TN 10th Public Exam: Top 27 Important 2 Marks Questions in Tamil

 As the public exams approach, smart preparation is the key to scoring high marks. Tamil is a scoring subject if you focus on the right areas. To help you maximize your score, we have compiled the most expected and frequently asked 2-mark questions for your upcoming Tamil Public Examination.

For your convenience, you can also download or refer to the complete study material from the file named 10th Tamil - Important 2 Marks Questions for Public Exams.pdf.

Below is the list of highly important 2-mark questions you must study before stepping into the exam hall:

மிக மிக முக்கியமான இரண்டு மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் (Top Important 2-Mark Questions)

1. 'பலகை' என்பதை தொடர்மொழியாகவும் பொது மொழியாகவும் வேறுபடுத்திக் காட்டுக.

2. "கொள்வோர் கொள்க: குரைப்போர் குரைக்க: உள்வாய் வார்த்தை உடம்பு தொடாது" - பாடல் அடிகளில் உள்ள மோனை, எதுகைச் சொற்களைக் குறிப்பிடுக.

3. சொல்வளத்தை உணர்த்த உதவும் நெல் வகைகளின் பெயர்களைக் குறிப்பிடுக.

4. கட்டுரை படித்த - இச்சொற்களுக்கு இடையில் வேற்றுமை உருபைப் பயன்படுத்தி தொடரை விரித்து எழுதுக.

5. மென்மையான மேகங்கள், துணிச்சலும் கருணையும் கொண்டு வானில் செய்யும் நிகழ்வுகளை எழுதுக.

6. தமிழர்கள், வீசுகின்ற திசையைக் கொண்டு காற்றுக்கு எவ்வாறு பெயர் சூட்டியுள்ளனர்?

7. விருந்தினரை மகிழ்வித்துக் கூறும் முகமன் சொற்களை எழுதுக.

8. செங்கீரை ஆடுதலில் எந்தெந்த அணிகலன்கள் சூட்டப்படுவதாக முத்துக்குமாரசாமி பிள்ளைத்தமிழ் குறிப்பிடுகிறது?

9. கல்வியும் செல்வமும் பெற்ற பெண்கள், விருந்தும் ஈகையும் செய்வதாகக் கம்பர் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளார் - அடிக்கோடிட்ட சொற்களை உம்மைத்தொகையாக மாற்றி எழுதுக.

10. மொழிபெயர்ப்பின் பயன் குறித்து எழுதுக.

11. அமர்ந்தான் - பகுபத உறுப்பிலக்கணம் தருக.

12. "சீசர் எப்போதும் என் சொல்பேச்சைக் கேட்பான். புதியவர்களைப் பார்த்துக் கத்துவானே தவிர கடிக்க மாட்டான்" என்று இளமாறன் தன்னுடைய வளர்ப்பு நாயைப் பற்றி பெருமையாகக் கூறினார் - இதில் உள்ள திணை வழுவமைதிகளைத் திருத்தி எழுதுக.

13. சரயு ஆறு பாயும் இடங்களைப் பட்டியலிடுக.

14. "கலைஞர் பழுமரக்கனிப் பயன் கொள்ளும் பேச்சாளர் படித்தவரைக் கவரும் ஆற்றல் கொண்ட எழுத்தாளர்" - பேராசிரியர் அன்பழகனார் - அயற்கூற்றாக எழுதுக.

15. உறங்குகின்ற கும்பகன்ன 'எழுந்திராய் எழுந்திராய்' காலதூதர் கையிலே 'உறங்குவாய் உறங்குவாய்' - கும்பகன்னனை என்ன சொல்லி எழுப்புகிறார்கள்? எங்கு அவனை உறங்கச் சொல்கிறார்கள்?

16. கரப்பிடும்பை இல்லார் - இத்தொடரின் பொருள் கூறுக.

17. வறுமையின் காரணமாக உதவி கேட்டு வருபவரின் தன்மானத்தை எள்ளி நகையாடுவது குறித்துக் குறளின் கருத்து என்ன?

18. பெரிய கத்தி, இரும்பு ஈட்டி, உழைத்ததால் கிடைத்த ஊதியம், வில்லும் அம்பும் - பின்வருவனவற்றுள் கூறான ஆயதம் எது என்று செந்நாபோதார் கூறுகிறார்? ஏன் என்பதை எழுதுக.

19. அள்ளல் பழனத்து அரக்காம்பல் வாயவிழ - இவ்வடியில் சேற்றையும் வயலையும் குறிக்கும் சொற்கள் யாவை?

20. வறுமையிலும் படிப்பின்மீது நாட்டம் கொண்டவர் ம.பொ.சி என்பதற்கச் சான்று தருக.

21. புறத்திணைகளில் எதிரெதிர்த் திணைகளை அட்டவணைப்படுத்துக.

22. பொதுவியல் திணை பற்றிக் குறிப்பெழுதுக.

23. குறிப்பு வரைக: அவையம்.

24. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் அரசின் கடமையாகச் சொல்லப்பட்டன எவை?

25. குறள்வெண்பாவின் இலக்கணத்தை எழுதி எடுத்துக்காட்டுத் தருக.

26. பழங்களை விடவும் நசுங்கிப்போனதாக கல்யாண்ஜி எதைக் குறிப்பிடுகிறார்?

27. திருக்குறள்: இயல் 3, 5 இருக்கக்கூடிய பத்துக் குறள்கள்.

Study Tips for Maximum Marks

• Write Clearly: Ensure your handwriting is legible and maintain adequate spacing between words.

• Check Spelling: Tamil grammar and spelling mistakes (எழுத்துப்பிழை) can reduce your marks. Practice writing the answers down.

• Review Grammar Rules: Questions on grammar like பகுபத உறுப்பிலக்கணம் and உம்மைத்தொகை require precise answers. Don't skip them!

Make sure you refer to your official textbook to write precise and perfect answers for all these questions. Bookmark this page, share it with your classmates, and study hard!

All the best for your Tamil Public Exam!

Class 12 Physics: Top 100 Most Important Numericals for Board Exams & MHT-CET

Physics Exam Strategy: Formulas & Solved Numericals

Success in the HSC Board and MHT-CET Physics papers relies heavily on mastering numericals. With 36 Marks dedicated solely to numerical problems, we have compiled the most important formulas and a model solved example for every single chapter.

How to use this guide:

For each chapter below, first memorize the "Key Formulas" list. Then, study the "Solved Example" to understand how to apply the values, convert units, and write the final answer with proper units.

1. Rotational Dynamics

Key Formulas

• Moment of Inertia: $I = \sum mr^2 = mk^2$.
• Parallel Axis: $I_o = I_c + Mh^2$.
• Perpendicular Axis: $I_z = I_x + I_y$.
• Banking Angle: $\tan\theta = \frac{v^2}{rg}$.
• Max Safe Speed: $v = \sqrt{\mu rg}$.

Solved Example Q. A racing car races around a circular track of radius 300 m. If coefficient of friction is 0.8, find max safe speed. ($g=9.8$)

Given: $r=300$, $\mu=0.8$

Formula: $v_{max} = \sqrt{\mu r g}$

Calc: $\sqrt{0.8 \times 300 \times 9.8} = \sqrt{2352}$

Ans: $v \approx 48.5$ m/s

2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Key Formulas

• Pressure: $P = h\rho g$.
• Surface Tension: $T = F/l$.
• Surface Energy: $W = T(dA)$.
• Excess Pressure (Bubble): $P_i - P_o = 4T/r$.
• Terminal Velocity: $v = \frac{2r^2(\rho-\sigma)g}{9\eta}$.

Solved Example Q. Calculate work done in blowing a soap bubble from radius 2 cm to 4 cm. ($T=0.03$ N/m)

Given: Soap bubble has 2 surfaces.

$W = T \times 2 \times (A_2 - A_1)$

$W = 0.03 \times 8\pi [(0.04)^2 - (0.02)^2]$

Ans: $9.05 \times 10^{-4}$ J

[Image of surface tension molecular forces]

3. KTG & Radiation

Key Formulas

• Ideal Gas Eq: $PV = nRT$.
• RMS Speed: $v_{rms} = \sqrt{3RT/M_0}$.
• Pressure: $P = \frac{1}{3}\rho v_{rms}^2$.
• Stefan's Law: $Q/t = \sigma A T^4$.

Solved Example Q. Calculate RMS speed of Oxygen at 27°C. ($M_0 = 32$g, $R=8.314$)

$T = 27+273 = 300$ K

$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 \times 8.314 \times 300}{32 \times 10^{-3}}}$

$\sqrt{233831} \approx 483.5$

Ans: $483.56$ m/s

4. Thermodynamics

Key Formulas

• First Law: $Q = \Delta U + W$.
• Work (Isobaric): $W = P(V_2 - V_1)$.
• Adiabatic Work: $W = \frac{nR(T_1-T_2)}{\gamma-1}$.
• Efficiency: $\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$.

Solved Example Q. Carnot engine operates between 327°C and 27°C. Find efficiency.

$T_H = 600$ K, $T_C = 300$ K

$\eta = 1 - (300/600) = 1 - 0.5$

Ans: 50% Efficiency

5. Oscillations

Key Formulas

• Diff Eq: $\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + \omega^2 x = 0$.
• Velocity: $v = \omega \sqrt{A^2 - x^2}$.
• Period: $T = 2\pi / \omega$.
• Pendulum: $T = 2\pi \sqrt{L/g}$.

Solved Example Q. Period=2s, Amp=10cm. Find velocity at x=6cm.

$\omega = 2\pi/T = \pi$

$v = \pi \sqrt{10^2 - 6^2} = \pi \sqrt{64}$

$v = 3.142 \times 8$

Ans: $25.136$ cm/s

6. Superposition of Waves

Key Formulas

• Wave Eq: $y = A\sin(kx - \omega t)$.
• String Freq: $n = \frac{1}{2L}\sqrt{T/m}$.
• Closed Pipe: $n, 3n, 5n...$
• Beats: $N = |n_1 - n_2|$.

Solved Example Q. Frequencies 320 Hz and 324 Hz are sounded. Find beat period.

Beat Freq $N = 324 - 320 = 4$ Hz

Period $T = 1/N = 1/4$

Ans: 0.25 seconds

7. Wave Optics

Key Formulas

• Snell's Law: $\mu_1 \sin i = \mu_2 \sin r$.
• Fringe Width: $X = \lambda D / d$.
• Brewster's Law: $\mu = \tan i_p$.
• Malus' Law: $I = I_0 \cos^2\theta$.

Solved Example Q. YDSE: slits 1mm apart, screen 1m away, $\lambda = 5000$Å. Find fringe width.

$X = \frac{5 \times 10^{-7} \times 1}{10^{-3}}$

$X = 5 \times 10^{-4}$ m

Ans: 0.5 mm

8. Electrostatics

Key Formulas

• Force: $F = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$.
• Field: $E = F/q$.
• Potential: $V = W/q$.
• Capacitor Energy: $U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$.

Solved Example Q. Capacitor 4 $\mu$F connected to 200V. Find energy.

$U = \frac{1}{2} \times 4 \times 10^{-6} \times (200)^2$

$U = 2 \times 10^{-6} \times 40000$

Ans: 0.08 Joules

9. Current Electricity

Key Formulas

• Ohm's Law: $V = IR$.
• Kirchhoff's Laws: $\sum I=0, \sum V=0$.
• Wheatstone: $R_1/R_2 = R_3/R_4$.
• Potentiometer: $E_1/E_2 = L_1/L_2$.

Solved Example Q. Wire of $10\Omega$ is stretched to double its length. New resistance?

Volume constant shortcut: $R_{new} = n^2 R_{old}$.

$R_{new} = (2)^2 \times 10 = 40$.

Ans: 40 $\Omega$

10. Magnetic Effects

Key Formulas

• Biot-Savart: $dB = \frac{\mu_0 I dl \sin\theta}{4\pi r^2}$.
• Ampere's Law: $\oint B \cdot dl = \mu_0 I$.
• Solenoid Field: $B = \mu_0 n I$.
• Lorentz Force: $F = q(v \times B)$.

Solved Example Q. Solenoid length 50cm, 100 turns, 2A current. Find B at center.

$n = N/L = 100/0.5 = 200$ turns/m.

$B = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 200 \times 2$

Ans: $5.02 \times 10^{-4}$ T

11. Magnetism

Key Formulas

• Orbital Moment: $m_{orb} = \frac{e v r}{2}$.
• Axial Field: $B_a = \frac{\mu_0 2M}{4\pi r^3}$.
• Equatorial: $B_{eq} = \frac{\mu_0 M}{4\pi r^3}$.
• Torque: $\tau = m B \sin\theta$.

Solved Example Q. $M=5$ Am$^2$. Find axial B at 20 cm.

$B = 10^{-7} \times \frac{2 \times 5}{(0.2)^3}$

$B = 10^{-7} \times 1250$

Ans: $1.25 \times 10^{-4}$ T

12. Electromagnetic Induction

Key Formulas

• Flux: $\phi = B A \cos\theta$.
• Faraday's Law: $e = -d\phi/dt$.
• Self Induction: $e = -L(dI/dt)$.
• Transformer: $E_s/E_p = N_s/N_p$.

Solved Example Q. Flux changes from 5 Wb to 2 Wb in 0.1s. Find EMF.

$|e| = |(2-5)/0.1|$

$e = 3 / 0.1$

Ans: 30 Volts

13. AC Circuits

Key Formulas

• RMS: $I_{rms} = I_0 / \sqrt{2}$.
• Inductive Reactance: $X_L = \omega L$.
• Capacitive Reactance: $X_C = 1/\omega C$.
• Impedance: $Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$.

Solved Example Q. $V = 100 \sin(100 \pi t)$, $R=50\Omega$. Find $I_{rms}$.

$V_0 = 100 \Rightarrow I_0 = 100/50 = 2$A.

$I_{rms} = 2 / 1.414$

Ans: 1.414 A

[Image of LCR circuit diagram]

14. Dual Nature of Radiation

Key Formulas

• Einstein Eq: $E = \phi_0 + K_{max}$.
• Momentum: $p = h/\lambda$.
• Cut-off wavelength: $\lambda_0 = hc/\phi_0$.

Solved Example Q. Work function 2.5 eV. Find threshold wavelength.

$\lambda_0 = \frac{12400}{2.5}$ (Shortcut in Å)

Or use basic units: $\lambda_0 = \frac{hc}{2.5 \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19}}$

Ans: ~4960 Å

15. Structure of Atoms

Key Formulas

• Radius: $r_n \propto n^2$.
• Energy: $E_n = -13.6/n^2$ eV.
• Rydberg: $1/\lambda = R(1/n^2 - 1/m^2)$.
• Decay: $N = N_0(1/2)^n$.

Solved Example Q. Half-life 3 days. Fraction remaining after 9 days?

$n = t/T = 9/3 = 3$ half lives.

Remains $= (1/2)^3$

Ans: 1/8

16. Semiconductors

Key Formulas

• Current Gain: $\beta = I_c / I_b$.
• Relation: $\alpha = \beta / (1+\beta)$.
• Logic Gates: NAND ($Y=\overline{A \cdot B}$), NOR ($Y=\overline{A+B}$).

Solved Example Q. NAND Gate inputs A=1, B=1. Output?

AND is $1 \times 1 = 1$.

NAND inverts it to 0.

Ans: 0 (Low)

Need More Practice?

These examples cover the most repeated concepts. Download the full PDF for 100+ additional practice problems.

Download Full Question Bank

Physics Board Exam Strategy: Important Chapters & Topics to Score 50+ in 4 Days

Expert Strategy: With only 4-5 days remaining for the Physics Board Exam, this guide outlines the "Must-Do" chapters recommended by us to ensure a passing score (50+) for weak students and strategy for high scorers.

Strategy 1: The "Passing Formula" (Weak Students)

If you have zero preparation or are afraid of failing, focus strictly on these 4 Easy Chapters. Mastering these can help you secure approximately 20-25 theory marks, which combined with practical marks (approx. 25), leads to a safe score of 45-50.

1. Semiconductors

What are the most important topics to study?

• Rectifiers: Study Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers thoroughly. Focus on the diagrams and waveforms. (This often carries 4 marks).
• Logic Gates: Review AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates. These are easy and often covered in practicals.
• Transistors: Focus on current gains $\alpha$ (Alpha) and $\beta$ (Beta) and the relation between them. Avoid complex input/output characteristics if you find them difficult.
• Types of Diodes: Briefly go through Zener Diode, Photodiode, and LED. Focus on their Symbols, Advantages, and Applications.

2. Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter

Key Questions and Derivations:

• Hertz Experimental Setup: Practice the diagram for the Photoelectric effect. Sometimes a 3-mark question asks for the diagram + explanation.
• Numericals: One numerical is almost guaranteed based on Einstein's Photoelectric Equation.
• Graphs: Study the nature of graphs showing dependency on Intensity, Frequency, and Stopping Potential.
• Definitions: Memorize definitions for Threshold Frequency, Photoelectric Work Function, and Stopping Potential.
• De Broglie Hypothesis: This topic is common with the "Structure of Atoms" chapter.

3. Magnetic Materials

Quick & High-Yield Topics:

• Derivation: Orbital Magnetic Moment derivation ($M_o = \frac{evr}{2}$). This is usually a 2-mark question.
• Theory: Domain Theory and Hysteresis Loop (Retentivity). Important for 4-mark questions or MCQs.
• Distinguish Between: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic materials.

4. Current Electricity

Practical-Based Questions:

• Bridges: Meter Bridge experiment (3 marks) and Wheatstone's Network (Prove the balancing condition).
• Potentiometer: Basic principles and uses.
• Instruments: Voltmeter and Ammeter concepts are very important.
• Laws: State KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) and KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law). Note: Large numericals on KVL/KCL are less likely; focus on the statements.

Strategy 2: The "Graceful Score" (60-70 Marks)

If you want to score between 60 and 70 marks out of 100, complete the 4 chapters above, plus the following additions:

Add These Chapters:

• Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG)
• Oscillations (Mathematical but high weightage)
• Thermodynamics
• Wave Optics
• Superposition of Waves
• Structure of Atoms and Nuclei

Strategy 3: The "Topper's Approach" (Full Marks)

Full Syllabus Requirement

To score full marks, you must cover all 16 chapters. Start with Rotational Dynamics (RD). While it contains many derivations, it is the foundation of the syllabus. If you are strong in Mathematics, chapters like RD and Oscillations will be easier for you.

Final Advice: Do not panic if you haven't finished the syllabus. Even doing 10 chapters well is better than skimming all 16. Use the last 4 days wisely by grouping the chapters mentioned above.

Class 12 Physics Important Questions with Solutions Maharashtra Board 2025-26

XII HSC Physics Important Question Bank (2025-26)

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

• 1) Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal force. [2M]
• 2) What is banking of road, obtain an expression for max and min safety speed of vehicles along curve horizontal road. [4M]
• 3) Draw neat labelled diagram and derive Expression for conical pendulum. [3M]
• 4) Derive expression for vertical circular motion. [3M]
• 5) State and prove perpendicular axis theorem. [3M]
• 6) State and prove parallel axis theorem. [4M]
• 7) State and Prove law of conservation of angular momentum. [3M]
• 8) Define Radius of Gyration and write its significance. [2M]
• 9) Derive expression for kinetic energy of a Rolling body. [3M]

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

• 1) Define Intermolecular force, Adhesive and Cohesive force, range of molecules. [1M each]
• 2) What is surface energy? Obtain relation between surface tension and surface energy. [3M]
• 3) Define Surface tension, state its S.I. unit and dimension. [3M]
• 4) Define angle of contact? State its four characteristics. [3M]
• 5) Derive Laplace's law (Excess Pressure). [4M]
• 6) Define Capillary action and derive expression for rise and fall of liquid in the capillary tube. [3M]
• 7) Define critical velocity, Reynolds number, coefficient of velocity. [1M each]
• 8) Stoke's law, terminal velocity. [1M each]

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

• 1) Derive the expression for pressure exerted by the gas. [4M]
• 2) Define RMS velocity. [1M]
• 3) Write short note on: Ferry's black body draw a neat labelled diagram. [3M]
• 4) State and explain wien's displacement law? [3M]
• 5) State Stefan's law. [1M]
• 6) Define Emissive power and coefficient of Emission of body. [1M each]
• 7) State and prove Kirchhoff's law of heat radiation. [3M]
• 8) Derive Mayer's Relation. [3M]

THERMODYNAMICS

• 1) State first law of thermodynamic. [1M]
• 2) Thermodynamics Equilibrium. [2M]
• 3) Heat Engine. [4M]
• 4) Carnot Cycle. [4M]
• 5) Distinguish between thermal processes. [2M]
• 6) Derive expression for work done of Isothermal and adiabatic process. [3M]

OSCILLATIONS

• 1) Define SHM? State its differential Equation? [2M]
• 2) Obtain expression for acceleration, Velocity and displacement. [4M]
• 3) Composition of two SHM's. [4M]
• 4) State and derive expression for kinetic energy and potential energy. [3M]
• 5) Define simple pendulum, derive expression for the period of motion of simple pendulum on which factor it depends upon? [3M]
• 6) Distinguish free and forced vibration. [2M]
• 7) Damp Oscillation. [2M]
• 8) Define second's pendulum? [2M]

SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES

• 1) Derive equation for stationary wave. (3M)
• 2) Conditions for Nodes and Antinodes. (2M)
• 3) Derive the Expression for beats. (3M)
• 4) Laws of vibrating string. (3M)
• 5) Explain phenomenon for production of beats. (2M)
• 6) Show that only odd harmonics are present in pipe closed at one end. (3M)
• 7) Show that odd and even harmonics are present for pipe open at both the ends. (3M)

WAVE OPTICS

• 1) Postulates of Huygen's wave theory of light. (2M)
• 2) Derive the laws of refraction of light using Huygen's principle. (3M)
• 3) Explain what is meant by polarization. (2M)
• 4) Derive Malus laws. (3M)
• 5) What is Brewster's law? Derive the formula for Brewster angle. (3M)
• 6) Describe YDSE experiment. (4M)
• 7) Condition for constructive and destructive interference. (2M)
• 8) Condition for obtaining good interference pattern. (2M)
• 9) What are Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffractions. (2M)
• 10) Resolving power. (3M)
• 11) Explain Rayleigh's criterion. (2M)

ELECTROSTATICS

• 1) Obtain expression for electric field intensity due to uniformly charged spherical shell or hollow sphere. (3M)
• 2) Obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to an infinitely long straight charged wire or charged conducting cylinder. (3M)
• 3) State Gauss law. (1M)
• 4) Obtain an expression for electric field due to an infinite charged plane sheet. (3M)
• 5) Derive an expression for electric potential due to an electric dipole. (3M)
• 6) Define equipotential surface. State and explain its properties. (2M)
• 7) Define capacity of the capacitor. (2M)
• 8) Energy stored in a capacitor. (2/3M)
• 9) With the help of neat diagram, explain how non-polar dielectric material is polarised in external electric field? [3M]

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• 1) State and Explain Kirchoff's law. (2M)
• 2) Obtain the balancing condition in case of Wheatstone bridge. (3M)
• 3) State and explain the concept of potentiometer. (3M)
• 4) Define Potential Gradient. (1M)
• 5) Write a note on galvanometer. (2M)
• 6) Describe kelvin's method to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by using a meter bridge. (3M)
• 7) Explain how MCG is converted into an ammeter. [3M]

MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

• 1) Describe the magnetic field near a current in a long, straight wire. State the expression for the magnetic induction near a straight infinitely long current-carrying wire. [3M]
• 2) State the factors which the magnetic force on a charge depends upon. Hence state the expression for the Lorentz force on a charge due to an electric field as well as a magnetic field. [3M]
• 3) Define the SI unit of magnetic induction from Lorentz force. [1M]
• 4) Explain the condition under which a charged particle will travel through a uniform magnetic field in a helical path. [3M]
• 5) State under what conditions will a charged particle moving through a uniform magnetic field travel in (i) a straight line (ii) a circular path (iii) a helical path. [3M]
• 6) What is a cyclotron? State its principle of working. [4M]
• 7) Biot-savarts law. [2M]
• 8) Current Carrying in parallel wires. [3M]

MAGNETIC MATERIALS

• 1) Explain the directional characteristic of a bar magnet. [2M]
• 2) State the expression for the torque acting on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. [3M]
• 3) Explain what is meant by magnetic potential energy of a bar magnet kept in a uniform magnetic field. Discuss the cases when theta = 0, 180, and 90 degrees. [3M]
• 4) Derive the expression for the time period of angular oscillations of a bar magnet kept in a uniform magnetic field. [3M]
• 5) What is the gyromagnetic ratio of an orbital electron? State its dimensions and the SI unit. [2M]

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

• 1) Describe Faraday's magnet and coil experiment. What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment? [3M]
• 2) State the causes of induced current and explain them on the basis of Lenz's law. [2M]
• 3) State an expression for the magnetic flux through a loop of finite area A inside a uniform magnetic field. Hence discuss Faraday's second law. [3M]
• 4) State the SI units and dimensions of (i) magnetic induction (ii) magnetic flux. [2M]
• 5) Determine the motional emf induced in a straight conductor moving in a uniform magnetic field with constant velocity. [3M]
• 6) What is an ac generator? State the principle of an ac generator. [3M]
• 7) Explain back emf in a motor. [3M]
• 8) Explain the concept of self-induction. [3M]
• 9) Derive an expression for the energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor. [3M]
• 10) Obtain an expression for the self-inductance of a solenoid. [3M]
• 11) Obtain an expression for the energy density of a magnetic field. [3M]
• 12) Explain the concept/phenomenon of mutual induction. [2M]
• 13) What is a transformer? State the principle of working of a transformer. [4M]
• 14) Derive expressions for a transformer for the emf and current in terms of the turn's ratio. [3M]

AC CIRCUITS

• 1) Write an expression for an alternating emf that varies sinusoidally with time. [4M]
• 2) Draw a Phasor diagram showing e and i in the case of a purely inductive circuit. [3M]
• 3) An alternating emf is applied to an LR circuit. Obtain the expressions for the applied emf and the effective resistance. Draw the phasor diagram. [3M]
• 4) An alternating emf is applied to a CR circuit. Obtain an expression for the phase difference and effective resistance. Draw the phasor diagram. [4M]
• 5) What is meant by the term impedance? State the formula for it in the case of an LCR series circuit. [3M]
• 6) State the expression for the average power consumed over one cycle in the case of a series LCR AC circuit. [3M]
• 7) How are oscillations produced using an inductor and a capacitor. [3M]
• 8) Explain electrical resonance in an LCR series circuit. Deduce the expression for the resonant frequency of the circuit. [3M]
• 9) Explain the term sharpness of resonance and Q factor (quality factor). [2M]

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

• 1) What was Hertz's observation regarding emission of electrons from a metal surface? [3M]
• 2) With a neat diagram, describe the apparatus to study the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [3M]
• 3) Define (1) threshold frequency (2) threshold wavelength (3) stopping potential. [3M]
• 4) State the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [2M]
• 5) Explain how wave theory of light fails to explain the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [3M]
• 6) Give Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. [4M]
• 7) Write Einstein's photoelectric equation and explain its various terms. How does the equation explain various features? [4M]
• 8) What is a photocell? Describe its construction and working with a neat labelled diagram. [3M]
• 9) Derive an expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. [3M]

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI

• 1) With the help of a neat labelled diagram, describe the Geiger-Marsden experiment. [3M]
• 2) Explain Rutherford's model of the atom. [2M]
• 3) State and explain the formula that gives wavelengths of lines in the hydrogen spectrum. [3M]
• 4) Derive an expression for the linear speed of an electron in a Bohr orbit. Show it is inversely proportional to principal quantum number. [3M]
• 5) How is the nuclear size determined? State the relation between nuclear size and mass number. [3M]
• 6) Define mass defect and state an expression for it. [3M]
• 7) Explain the term nuclear binding energy and binding energy per nucleon. [3M]
• 8) State the law of radioactive decay and express it in the exponential form. [3M]
• 9) Define half-life of a radioactive element and obtain the relation between half-life and decay constant. [3M]
• 10) Postulates of Bohr atomic model. [2M]

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

• 1) What is a PN-junction diode? What is a depletion region? What is barrier potential? [3M]
• 2) Explain the forward bias and reverse bias conditions of a diode. [3M]
• 3) What is rectification? How does a pn-junction diode act as a rectifier? [3M]
• 4) Distinguish between a half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier. [2M]
• 5) Explain ripple in the output of a rectifier. What is ripple factor? [2M]
• 6) Explain Zener breakdown. [2M]
• 7) Explain the I-V characteristics of a photodiode. [2M]
• 8) What is a light-emitting diode (LED)? [3M]
• 9) Describe with a neat diagram the construction of an LED. [4M]
• 10) What are the different transistor configurations in a circuit? Show them schematically. [3M]
• 11) Define AND, OR, and NOT logic gates. Give logic symbol, Boolean expression and truth table of each. [3M]
• 12) Obtain the relation between alpha_DC and beta_DC. [2/3M]

Note: All questions listed above are important for the 2025-2026 HSC examinations. Ensure you focus particularly on the questions with higher mark allocations.

HSC Physics Board Papers with Solution

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