖрдгि рдорд╣рд╕ुрд▓ी рдЦрд░्рдЪाрдЪा рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░े рдЕंрджाрдЬрдкрдд्рд░рдХ _______ .
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) рдорд╣рд╕ुрд▓ी рдЕंрджाрдЬрдкрдд्рд░рдХ
(рел) рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪी рдЖрдпाрдд рдХрд░ूрди рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рдХрд░ूрди рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рддी рдиिрд░्рдпाрдд рдХेрд▓ी рдЬाрддे рддेрд╡्рд╣ा _______ .
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) рдкुрдирд░्рдиिрд░्рдпाрдд рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рез. (рдб) рд╡िрдзाрдиे рд╡ рддрд░्рдХ рдк्рд░рд╢्рди. [рел]

(рез) рд╡िрдзाрди (рдЕ): рд╕ीрдоांрдд рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдШрдЯрдд рдЬाрддे.
рддрд░्рдХ рд╡िрдзाрди (рдм): рдПрдХूрдг рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдШрдЯрдд्рдпा рджрд░ाрдиे рд╡ाрдврдд рдЬाрддे.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) рджोрди्рд╣ी рд╡िрдзाрдиे рд╕рдд्рдп рдЕрд╕ूрди 'рдм' рд╡िрдзाрди рд╣े 'рдЕ' рд╡िрдзाрдиाрдЪे рдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг рдХрд░рддे.
(реи) рд╡िрдзाрди (рдЕ): рдХिрдорддीрддीрд▓ рд╡ाрдв рд╣ी рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪा рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рдХрдоी рдХрд░рддे.
рддрд░्рдХ рд╡िрдзाрди (рдм): рдХिंрдордд рд╡ाрдврд▓ी рдЕрд╕рддा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ेрдд्рдпाрд▓ा рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдирдлा рдоिрд│рддो.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рд╡िрдзाрди 'рдЕ' рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े; рдкрдг рддрд░्рдХрд╡िрдзाрди 'рдм' рд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े.
(рей) рд╡िрдзाрди (рдЕ): рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХाрдЪ्рдпा рд░рдЪрдиेрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдШрдЯрдХांрдЪा рд╕рдоाрд╡ेрд╢ рд╣ोрддो.
рддрд░्рдХ рд╡िрдзाрди (рдм): рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рд╣ा рдирдоुрди्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рдЖрд╣े.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рд╡िрдзाрди 'рдЕ' рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े; рдкрдг рддрд░्рдХрд╡िрдзाрди 'рдм' рд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े.
(рек) рд╡िрдзाрди (рдЕ): рдиाрдгेрдмाрдЬाрд░ाрдоुрд│े рд░ोрдЦ рд░рдХ्рдХрдоेрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХाрдЯрдХрд╕рд░ीрдиे рд╣ोрддो.
рддрд░्рдХ рд╡िрдзाрди (рдм): рдиाрдгेрдмाрдЬाрд░ рдкैрд╢ाрдЪे рдЬрд╡рд│рдЪे рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡िрдд्рддीрдп рд╕ाрдзрдиांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдиाрд╣ी.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) рд╡िрдзाрди 'рдЕ' рд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े; рдкрдг рддрд░्рдХрд╡िрдзाрди 'рдм' рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े.
(рел) рд╡िрдзाрди (рдЕ): рдЖंрддрд░рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ाрдоुрд│े рд╢्рд░рдорд╡िрднाрдЧрдгी рд╡ рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ीрдХрд░рдгाрд▓ा рдЪाрд▓рдиा рдоिрд│рддे.
рддрд░्рдХ рд╡िрдзाрди (рдм): рднाрд░рддाрдЪा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ рд╡ाрдврдд рдиाрд╣ी.
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) рд╡िрдзाрди 'рдЕ' рд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े; рдкрдг рддрд░्рдХрд╡िрдзाрди 'рдм' рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди реи. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдгांрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдзाрд░े рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдУрд│рдЦूрди рддी рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा (рдХोрдгрдд्рдпाрд╣ी рддीрди). [рем]

(рез) рдЖрд╢ाрдиे рдПрдХा рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдЙрдж्рдпोрдЧाрддीрд▓ рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЧोрд│ा рдХेрд▓ी.
рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдШрдЯрдХ / рд╕ूрдХ्рд╖्рдо рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рд╕ूрдХ्рд╖्рдо рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ рд╣े рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрддीрд▓ рд▓рд╣ाрдиाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдШрдЯрдХांрдЪा (рдЙрджा. рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди, рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी) рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХрд░рддे.
(реи) рдоिрдаाрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдорддीрдордз्рдпे резреж% рдиी рд╡ाрдв рдЭाрд▓ी рддрд░ी рд░рдоेрд╢рдиे рдоिрдаाрдЪ्рдпा рдоाрдЧрдгीрдд рдХोрдгрддाрд╣ी рдмрджрд▓ рдХेрд▓ा рдиाрд╣ी.
рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдЕрд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдХिрдорддीрдд рдХिрддीрд╣ी рд╢ेрдХрдбा рдмрджрд▓ рдЭाрд▓ा рддрд░ी рдоाрдЧрдгीрдд рдХाрд╣ीрд╣ी рдмрджрд▓ рд╣ोрдд рдиाрд╣ी, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпाрд╕ рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдЕрд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी рдЕрд╕े рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд. (Ed = 0).
(рей) рекрежрежреж рдХि. рдЧ्рд░ॅ. рддांрджूрд│ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдкैрдХी рд╢ेрддрдХрд▒्рдпाрдиे ₹ рекреж рджрд░ рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा резрежрежреж рдХि. рдЧ्рд░ॅ. рддांрджूрд│ рдмाрдЬाрд░рдкेрда рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрд╕ рдЖрдгрд▓ा.
рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा (Supply)
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рд╡ेрд│ी, рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдХिंрдордд рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдХ рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрд╕ाрдаी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рджिрд▓ेрд▓ी рдирдЧрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╣ोрдп. рдпेрдеे рдПрдХूрдг рд╕ाрда्рдпाрдкैрдХी (рекрежрежреж) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрд╕ рдЖрдгрд▓ेрд▓ा рднाрдЧ (резрежрежреж) рд╣ा рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рдЖрд╣े.
(рек) рд╢ोрднाрдиे рджेрд╢ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рди реирежрезреп-реиреж рдпा рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдЕंрддिрдо рд╡рд╕्рддू рд╡ рд╕ेрд╡ांрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдоूрд▓्рдпाрд╕ंрдмंрдзी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЧोрд│ा рдХेрд▓ी.
рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди (National Income)
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рдПрдХा рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдд рджेрд╢ाрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджिрдд рд╣ोрдгाрд▒्рдпा рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдЕंрддिрдо рд╡рд╕्рддू рдЖрдгि рд╕ेрд╡ांрдЪे рдмाрдЬाрд░рднाрд╡ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдпेрдгाрд░े рдПрдХूрдг рдоूрд▓्рдп рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рд╣ोрдп.
(рел) рд▓्рдпूрд╕ीрдиे рдПрдХ рд╡рд░्рд╖ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрд╕ाрдаी ₹ рез рд▓ाрдЦ рдмँрдХ рдСрдл рдЗंрдбिрдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╢ाрдЦेрдд рдПрдХ рд░рдХрдоी рднрд░рдгा рдХेрд▓ा.
рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рдоुрджрдд рдаेрд╡ (Fixed Deposit)
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рдаेрд╡ीрджाрд░ рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрд╕ाрдаी рдЬी рд░рдХ्рдХрдо рдмँрдХेрдд рдаेрд╡рддो рдЖрдгि рдЬ्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдмрдЪрдд рдаेрд╡ीрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЬाрд╕्рдд рд╡्рдпाрдЬрджрд░ рдоिрд│рддो, рдд्рдпाрд╕ рдоुрджрдд рдаेрд╡ рдЕрд╕े рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди реи. (рдм) рдлрд░рдХ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा (рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рддीрди). [рем]

(рез) рд╡िрднाрдЬрди рдкрдж्рдзрдд рдЖрдгि рд░ाрд╢ी рдкрдж्рдзрдд:
  • рд╡िрднाрдЬрди рдкрдж्рдзрдд: рд╣ी рд╕ूрдХ्рд╖्рдо рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ाрдЪी рдкрдж्рдзрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдпाрдд рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪे рд▓рд╣ाрдиाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рднाрдЧांрдд рд╡िрднाрдЬрди рдХрд░ूрди рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдШрдЯрдХाрдЪा рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░рдкрдгे рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрддो.
  • рд░ाрд╢ी рдкрдж्рдзрдд: рд╣ी рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ाрдЪी рдкрдж्рдзрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдпाрдд рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдПрдХूрдг рд░ाрд╢ींрдЪ्рдпा рд╕्рд╡рд░ूрдкाрдд (рдЙрджा. рдПрдХूрдг рдоाрдЧрдгी, рдПрдХूрдг рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा) рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрддो.
(реи) рд╕ंрдоिрд╢्рд░ (рдкूрд░рдХ) рдоाрдЧрдгी рдЖрдгि рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзाрдд्рдордХ рдоाрдЧрдгी:
  • рд╕ंрдоिрд╢्рд░ рдоाрдЧрдгी: рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдПрдХा рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдЕрдиेрдХ рдЧрд░рдЬा рднाрдЧрд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрддो, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпा рдоाрдЧрдгीрд╕ рд╕ंрдоिрд╢्рд░ рдоाрдЧрдгी рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд. рдЙрджा. рд╡ीрдЬ.
  • рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзाрдд्рдордХ рдоाрдЧрдгी: рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рджोрди рд╡рд╕्рддू рдПрдХрдоेрдХांрдиा рдкрд░्рдпाрдпी рдЕрд╕рддाрдд, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпांрдЪी рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрд╕рддे. рдЙрджा. рдЪрд╣ा рдЖрдгि рдХॉрдлी.
(рей) рдПрдХूрдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी рдЖрдгि рд╕ीрдоांрдд рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी:
  • рдПрдХूрдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी: рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрддूрди рдкेрдвीрд▓ा рдоिрд│рдгाрд░ी рдПрдХूрдг рд░рдХ्рдХрдо. (рд╕ूрдд्рд░: рдПрдХूрдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी = рдХिंрдордд × рдирдЧрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा).
  • рд╕ीрдоांрдд рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддी: рдПрдХा рдЬाрд╕्рддीрдЪ्рдпा рдирдЧाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ीрдоुрд│े рдПрдХूрдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддीрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ी рдиिрд╡्рд╡рд│ рд╡ाрдв.
(рек) рдХिंрдордд рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдЖрдгि рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрдд्рдордХ рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ:
  • рдХिंрдордд рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ: рд╣ा рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдорддींрдордзीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ांрдЪे рдоोрдЬрдоाрдк рдХрд░рддो. рдорд╣ाрдЧाрдИ рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдпाрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рд╣ोрддो.
  • рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрдд्рдордХ рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ: рд╣ा рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрддीрд▓ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдЪ्рдпा рдХिंрд╡ा рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ांрдЪे (рд░ाрд╢ींрдЪे) рдоोрдЬрдоाрдк рдХрд░рддो. рдЙрджा. рдФрдж्рдпोрдЧिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди.
(рел) рдЕंрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдХрд░्рдЬ рдЖрдгि рдмाрд╣्рдп рдХрд░्рдЬ:
  • рдЕंрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдХрд░्рдЬ: рджेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╕ीрдоांрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдмँрдХा, рдиाрдЧрд░िрдХ рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ंрд╕्рдеांрдХрдбूрди рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рдиे рдШेрддрд▓ेрд▓े рдХрд░्рдЬ. рд╣े рджेрд╢ी рдЪрд▓рдиाрдд рдЕрд╕рддे.
  • рдмाрд╣्рдп рдХрд░्рдЬ: рджेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ीрдоाрдмाрд╣ेрд░ीрд▓ рд╡िрджेрд╢ी рд╕рд░рдХाрд░े, рдмँрдХा рдХिंрд╡ा рдЖंрддрд░рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рд╕ंрд╕्рдеांрдХрдбूрди (IMF) рдШेрддрд▓ेрд▓े рдХрд░्рдЬ. рд╣े рд╡िрджेрд╢ी рдЪрд▓рдиाрдд рдЕрд╕рддे.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рей. рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиांрдЪी рдЙрдд्рддрд░े рд▓िрд╣ा (рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рддीрди). [резреи]

(рез) рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ाрдЪी рд╡्рдпाрдк्рддी рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рдЕрд░्рдерд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ाрдЪी рд╡्рдпाрдк्рддी рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдоुрдж्рдж्рдпांрд╡рд░ूрди рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд╣ोрддे:
  1. рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рд╡ рд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд: рдпाрдд рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдЖрдгि рд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ рдкाрддрд│ी рдХрд╢ी рдард░рддे рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрддो.
  2. рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕ाрдзाрд░рдг рдХिंрдордд рдкाрддрд│ी рдЖрдгि рднाрд╡рд╡ाрдв: рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрддीрд▓ рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдХिंрдордд рдкाрддрд│ी рдХрд╢ी рдард░рддे рдЖрдгि рддी рдХा рдмрджрд▓рддे (рдЪрдв-рдЙрддाрд░) рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕.
  3. рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡ृрдж्рдзी рдЖрдгि рд╡िрдХाрд╕ाрдЪे рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд: рд╡िрдХрд╕िрдд рдЖрдгि рд╡िрдХрд╕рдирд╢ीрд▓ рджेрд╢ांрддीрд▓ рд╡ृрдж्рдзी рдЖрдгि рд╡िрдХाрд╕ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рдорд╕्рдпांрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕.
  4. рд╡िрднाрдЬрдиाрдЪा рд╕рдордЧ्рд░рд▓рдХ्рд╖ी рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд: рдПрдХूрдг рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдд рдЦंрдб, рд╡ेрддрди, рд╡्рдпाрдЬ рдЖрдгि рдирдлा рдпांрдЪा рд╡ाрдЯा рдХрд╕ा рдард░рддो рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕.
(реи) рдордХ्рддेрджाрд░ीрдЪी рдХोрдгрддीрд╣ी рдЪाрд░ рд╡ैрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ्рдпे рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
  1. рдПрдХрдЪ рд╡िрдХ्рд░ेрддा: рдордХ्рддेрджाрд░ीрдд рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪा рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ा рдХिंрд╡ा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ी рдХрд░рдгाрд░ा рдПрдХрдЪ рдЕрд╕рддो.
  2. рдкрд░्рдпाрдпी рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪा рдЕрднाрд╡: рдордХ्рддेрджाрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡рд╕्рддूрд▓ा рдЬрд╡рд│рдЪा рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдирд╕рддो.
  3. рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ाрд╡рд░ рдиिрд░्рдмंрдз: рдХाрдпрджेрд╢ीрд░, рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рдХिंрд╡ा рддांрдд्рд░िрдХ рдХाрд░рдгांрдоुрд│े рдирд╡ीрди рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзрдХांрдиा рдмाрдЬाрд░ाрдд рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдХрд░рдгे рдХрдаीрдг рдЕрд╕рддे.
  4. рдоूрд▓्рдпрднेрдж: рдордХ्рддेрджाрд░ рдПрдХाрдЪ рд╡рд╕्рддूрд╕ाрдаी рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдЧ्рд░ाрд╣рдХांрдХрдбूрди рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│ी рдХिंрдордд рдЖрдХाрд░ू рд╢рдХрддो.
(рей) рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддेрдЪी рдХोрдгрддीрд╣ी рдЪाрд░ рд╡ैрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ्рдпे рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
  1. рд╕ाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рд╕्рдерд│ рдЖрдгि рдХाрд│ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдмрджрд▓рддे. (рдЙрджा. рд╣िрд╡ाрд│्рдпाрдд рд▓ोрдХрд░ी рдХрдкрдб्рдпांрдЪी рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдЕрд╕рддे).
  2. рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдиिрд╖्рда рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा: рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдмрджрд▓рддे. (рдЙрджा. рд╕ाрдХ्рд╖рд░ рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрд▓ा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдЪी рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдЕрд╕рддे, рдиिрд░рдХ्рд╖рд░ाрд▓ा рдиाрд╣ी).
  3. рдиैрддिрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯ्рдпा рддрдЯрд╕्рде: рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддेрдд рдЪांрдЧрд▓्рдпा-рд╡ाрдИрдЯाрдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрдд рдиाрд╣ी. (рдЙрджा. рд╕ुрд░ीрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдлрд│े рдХाрдкрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдХिंрд╡ा рдЗрдЬा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рд╣ोрдК рд╢рдХрддो, рджोрди्рд╣ीрдд рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдЖрд╣े).
  4. рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рд╡ рдЖрдиंрдж рдпाрдд рдлрд░рдХ: рдФрд╖рдзांрдордз्рдпे рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддा рдЕрд╕рддे, рдкрдг рддे рдШेрддाрдиा рдЖрдиंрдж рдоिрд│рддोрдЪ рдЕрд╕े рдиाрд╣ी.
(рек) рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдоाрдкрдиाрддीрд▓ рдХोрдгрдд्рдпाрд╣ी рдЪाрд░ рд╡्рдпाрд╡рд╣ाрд░िрдХ рдЕрдбрдЪрдгी рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
  1. рджुрд╣ेрд░ी рдЧрдгрдиेрдЪी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा: рд╡рд╕्рддू рдордз्рдпрдо рдЖрд╣े рдХी рдЕंрддिрдо рд╣े рдард░рд╡рдгे рдХрдаीрдг рдЕрд╕рддे, рдЬ्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдПрдХाрдЪ рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪी рджोрдирджा рдЧрдгрдиा рд╣ोрдК рд╢рдХрддे.
  2. рдЕрд╡िрд╢्рд╡рд╕рдиीрдп рд╕ांрдЦ्рдпिрдХीрдп рдЖрдХрдбेрд╡ाрд░ी: рд╡िрдХрд╕рдирд╢ीрд▓ рджेрд╢ाрдд рдЧ्рд░ाрдоीрдг рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрддूрди рдоिрд│рдгाрд░ी рдЖрдХрдбेрд╡ाрд░ी рдЕрдиेрдХрджा рдЕंрджाрдЬे рдЖрдгि рдЪुрдХीрдЪी рдЕрд╕рддे.
  3. рдШрд╕ाрд░ा рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрддीрд▓ рдЕрдбрдЪрдгी: рднांрдбрд╡рд▓ी рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪे рдЖрдпुрд╖्рдп рдЖрдгि рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдпाрд╡рд░ूрди рдШрд╕ाрд░ा рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдЕрдЪूрдХ рдиिрдХрд╖ рдард░рд╡рдгे рдХрдаीрдг рдЕрд╕рддे.
  4. рд╕्рд╡-рдЙрдкрднोрдЧाрд╕ाрдаीрдЪे рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди: рд╢ेрддрдХрд░ी рд╕्рд╡рддःрдЪ्рдпा рдЙрдкрднोрдЧाрд╕ाрдаी рдЬे рдзाрди्рдп рдаेрд╡рддाрдд, рдд्рдпाрдЪे рдмाрдЬाрд░рдоूрд▓्рдп рдоोрдЬрдгे рдХрдаीрдг рдЕрд╕рддे.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рек. рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рд╡िрдзाрдиांрд╢ी рдЖрдкрдг рд╕рд╣рдордд рдЖрд╣ाрдд, рдХी рдиाрд╣ी рддे рд╕рдХाрд░рдг рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा (рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рддीрди). [резреи]

(рез) рдШрдЯрдд्рдпा рд╕ीрдоांрдд рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧिрддेрдЪ्рдпा рд╕िрдж्рдзांрддाрд▓ा рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдиाрд╣ीрдд.
рдордд: рдоी рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрд╢ी рдЕрд╕рд╣рдордд рдЖрд╣े.
рдХाрд░рдгे:
  1. рдпा рд╕िрдж्рдзांрддाрд▓ा рдЕрдиेрдХ рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдоाрдирд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд, рдЬрд╕े рдХी 'рдЫंрдж' (рджुрд░्рдоिрд│ рддिрдХिрдЯे, рдиाрдгी рдЧोрд│ा рдХрд░рдгे).
  2. 'рдХंрдЬूрд╖ рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддी' (рдЬ्рдпाрд▓ा рдкैрд╢ाрдЪा рд╕ाрдаा рд╡ाрдврд╡рддाрдиा рдЕрдзिрдХ рдЖрдиंрдж рдоिрд│рддो).
  3. 'рдордж्рдпрдкी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддी' (рдирд╢ेрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдкेрдпाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдирд╢ा рд╡ाрдврддे, рдЕрд╕े рд╡ाрдЯрддे).
  4. рдЬрд░ी рд╣े рднाрд╕рдоाрди рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдЕрд╕рд▓े рддрд░ी рд╕िрдж्рдзांрддाрдд рддे рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдЪрд░्рдЪिрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.
(реи) рд╢्рд░рдоाрдЪा рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╡рдХ्рд░ рдоाрдЧे рд╡рд│рдгाрд░ा рдЕрд╕рддो.
рдордд: рдоी рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрд╢ी рд╕рд╣рдордд рдЖрд╣े.
рдХाрд░рдгे:
  1. рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрд▓ा рдордЬुрд░ीрдЪा рджрд░ рд╡ाрдврд▓ा рдХी рдХाрдордЧाрд░ рдЬाрд╕्рдд рддाрд╕ рдХाрдо рдХрд░рддाрдд (рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╡ाрдврддो).
  2. рдкрд░ंрддु, рдПрдХा рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдкाрддрд│ीрдиंрддрд░ рдордЬुрд░ी рд╡ाрдврд▓ी рддрд░ी рдХाрдордЧाрд░ рдЖрд░ाрдоाрд▓ा (рд╡िрд╢्рд░ांрддीрд▓ा) рдкрд╕ंрддी рджेрддाрдд.
  3. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдХाрдоाрдЪे рддाрд╕ рдХрдоी рд╣ोрддाрдд рдЖрдгि рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╡рдХ्рд░ рдбाрд╡ीрдХрдбे рд╡рд░рдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдЬूрд▓ा (рдоाрдЧे) рд╡рд│рддो.
(рей) рдкूрд░्рдг рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзेрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдЬाрд░рдкेрдаेрдд рд╡рд╕्рддूрдЪी рдХिंрдордд, рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡ рдкुрд░рд╡рда्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрддुрд▓рдиाрд╡рд░ूрди рдард░рддे.
рдордд: рдоी рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрд╢ी рд╕рд╣рдордд рдЖрд╣े.
рдХाрд░рдгे:
  1. рдкूрд░्рдг рд╕्рдкрд░्рдзेрдд рдЕрд╕ंрдЦ्рдп рд╡िрдХ्рд░ेрддे рдЖрдгि рдЧ्рд░ाрд╣рдХ рдЕрд╕рддाрдд, рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдПрдХрдЯा рд╡िрдХ्рд░ेрддा рдХिंрдордд рдард░рд╡ू рд╢рдХрдд рдиाрд╣ी.
  2. рдЬ्рдпा рдмिंрджूрд╡рд░ рдПрдХूрдг рдоाрдЧрдгी рдЖрдгि рдПрдХूрдг рдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╕рдоाрди рд╣ोрддाрдд (рд╕рдорддोрд▓ рдмिंрджू), рддिрдеे 'рд╕рдорддोрд▓ рдХिंрдордд' рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рд╣ोрддे.
  3. рдоाрд░्рд╢рд▓ рдпांрдиी рдХाрдд्рд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рджोрди рдкाрдд्рдпांрдЪे рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рджेрдКрди рд╣े рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
(рек) рднाрд░рддाрдд рднांрдбрд╡рд▓ी рдмाрдЬाрд░ рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдЪी рднूрдоिрдХा рдкाрд░ рдкाрдбрддाрдд.
рдордд: рдоी рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрд╢ी рд╕рд╣рдордд рдЖрд╣े.
рдХाрд░рдгे:
  1. рднांрдбрд╡рд▓ी рдмाрдЬाрд░ рдЙрдж्рдпोрдЧांрд╕ाрдаी рджीрд░्рдШрдХाрд▓ीрди рд╡िрдд्рддрдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░рддो.
  2. рдмрдЪрддीрдЪे рд░ूрдкांрддрд░ рдЧुंрддрд╡рдгुрдХीрдд рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдорджрдд рдХрд░рддो.
  3. рдкाрдпाрднूрдд рд╕ुрд╡िрдзांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдХाрд╕ाрд╕ाрдаी рдиिрдзी рдкुрд░рд╡рддो.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рел. рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рддрдХ्рддा, рдЖрдХृрддी, рдЙрддाрд░ा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ूрди рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиांрдЪी рдЙрдд्рддрд░े рд▓िрд╣ा (рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди). [рео]

(i) рддрдХ्рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ूрди рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдгे рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा:
рдШрдЯрдХрд░рдХ्рдХрдо (рдХोрдЯी ₹)
рдЙрдкрднोрдЧ (C)реорежреж
рдЧुंрддрд╡рдгूрдХ (I)ренрежреж
рд╢ाрд╕рдХीрдп рдЦрд░्рдЪ (G)рекрежреж
рдиिрд╡्рд╡рд│ рдиिрд░्рдпाрдд (X - M)-резрелреж
рдШрд╕ाрд░ा (D)резрежреж

(рез) рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рддрдХ्рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдзाрд░े рд╕्рдеूрд▓ рджेрд╢ांрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди (GDP) рдХाрдвा.

рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) \)
\( GDP = 800 + 700 + 400 + (-150) \)
\( GDP = 1900 - 150 \)
\( GDP = 1750 \) рдХोрдЯी ₹

(реи) рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рддрдХ्рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдзाрд░े рдиिрд╡्рд╡рд│ рджेрд╢ांрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди (NDP) рдХाрдвा.

рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( NDP = GDP - D \) (рдШрд╕ाрд░ा)
\( NDP = 1750 - 100 \)
\( NDP = 1650 \) рдХोрдЯी ₹
(ii) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдЖрдХृрдд्рдпांрдордзीрд▓ рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ाрдЪी рдХिंрдордд рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХрддा рдХोрдгрддी рдЖрд╣े рддे рдУрд│рдЦा.
  1. рдЖрдХृрддी (рез): рдп рдЕрдХ्рд╖ाрд▓ा рд╕рдоांрддрд░ рд░ेрд╖ा.
    рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдЕрд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी (Ed = 0)
  2. рдЖрдХृрддी (реи): рдХ्рд╖ рдЕрдХ्рд╖ाрд▓ा рд╕рдоांрддрд░ рд░ेрд╖ा.
    рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी (Ed = ∞)
  3. рдЖрдХृрддी (рей): рдЖрдпрддाрдХृрддी рдкрд░िрд╡рд▓рдп (Rectangular Hyperbola).
    рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдПрдХрдХ рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी (Ed = 1)
  4. рдЖрдХृрддी (рек): рддीрд╡्рд░ рдЙрддाрд░ाрдЪा рд╡рдХ्рд░ (Steeper slope).
    рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдХрдоी рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХ рдоाрдЧрдгी (Ed < 1)
(iii) рдЙрддाрд░ा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ूрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиांрдЪी рдЙрдд्рддрд░े:

(рез) рдмँрдХ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдпрдХрд░рдгाрдЪे рджोрди рдлाрдпрджे рд╕ांрдЧा.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рез) рд╢рд╣рд░ी рд╡ рдЧ्рд░ाрдоीрдг рднाрдЧाрдд рдХрд░्рдЬрдкुрд░рд╡рдаा рд╡ाрдврд▓ा. реи) рд╢ेрддी рд╡ рдХिрд░рдХोрд│ рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдпांрд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рд╡ंрдЪिрдд рдШрдЯрдХांрдиा рдХрд░्рдЬे рдоिрд│ू рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ी.

(реи) рдмँрдХा рд▓ोрдХांрдиा рдкुрд░рд╡рдд рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡िрд╡िрдз рд╕ेрд╡ा рд▓िрд╣ा.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдаेрд╡ рдХрдк्рдкा (Locker), рдбिрдоॅрдЯ рд╕ुрд╡िрдзा, рдЗंрдЯрд░рдиेрдЯ рдмँрдХिंрдЧ, рдоोрдмाрдЗрд▓ рдмँрдХिंрдЧ.

(рей) рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдЙрддाрд▒्рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдЖрдкрд▓े рдордд рд▓िрд╣ा.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдмँрдХ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдпрдХрд░рдгाрдоुрд│े рдмँрдХिंрдЧ рд╕ेрд╡ांрдЪा рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдЭाрд▓ा рдЖрдгि рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдоाрдгрд╕ाрд▓ा рд╡ рджुрд░्рд▓рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ांрдиा рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣ाрдд рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрд╕ рдорджрдд рдЭाрд▓ी. рд╣े рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡िрдХाрд╕ाрд╕ाрдаी рдПрдХ рд╕рдХाрд░ाрдд्рдордХ рдкाрдКрд▓ рд╣ोрддे.

рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рем. рд╕рд╡िрд╕्рддрд░ рдЙрдд्рддрд░े рд▓िрд╣ा (рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди). [резрем]

(рез) рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рд╡िрдЪрд▓рди рд╡ рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ рдЖрдХृрддीрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ाрд╣ाрдп्рдпाрдиे рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
рдЕ) рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рд╡िрдЪрд▓рди (Variation in Demand): рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдЗрддрд░ рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддी рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди рдХेрд╡рд│ рдХिрдорддीрдд рдмрджрд▓ рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рдмрджрд▓рддे, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпाрд╕ рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рд╡िрдЪрд▓рди рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд. рдпाрдЪे рджोрди рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдЖрд╣ेрдд:
  • рез. рдоाрдЧрдгीрдЪा рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ (Expansion): рдХिंрдордд рдХрдоी рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡ाрдврддे. (рдПрдХाрдЪ рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ाрд╡рд░ рдЦाрд▓рдЪ्рдпा рджिрд╢ेрдиे).
  • реи. рдоाрдЧрдгीрдЪा рд╕ंрдХोрдЪ (Contraction): рдХिंрдордд рд╡ाрдврд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рдХрдоी рд╣ोрддे. (рдПрдХाрдЪ рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╡рд░рдЪ्рдпा рджिрд╢ेрдиे).

рдм) рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ (Change in Demand): рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдХिंрдордд рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди рдЗрддрд░ рдШрдЯрдХाрддीрд▓ (рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди, рдЖрд╡рдбीрдиिрд╡рдбी) рдмрджрд▓ांрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рдмрджрд▓рддे, рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдд्рдпाрд╕ рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд. рдпाрдЪे рджोрди рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдЖрд╣ेрдд:
  • рез. рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рд╡ृрдж्рдзी (Increase): рдЗрддрд░ рдЕрдиुрдХूрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ांрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡ाрдврддे. (рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ рдЙрдЬрд╡ीрдХрдбे рд╕рд░рдХрддो).
  • реи. рдоाрдЧрдгीрддीрд▓ рд▒्рд╣ाрд╕ (Decrease): рдЗрддрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрдХूрд▓ рдмрджрд▓ांрдоुрд│े рдоाрдЧрдгी рдХрдоी рд╣ोрддे. (рдоाрдЧрдгी рд╡рдХ्рд░ рдбाрд╡ीрдХрдбे рд╕рд░рдХрддो).
(рдЯीрдк: рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрдд рдпा рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдгाрд╕ोрдмрдд рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдЖрдХृрдд्рдпा рдХाрдврдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े.)
(реи) рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХांрдЪा рдЕрд░्рде рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ूрди рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рд░рдЪрдиेрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдпрд▒्рдпा рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
рдЕрд░्рде: рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рд╣े рдПрдХ рд╕ांрдЦ्рдпिрдХीрдп рд╕ाрдзрди рдЖрд╣े, рдЬे рдард░ाрд╡िрдХ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрдд рдЪрд▓ांрдордзीрд▓ (рдЙрджा. рдХिंрдордд, рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди) рдмрджрд▓ рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓े рдЬाрддे.

рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рд░рдЪрдиेрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдпрд▒्рдпा:
  1. рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХाрдЪा рд╣ेрддू рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдХрд░рдгे: рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдХрд╢ाрд╕ाрдаी рддрдпाрд░ рдХрд░ाрдпрдЪा рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рдЖрдзी рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдЕрд╕ाрд╡े.
  2. рдоूрд│ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рдЬ्рдпा рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрд╢ी рддुрд▓рдиा рдХрд░ाрдпрдЪी рдЖрд╣े рддे рд╡рд░्рд╖ (Base Year) рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рдЕрд╕ाрд╡े, рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рдЖрдкрдд्рддींрдЪे рдирд╕ाрд╡े.
  3. рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рд▓ोрдХांрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рд╡рдпी рдЖрдгि рдЖрд╡рдбीрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдк्рд░ाрддिрдиिрдзिрдХ рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб рдХрд░ाрд╡ी.
  4. рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдорддींрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рдЕрдЪूрдХ рдЖрдгि рд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ाрд░्рд╣ рдаिрдХाрдгाрд╡рд░ूрди рдХिрдорддी рдоिрд│рд╡ाрд╡्рдпा рд▓ाрдЧрддाрдд.
  5. рдпोрдЧ्рдп рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ीрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рдЕंрдХрдЧрдгिрддीрдп рдордз्рдп (Arithmetic Mean) рд╣े рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпрддः рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓े рдЬाрддे.
  6. рдпोрдЧ्рдп рднाрд░ाрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рд╡рд╕्рддूंрдиा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рднाрд░ (Weight) рджेрдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЕрд╕рддे (рд░ाрд╢ी рдХिंрд╡ा рдоूрд▓्рдп рднाрд░).
  7. рдпोрдЧ्рдп рд╕ूрдд्рд░ाрдЪी рдиिрд╡рдб: рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдкрдж्рдзрдд (рдЙрджा. рд▓ाрд╕्рдкिрдЕрд░, рдкाрд╢े) рдиिрд╡рдбूрди рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдХाрдвाрд╡ा.
(рей) рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдЪे рд╡िрд╡िрдз рд╕्рд░ोрдд рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░ा.
рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдЪे (рд╢ाрд╕рдХीрдп рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдЪे) рдоुрдЦ्рдп рджोрди рд╕्рд░ोрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд:
рдЕ) рдХрд░ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди (Tax Revenue):
  1. рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХрд░: рдЬो рдХрд░ рдЬ्рдпा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрд╡рд░ рд▓ाрд╡рд▓ा рдЬाрддो, рдд्рдпाрдиेрдЪ рддो рднрд░ाрдпрдЪा рдЕрд╕рддो. рдЙрджा. рд╡ैрдпрдХ्рддिрдХ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рддिрдХрд░ (Income Tax), рд╕ंрдкрдд्рддी рдХрд░.
  2. рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдХрд░: рд╡рд╕्рддू рд╡ рд╕ेрд╡ांрд╡рд░ рд▓ाрд╡рд▓ा рдЬाрдгाрд░ा рдХрд░. рдпाрдЪा рдмोрдЬा рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдврдХрд▓рд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдЙрджा. рд╡рд╕्рддू рд╡ рд╕ेрд╡ा рдХрд░ (GST).

рдм) рдХрд░ेрддрд░ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди (Non-Tax Revenue):
  1. рд╢ुрд▓्рдХ (Fees): рд╢ाрд╕рдиाрдиे рдкुрд░рд╡рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕ेрд╡ांрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓ा рдоोрдмрджрд▓ा. рдЙрджा. рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдг рдлी, рдиोंрджрдгी рд╢ुрд▓्рдХ.
  2. рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдЙрдкрдХ्рд░рдоांрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдорддी: рд░ेрд▓्рд╡े, рдкोрд╕्рдЯ рдпांрд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рд╕ेрд╡ांрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдорддी.
  3. рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рдЕрдзिрднाрд░ (Special Assessment): рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рднाрдЧाрдд рд╕ोрдпी рд╕ुрд╡िрдзा рдкुрд░рд╡рд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рддिрдерд▓्рдпा рдоाрд▓рдордд्рддेрдЪे рдоूрд▓्рдп рд╡ाрдврд▓्рдпाрд╕ рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рд▓ाрд╡рд▓ा рдЬाрдгाрд░ा рдХрд░.
  4. рджंрдб (Fines): рдиिрдпрдо рдоोрдбрд▓्рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рд╣ोрдгाрд░ी рд╢िрдХ्рд╖ा. рдЙрджा. рд╡ाрд╣рддूрдХ рдиिрдпрдо рдоोрдбрдгे.
  5. рднेрдЯी рд╡ рдЕрдиुрджाрдиे: рд╡िрджेрд╢ी рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ंрд╕्рдеांрдХрдбूрди рдоिрд│рдгाрд░ी рдорджрдд.
  6. рдХрд░्рдЬ: рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдЬрдирддेрдХрдбूрди рдХिंрд╡ा рд╡िрджेрд╢ी рдмँрдХांрдХрдбूрди рдХрд░्рдЬ рдШेрддे.

For more study materials, visit: Omtex Classes

Maharashtra Board 12th Economics Question Paper Solution March 2022 Marathi Medium Page No. 1 Maharashtra Board 12th Economics Question Paper Solution March 2022 Marathi Medium Page No. 2 Maharashtra Board 12th Economics Question Paper Solution March 2022 Marathi Medium Page No. 3 Maharashtra Board 12th Economics Question Paper Solution March 2022 Marathi Medium Page No. 4
Labels: , , , , , ,
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)