OMTEX AD 2

Maharashtra Board 12th Geography Question Paper Solution 2024 (Complete)

Question Paper Page No. 1 Question Paper Page No. 2 Question Paper Page No. 3 Question Paper Page No. 4 Question Paper Page No. 5 Question Paper Page No. 6 Question Paper Page No. 7 Maharashtra Board Geography Solution

Geography (39) - 2024 Board Paper Solution

HSC Class 12 | Maharashtra State Board | Full Detailed Solutions

Q. 1. (A) Complete the chain and rewrite in your answer paper:

‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’
(1) Consumer goods (g) Ready for direct consumption (m) Pharmaceutical product
(2) Panama canal (e) Atlantic ocean (p) Pacific ocean
(3) Plain (f) Fertile region (o) Development of Agriculture
(4) Food chain (i) Ecosystem (n) Ecological balance
(5) Migration (h) Short term (s) Long term

Q. 1. (B) Write True or False:

  1. Land use patterns in rural areas are different from urban area.
    True
  2. The farm size is small in extensive commercial agriculture.
    False
  3. Iron and steel industry depends on minerals.
    True
  4. Bilateral trade and multilateral trade are the main types of international trade.
    True
  5. Nowadays mapping is mostly done using GIS softwares.
    True

Q. 1. (C) Choose the correct option and complete the sentences:

  1. Reasons of migration :
    Answer: (A) Natural disasters
  2. Commercial lumbering is mainly carried in ____.
    Answer: (A) Temperate coniferous forests
  3. Identify the agro-based industries :
    Answer: (B) Sugar industry
  4. Functional region :
    Answer: (B) Television signal areas of T.V. towers
  5. Which is an encyclopaedia of geographer’s knowledge consisting of 17 volumes :
    Answer: (A) Geographica

Q. 1. (D) Identify incorrect factor:

  1. Primary economic activity factor which is not related directly to latitude :
    Answer: (c) Mining
  2. Mineral based industries :
    Answer: (c) Woollen textile industry
  3. Characteristics of region :
    Answer: (c) Political party
  4. Skills of geographers :
    Answer: (b) Conservation of forest
  5. Branches of physical geography :
    Answer: (d) Population geography

📜12th History Board Papers with Solution

HSC History

🌳 12th Geography Board Papers with Solution

HSC Geography

Q. 2. Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR):

(1) Population distribution is uneven.

Reason: The distribution of population is influenced by various physical and human factors which are not uniform across the world.

  • Physical Factors: Regions with flat plains (like the Ganga plains) and fertile soil support high populations, whereas rugged mountains (like the Himalayas), dense forests (Amazon), and deserts (Sahara) hinder settlement. Availability of water and favorable climate are also crucial.
  • Human Factors: Areas with industrial development, good urbanization, and transport facilities attract more people due to employment opportunities. Conversely, political instability can cause depopulation.
(2) Literacy rate of country is an indicator of its socio-economic development.

Reason: Literacy is directly linked to the quality of human resources.

  • High literacy rates imply a population that is educated, skilled, and capable of participating efficiently in economic activities.
  • It reflects better access to healthcare, lower birth rates, and higher standards of living.
  • Therefore, a higher literacy rate is a sign of an advanced, progressive society and economic growth.
(3) Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.

Reason: Canada possesses optimal conditions for the lumbering industry.

  • Forest Type: Canada has vast belts of Taiga or Coniferous forests which provide softwood that is easy to cut and durable.
  • Pure Stands: The trees grow in pure stands (single species in one area), making commercial harvesting economical.
  • Transportation: In winter, the frozen ground and rivers facilitate the easy transport of logs (via sliding) to sawmills.
  • Mechanization: The terrain allows for the use of heavy machinery for logging.
(4) There are many factors which have hindered the growth of industries in South America.

Reason: Despite having resources, industrial growth is uneven due to:

  • Physical Barriers: The dense Amazon rainforest and the rugged Andes mountains make transportation and infrastructure development extremely difficult and costly.
  • Accessibility: Large parts of the interior are inaccessible, restricting the movement of raw materials and finished goods.
  • Economic Focus: historically, the economy has been oriented towards the export of raw materials rather than manufacturing.
(5) Tertiary economic activities include both services and exchange.

Reason: Tertiary activities do not involve the production of goods but provide the support needed for production and consumption.

  • Exchange: This involves trade, transport, and communication, which link the producer to the consumer, facilitating the exchange of goods.
  • Services: This includes professional services (teachers, doctors, lawyers) and welfare activities that serve the needs of the people.
  • Since these activities cover distributing goods (exchange) and providing skills (services), the statement is correct.
(6) Regional development is dependent on physical setting.

Reason: The physical environment provides the base for development.

  • Relief: Plains support agriculture and infrastructure easier than mountains.
  • Climate: Favorable climate attracts population and industries, while harsh climates (too hot or cold) restrict them.
  • Resources: The presence of minerals, water, and fertile soil dictates the type of economic activities (mining, farming) that can flourish in a region.
  • Location: Coastal regions often develop faster due to ports and trade access compared to landlocked regions.

Q. 3. Differentiate between (Any THREE):

(1) Donor region and Recipient region.
  • Donor Region: An area from where people migrate out (out-migration). It often faces a "brain drain" or loss of working population but may receive remittances.
  • Recipient Region: An area where people migrate into (in-migration). It experiences population growth, pressure on resources and infrastructure, but gains a labor force.
(2) Nucleated and Dispersed settlement.
  • Nucleated Settlement: Houses are clustered close together. Usually found near a water source, fertile land, or for defense. Social bonding is strong.
  • Dispersed Settlement: Houses are scattered far apart. Usually found in rugged terrain, dense forests, or large agricultural lands. Social contact is limited.
(3) Mining and Fishing.
  • Mining: The extraction of minerals from the earth's crust. It is generally a land-based activity dependent on geological formation. Minerals are non-renewable.
  • Fishing: The catching of aquatic life for food or commerce. It is a water-based activity dependent on ocean currents and continental shelves. Fish resources are renewable if managed.
(4) Waterways and Airways.
  • Waterways: The cheapest mode of transport, suitable for heavy and bulky goods. It is slow and restricted to water bodies (oceans, rivers).
  • Airways: The fastest mode of transport, suitable for light, perishable, or high-value goods. It is expensive and not restricted by physical terrain but requires airports.
(5) Physical region and Political region.
  • Physical Region: Defined by natural characteristics like climate, soil, relief, or vegetation (e.g., The Amazon Basin, The Himalayas). Boundaries are gradual.
  • Political Region: Defined by administrative boundaries created by humans (e.g., India, Maharashtra state). Boundaries are sharp and linear.

Q. 4. (A) Mark and name the following on the outline map of the world with suitable index (Any SIX):

Map Marking Solution
  1. Highly populated area in Australia: Mark the South-Eastern coastal region (cities like Sydney, Melbourne).
  2. A state having highest sex ratio in India: Mark the state of Kerala on the southern tip of India.
  3. Dogger Bank Fishing area: Mark the shallow area in the North Sea, east of the United Kingdom.
  4. An industrial region in South Africa - Kimberley: Mark the interior region of South Africa, noted for diamond mining.
  5. Industrial region near Great Lakes: Mark the region bordering the USA and Canada around the five Great Lakes (e.g., Detroit, Chicago).
  6. A canal bringing radical change in sea transport - Suez canal: Mark the narrow strip connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea in Egypt.
  7. An International Airport in India - Mumbai: Mark Mumbai city on the western coast of Maharashtra, India.
  8. Panama Strait (Canal): Mark the narrow isthmus connecting North and South America.

Q. 4. (B) Read the following map/graphs and answer the questions given below:

Read the following map/graphs and answer the questions given below

(1) Which region has very less adult female literacy rate?
Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa shows the lowest bar for female literacy compared to other regions.

(2) Why the percentage of adult male literacy rate is more in the given regions?
Answer: Male literacy is generally higher due to socio-cultural factors where male education is prioritized, better economic opportunities for men, and gender inequality in access to schooling.

(3) Why the percentage of female-male literacy rate in 2016 is less in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Answer: The literacy rates are low due to high poverty, lack of educational infrastructure, cultural traditions hindering female education, and economic backwardness in the region.

(4) Write your own opinion about the adult female literacy rate with reference to graph.
Answer: The graph shows a consistent gender gap where female literacy lags behind male literacy in developing regions. Improving female literacy is crucial for social progress, health, and economic development.

(5) With reference to graph which country would be advanced in social factors?
Answer: Based on the graph, the region of North Africa and West Asia (and by extension countries within it relative to the others shown) appears to be more advanced in social factors as it has the highest literacy rates among the groups displayed.

Q. 5. Write short notes on the following (Any THREE):

(1) Functional classification of urban settlement

Urban settlements are classified based on their dominant economic activity or function:

  • Administrative Towns: Capitals or centers of governance (e.g., New Delhi, Washington D.C.).
  • Industrial Towns: Centers of manufacturing (e.g., Jamshedpur, Detroit).
  • Transport Towns: Port cities or railway junctions (e.g., Mumbai, Singapore).
  • Commercial Towns: Trade and banking centers.
  • Educational/Religious Towns: Centers for learning (Oxford) or pilgrimage (Varanasi).
(2) Foot loose industries

Footloose industries are those that are not tied to a specific location based on raw materials.

  • They do not use heavy or weight-losing raw materials.
  • Transportation costs are a small fraction of total costs.
  • Examples include electronics, watchmaking, and diamond cutting.
  • They can be located anywhere with good transport, electricity, and skilled labor.
(3) Role of transportation in trade

Transportation is the lifeline of trade:

  • It bridges the gap between production centers and consumption markets.
  • Efficient transport reduces the cost of goods and ensures timely delivery (especially for perishables).
  • It expands the market area, allowing local goods to become global.
  • Ports, railways, and airways are critical infrastructure for international trade.
(4) Strategies to reduce regional imbalance in India

Regional imbalance refers to unequal development between states. Strategies include:

  • Special Area Programs: For hills, deserts, and tribal areas (e.g., Hill Area Development Programme).
  • Industrial Incentives: Tax holidays and subsidies for industries setting up in backward regions.
  • Infrastructure Development: Improving roads, power, and connectivity in remote areas.
  • Allocation of Funds: More financial grants to underdeveloped states by the Finance Commission.
(5) Latest trends in Geography

Geography has evolved from simple description to scientific analysis:

  • Geoinformatics: Extensive use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems), GPS, and Remote Sensing for mapping and analysis.
  • Quantitative Revolution: Use of statistical and mathematical models.
  • Applied Geography: Using geographical knowledge to solve real-world problems like urban planning, disaster management, and climate change.

Q. 6. (A) Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

(1) What is meant by economic motivation?

Economic motivation refers to incentives, such as money, bonuses, or allowances, given to workers to encourage them to work more enthusiastically and increase production.

(2) What is the purpose of increasing the production for capitalists?

The purpose is to maximize output and efficiency, utilizing workers' enthusiasm through incentives to achieve higher growth and profit.

(3) Why special remuneration (bonus) is given?

Special remuneration or bonus is given for tasks completed before deadlines, for production that exceeds expectations, and for maintaining high quality, as well as to prevent worker dissatisfaction.

(4) Compare the skilled and unskilled workers in the secondary economic activity.

In secondary economic activities (manufacturing/production):

  • Skilled Workers: Perform specialized tasks requiring training (e.g., operating complex machinery). They generally receive higher wages and better incentives (like the promotions mentioned in the passage).
  • Unskilled Workers: Perform manual or repetitive labor. They generally receive lower wages and their economic motivation is often driven by basic financial needs.

Q. 6. (B) Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO):

(Note: As this is a text format, descriptions of the diagrams are provided.)

  • (1) Pyramids of underdeveloping countries: Draw a population pyramid with a very wide base (indicating high birth rate) and a rapidly narrowing top (indicating high death rate/low life expectancy). The shape resembles a perfect triangle.
  • (2) Linear pattern: Draw a straight road, railway line, or river. Draw small squares (houses) arranged in a single line along both sides of this feature.
  • (3) Skills of a Geographer: Draw a central circle labelled "Geographer". Draw branches radiating out labelled: "Observation", "Data Analysis", "Map Making", "Surveying", "Report Writing", "Use of GIS/GPS".

Q. 7. Answer the following questions in detail (Any ONE):

(1) Explain the human factors affecting distribution of population.

Human factors play a significant role in determining where people choose to live. These include:

  1. Agriculture: Regions with fertile land and irrigation facilities support intensive agriculture, leading to high population density (e.g., Gangetic plains).
  2. Mining: Discovery of valuable minerals can turn barren lands into populated areas. For example, the gold mines in Australian deserts or oil in the Middle East attract labor.
  3. Transportation: Accessibility is key. Coastal regions and areas with dense road/rail networks are densely populated because they facilitate trade and mobility (e.g., Western Europe, Mumbai-Pune corridor).
  4. Urbanization: Cities offer better jobs, education, and health facilities. This pulls people from rural areas, creating high density in urban centers (e.g., Tokyo, New York).
  5. Political Factors and Government Policies: Political instability leads to out-migration (e.g., refugees). Conversely, government decisions to build new cities (e.g., Chandigarh, Canberra) create new population centers.
(2) Explain intensive subsistence agriculture in detail.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture is the most practiced farming type in densely populated regions.

  • Definition: It is a type of farming where farmers cultivate a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor to produce enough for their own consumption, with little surplus for trade.
  • Region: It is practiced mainly in the monsoon regions of South, Southeast, and East Asia (e.g., India, China, Bangladesh).
  • Characteristics:
    • Small Land Holdings: Due to high population and inheritance laws, farms are very small and fragmented.
    • Intensive Labor: It is labor-intensive; mostly family members work on the field.
    • Use of Animals: Animal power is used for plowing and transport. Mechanization is low.
    • High Yield per Unit Area: Farmers try to get maximum output from the small land, often growing two or three crops a year. However, yield per labor is low.
    • Crops: Food crops dominate. Paddy (Rice) is the main crop in wet regions; Wheat, Millets, and Pulses are grown in drier regions.
Labels: , , , ,