HSC Class 12 Economics June/July 2026 Board Paper Solutions (J-320)

Prepare effectively for your upcoming board examinations with the complete, step-by-step HSC Class 12 Economics June/July 2026 Board Paper Solutions (Subject Code: J-320). Conducted by the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE) on 1st July 2026, this 80-mark Board Question Paper is solved strictly according to the official textbook and board marking scheme, featuring neat comparison tables, point-wise explanations, and exam-scoring tips.

HSC Economics June/July 2026 Board Paper Solutions (Subject Code: J-320)

Subject: Economics (49) | Date: 01/07/2026 | Time: 3 Hours | Total Marks: 80

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Q. 1. (A) Complete the following statements : (5 Marks)

1. \(E_d = 0\) in case of Necessary goods.

   • (a) Luxury goods
   • (b) Normal goods
   • (c) Necessary goods
   • (d) Durable goods

   Answer: (c) Necessary goods

2. Balance of trade is also referred to as International trade balance.

   • (a) National trade balance
   • (b) International trade balance
   • (c) Balance of payment
   • (d) Systematic record of all international economic transactions

   Answer: (b) International trade balance

3. The famous book "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" was published by Lord J.M. Keynes.

   • (a) Prof. Alfred Marshall
   • (b) David Ricardo
   • (c) Lord J.M. Keynes
   • (d) Adam Smith

   Answer: (c) Lord J.M. Keynes

4. When a government borrows from its citizens, banks, central bank, industries, etc. it is known as Internal Debt.

   • (a) Internal Debt
   • (b) Personal Debt
   • (c) External Debt
   • (d) International Debt

   Answer: (a) Internal Debt

5. A period of time in which all factors of production and costs are variable is known as Long period.

   • (a) Very short period
   • (b) Short period
   • (c) Long period
   • (d) Very long period

   Answer: (c) Long period

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Q. 1. (B) Complete the correlation : (5 Marks)

1. Service utility : Teacher : : Form utility : Toys made of clay

2. Perfect competition : Large number of sellers : : Oligopoly : Few sellers

3. Theoretical difficulty : Unpaid services : : Practical difficulty (Statistical difficulty) : Valuation of inventories

4. Pen and ink : Complementary goods : : Tea and coffee : Substitutes

5. Trends in exports : Petroleum products : : Trends in imports : Gold

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Q. 1. (C) Give economic terms : (5 Marks)

1. A market for long term funds, both equity and debt raised within and outside the country.

   Answer: Capital Market

2. Demand for a commodity which can be put to several uses.

   Answer: Composite Demand

3. The total quantity of commodity available for sale with a seller at a particular point of time.

   Answer: Stock

4. Index number which is constructed with some specific purpose.

   Answer: Special Purpose Index Number

5. Budget in which the estimated revenue and expenditure of the government are equal.

   Answer: Balanced Budget

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Q. 1. (D) Find the odd word : (5 Marks)

1. Scope of macro economics : Theory of income and employment, Theory of product pricing, Theory of general price level and inflation, Macro theory of distribution

   Odd word: Theory of product pricing (It falls under the scope of microeconomics.)

2. Methods of measurement of national income : Output method, Income method, Expenditure method, Ratio method

   Odd word: Ratio method (It is a method of measuring price elasticity of demand.)

3. Reasons for downward sloping demand curve : Law of supply, Income effect, Substitution effect, New consumers

   Odd word: Law of supply (It explains the upward-sloping supply curve.)

4. Exceptions to the law of supply : Agricultural goods, Perishable goods, Rare goods, Giffen's paradox

   Odd word: Giffen's paradox (It is an exception to the law of demand.)

5. Types of utility : Form utility, Total utility, Time utility, Place utility

   Odd word: Total utility (It is a concept of measuring utility, not a type of utility.)

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Q. 2. (A) Identify and explain the following concepts from the given illustrations (Any THREE) : (6 Marks)

Exam Tip: In Q. 2 (A), the board marking scheme awards 1 mark for correctly identifying the economic concept and 1 mark for writing its crisp textbook explanation. Always write both clearly under separate headings.

1. Illustration: Arnav sells 80 dozens of mangoes daily at ₹ 500/- per dozen.

   Concept: Individual Supply (or Supply)

   Explanation: Individual supply refers to the quantity of a commodity that an individual producer or seller is willing and able to offer for sale at a given price during a specific period of time. Here, Arnav's daily sale of 80 dozens of mangoes at ₹ 500/- per dozen represents individual supply.

2. Illustration: Demand for sugar falls by 10% when the price of sugar rises by 10%.

   Concept: Unitary Elastic Demand \((E_d = 1)\)

   Explanation: When a percentage change in price leads to an exactly equal (proportionate) percentage change in quantity demanded, the demand is said to be unitary elastic. Here, a 10% rise in the price of sugar brings about an equal 10% fall in its demand.

3. Illustration: Reena deposited a lumpsum amount of ₹ 50,000 in the bank for a period of one year.

   Concept: Fixed Deposit (Time Deposit)

   Explanation: A fixed deposit is a type of bank deposit in which a saver deposits a lump sum amount for a specified fixed period of time. It carries a higher rate of interest compared to a savings account, and the amount cannot normally be withdrawn before the maturity period without a penalty.

4. Illustration: Shabana paid wages to workers in her factory and interest on her bank loan.

   Concept: Theory of Factor Pricing (or Factor Payment)

   Explanation: In microeconomics, the theory of factor pricing explains how factor rewards are determined for the factors of production (land, labour, capital, and entrepreneur) in the form of rent, wages, interest, and profit. Here, Shabana is making factor payments by paying wages to labour and interest on capital.

5. Illustration: Vrinda receives monthly pension of ₹ 5000/- from the state government.

   Concept: Transfer Income (Transfer Payment)

   Explanation: Transfer income refers to a one-sided payment received by an individual without rendering any productive service in return during the current period. Grants, scholarships, and old-age or retirement pensions are transfer payments and are excluded from national income.

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Q. 2. (B) Distinguish between (Any THREE) : (6 Marks)

Exam Tip: Each distinction carries 2 marks. Always write at least two clear points of distinction (Meaning + 1 specific point or Formula/Example) in a neat two-column table to secure full marks.

(i) Direct Demand and Indirect Demand

Points	Direct Demand	Indirect Demand
1. Meaning	Direct demand is the demand for goods and services by consumers which satisfy their wants directly.	Indirect demand (also known as derived demand) is the demand for goods which are needed for the further production of other goods.
2. Nature of Goods	All consumer goods (consumption goods) have direct demand.	All producer goods (capital goods and factors of production) have indirect demand.
3. Dependence	It depends directly on the utility, habits, and preferences of the consumer.	It is derived from the demand for the final consumption goods that it helps to produce.
4. Example	Demand for food, clothes, books, house, etc.	Demand for workers, machinery, raw materials, land, etc.

(ii) Laspeyre's Price Index Number and Paasche's Price Index Number

Points	Laspeyre's Price Index Number	Paasche's Price Index Number
1. Meaning	Laspeyre's Index Number is a weighted index number formulated by Etienne Laspeyre in 1871 using base year quantities as weights.	Paasche's Index Number is a weighted index number formulated by Hermann Paasche in 1874 using current year quantities as weights.
2. Weights Used	In this method, the base year quantities \((q_0)\) are taken as weights.	In this method, the current year quantities \((q_1)\) are taken as weights.
3. Formula	\(P_{01}(L) = \frac{\sum p_1 q_0}{\sum p_0 q_0} \times 100\)	\(P_{01}(P) = \frac{\sum p_1 q_1}{\sum p_0 q_1} \times 100\)

(iii) Direct Tax and Indirect Tax

Points	Direct Tax	Indirect Tax
1. Meaning	Direct tax refers to a tax that is paid directly by the person on whom it is legally imposed.	Indirect tax refers to a tax that is imposed on one person (producer or seller) but paid partly or wholly by another person (consumer).
2. Impact and Incidence	The impact (initial burden) and incidence (ultimate burden) of the tax fall on the same person.	The impact and incidence of the tax fall on different persons.
3. Shifting of Burden	The taxpayer cannot shift the burden of this tax to others.	The tax burden can be shifted by the producer or seller to the final consumer.
4. Example	Personal Income Tax, Wealth Tax, Property Tax.	Goods and Services Tax (GST), Custom Duty.

(iv) Micro Economics and Macro Economics

Points	Micro Economics	Macro Economics
1. Meaning	Micro economics studies the economic behaviour of small individual units such as an individual consumer, firm, or household.	Macro economics studies the behaviour of the economy as a whole, focusing on large aggregates.
2. Method of Study	It uses the slicing method, splitting the whole economy into small individual units for intensive study.	It uses the lumping method, grouping the entire economy into big aggregates for broad analysis.
3. Basic Tools	Individual demand and individual supply are its primary tools.	Aggregate demand and aggregate supply are its primary tools.
4. Alternative Name	It is also known as Price Theory.	It is also known as Income and Employment Theory.

(v) Total Cost and Total Revenue

Points	Total Cost (TC)	Total Revenue (TR)
1. Meaning	Total cost is the total expenditure incurred by a firm on the factors of production required to produce a given level of output.	Total revenue is the total sales proceeds (receipts) earned by a firm from selling a given quantity of a commodity at a given price.
2. Formula	\(\text{TC} = \text{TFC} + \text{TVC}\) (Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost)	\(\text{TR} = P \times Q\) (Price \(\times\) Quantity Sold)
3. Nature of Flow	It represents the outflow of money (expenses) for the producer.	It represents the inflow of money (income) for the producer.

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Q. 3. Answer the following (Any THREE) : (12 Marks)

(i) Explain any four features of utility.

Answer: Utility is the capacity of a commodity to satisfy human wants. The main features of utility are as follows:

1. Relative Concept: Utility is related to time and place. It varies from time to time and place to place. For example, woollen clothes have a greater utility in the winter season or in cold regions like Kashmir than in summer or in Mumbai.

2. Subjective Concept: Utility is a psychological concept. It differs from person to person due to differences in tastes, preferences, likes, dislikes, natures, and habits. For example, a stethoscope has immense utility to a doctor, but it has no utility to a layman.

3. Ethically Neutral Concept: The concept of utility has no ethical or moral considerations. It is a morally colourless concept. A commodity may satisfy any want of a person without considering whether it is good or bad. For example, a knife has utility to cut fruits and vegetables for a homemaker, and it can also be used by a criminal to harm someone. In economics, both possess utility.

4. Utility Differs from Usefulness: Utility is the capacity of a commodity to satisfy a human want, whereas usefulness indicates the benefit or value in use of the commodity. A commodity may possess utility even if it is not useful. For example, liquor or cigarettes have utility to an addict, even though they are injurious to health and have no usefulness.

5. Utility Differs from Pleasure: A commodity may possess utility, yet it may not give any pleasure to the consumer. For example, a bitter medicine or an injection has utility for a sick patient because it cures the illness, although taking it hardly gives any pleasure.

(ii) Explain any four roles of foreign trade.

Answer: Foreign trade is the trade across the boundaries of a nation, consisting of imports and exports of goods and services. The roles of foreign trade are explained below:

1. To Earn Foreign Exchange: Foreign trade plays a very important role in earning foreign exchange. The foreign exchange earned through exports can be utilized to import advanced capital goods, raw materials, and technical know-how, which accelerates the pace of economic development.

2. Encourages Investment: Foreign trade creates an opportunity for producers to reach beyond the domestic markets and sell their products in international markets. This encourages them to produce more goods for export, leading to an increase in total investment in the country.

3. Division of Labour and Specialization: Foreign trade leads to the division of labour and specialization at the global level. Some countries have abundant natural resources, while others have advanced technology or skilled labour. Foreign trade enables each country to specialize in the production of those goods in which it has a comparative cost advantage.

4. Optimum Allocation and Utilization of Resources: Due to specialization, resources are channelized into the production of only those goods which yield the highest returns. Thus, there is rational allocation and optimum utilization of scarce resources at both national and international levels.

5. Stability in Price Level: Foreign trade helps to keep the demand and supply position stable. Whenever there is a shortage of goods in the domestic market, imports can be made to arrest rising prices, and surplus output can be exported to prevent a sharp fall in prices, thereby maintaining stability in the price level.

(iii) Explain any four features of micro economics.

Answer: Micro economics is a branch of economics that studies the economic behaviour of small individual units. Its key features are:

1. Study of Individual Units: Micro economics is the study of the behaviour of small individual economic units, like an individual firm, an individual price, an individual household, etc.

2. Price Theory: Micro economics deals with the determination of the prices of goods and services as well as the prices of factors of production (rent, wages, interest, and profit). Hence, it is also known as Price Theory.

3. Partial Equilibrium: Equilibrium is the balance between two factors. Micro economic analysis is a partial equilibrium analysis as it isolates an individual unit from other forces and studies its equilibrium independently, neglecting the interdependence between economic variables.

4. Slicing Method: Micro economics uses the slicing method. It splits or divides the whole economy into small individual units and then studies each unit separately in detail, such as studying individual income out of national income.

5. Based on Certain Assumptions: Micro economics begins with the fundamental assumption of "Other things remaining constant" (Ceteris Paribus), such as full employment, pure capitalism, perfect competition, and laissez-faire policy. These assumptions make the analysis simpler.

(iv) Explain any four factors influencing elasticity of demand.

Answer: Elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. The main factors influencing the elasticity of demand are:

1. Nature of Commodity: By nature, we can classify commodities as necessaries, comforts, and luxuries. Demand for necessaries like foodgrains, salt, and medicines is relatively inelastic because they are essential for survival. On the other hand, demand for comfort and luxury goods like cars, perfumes, and air conditioners is relatively elastic.

2. Availability of Substitutes: Demand for a commodity will be more elastic if its close substitutes are easily available in the market (for example, lemon juice, sugarcane juice, and cold drinks). If the price of one rises, consumers shift to its substitute. Conversely, commodities having no close substitutes, like salt, have inelastic demand.

3. Number of Uses: Single-use goods have a less elastic demand. Multi-use (composite) goods have more elastic demand. For example, coal or electricity can be used for cooking, heating, lighting, and industrial purposes. A fall in the price of electricity will lead to a substantial increase in its demand across various uses.

4. Habits: Habits make the demand for certain goods relatively inelastic. Even if the prices of habitual goods rise, consumers continue to purchase almost the same quantity. For example, a smoker's demand for cigarettes or an addict's demand for liquor will not fall significantly when prices increase.

5. Durability: The demand for durable goods such as furniture, washing machines, and televisions is relatively elastic, as their purchase can be postponed when prices are high. Conversely, the demand for perishable goods such as milk, vegetables, and fruits is relatively inelastic.

(v) Explain any four types of monopoly.

Answer: Monopoly is a market structure in which there is only a single seller who controls the entire market supply of a product that has no close substitute. The main types of monopoly are:

1. Private Monopoly: When an individual or a private body controls a monopoly firm, it is known as a private monopoly. The primary motive of a private monopoly is profit maximization. For example, Tata Group or Reliance Industries operating a sole enterprise in a specialized sector.

2. Public Monopoly: When the production is solely owned, controlled, and operated by the Government, it is known as a public or social monopoly. It is usually welfare-oriented and not profit-oriented. For example, Indian Railways.

3. Legal Monopoly: This monopoly emerges on account of legal provisions like patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc. The law forbids potential competitors from imitating the design or form of the product registered under a given brand name. For example, Amul's products or patented pharmaceutical drugs.

4. Natural Monopoly: The monopoly created on the basis of natural conditions like climate, rainfall, specific location, or mineral reserves is known as a natural monopoly. For example, gold mines in South Africa or crude oil reserves in Gulf countries.

5. Simple and Discriminating Monopoly: In a simple monopoly, the seller or a firm charges a uniform price for its product to all buyers. In a discriminating monopoly, the firm charges different prices to different buyers for the same product or service (for example, a doctor charging different fees to rich and poor patients).

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Q. 4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements (Any THREE) : (12 Marks)

Exam Tip: In Q. 4, clearly stating "Yes, I agree with the above statement" or "No, I disagree with the above statement" carries 1 mark, and the supporting reasons carry 3 marks. Never skip the opening agreement/disagreement line!

(i) There are many assumptions to the law of supply.

Answer: Yes, I agree with the above statement.

Reasons: The law of supply states that "Other things being constant, the higher the price of a commodity, more is the quantity supplied; and lower the price of a commodity, less is the quantity supplied." The validity of this law rests upon the following assumptions:

1. Constant Cost of Production: It is assumed that there is no change in the cost of production. A change in the prices of factors of production would alter the cost and affect supply even at the same price.

2. Constant Technique of Production: It is assumed that the technique of production does not change. Improved technology increases production and supply at the same price.

3. No Change in Weather Conditions: It is assumed that natural conditions like rainfall, temperature, floods, or droughts remain normal and unchanged, especially for agricultural commodities.

4. No Change in Government Policy: It is assumed that government policies regarding taxation, subsidies, and trade regulations remain unchanged.

5. Constant Transport Cost: It is assumed that there is no change in transport facilities and transport costs. Better transport facilities increase supply at the same price.

6. Prices of Other Goods Remain Constant: Prices of other related goods are assumed to remain constant so that producers do not shift their resources to other products.

(ii) Product differentiation is the only feature of monopolistic competition.

Answer: No, I disagree with the above statement.

Reasons: While product differentiation (making a product distinct through brand name, trademarks, packaging, quality, design, or colour) is an important feature of monopolistic competition, there are several other essential features of this market structure:

1. Fairly Large Number of Sellers: In monopolistic competition, the number of sellers is fairly large, though comparatively less than in perfect competition. Hence, no single seller can control a major share of the market supply.

2. Fairly Large Number of Buyers: There are a fairly large number of buyers in this market. Consequently, no single buyer can influence the price of the product by changing their individual demand.

3. Close Substitutes: Goods sold under monopolistic competition are not homogeneous, but they are close substitutes for one another. For example, different brands of soaps, toothpastes, or cold drinks.

4. Free Entry and Exit: Under monopolistic competition, there is freedom of entry and exit. New firms are free to enter the market if there is supernormal profit, and existing firms can leave the market if they incur losses.

5. Selling Cost: Selling cost is a peculiar feature of monopolistic competition. Firms incur heavy expenditures on advertisements, radio and television broadcasts, hoardings, exhibitions, window displays, and free gifts to create more demand for their product.

(iii) Marginal utility and total utility are the same.

Answer: No, I disagree with the above statement.

Reasons: Marginal Utility (MU) and Total Utility (TU) are two entirely different concepts in cardinal utility analysis:

1. Difference in Meaning: Total Utility (TU) refers to the aggregate of utilities derived by a consumer from all units of a commodity consumed at a point of time. On the other hand, Marginal Utility (MU) refers to the additional utility derived by a consumer from an additional unit of a commodity consumed.

2. Formula: Total Utility is the sum of marginal utilities: \(\text{TU}_n = \sum \text{MU}\) or \(\text{TU}_n = \text{MU}_1 + \text{MU}_2 + \dots + \text{MU}_n\). Marginal Utility is the net addition to Total Utility: \(\text{MU}_n = \text{TU}_n - \text{TU}_{n-1}\).

3. Behaviour During Consumption: As a consumer consumes more and more units of a commodity continuously, Total Utility increases at a diminishing rate, whereas Marginal Utility goes on diminishing continuously.

4. At the Point of Satiety: When the consumer reaches the point of maximum satisfaction (point of satiety), Total Utility reaches its maximum level and remains constant, whereas Marginal Utility becomes zero \((\text{MU} = 0)\).

5. Positive and Negative Values: Beyond the point of satiety, if consumption continues, Total Utility begins to decline (though it remains positive), whereas Marginal Utility becomes negative (disutility). Only on the consumption of the very first unit are TU and MU equal.

(iv) Index numbers have limitations.

Answer: Yes, I agree with the above statement.

Reasons: Index numbers are extremely useful statistical tools and economic barometers, but they are not completely reliable and suffer from the following limitations:

1. Based on Samples: Index numbers are generally based on samples. It is practically impossible to include all items in the construction of an index number. Hence, they are not free from sampling errors.

2. Bias in the Data: Index numbers are constructed from various types of data collected by individuals or agencies. There may be errors or deliberate bias in the collected data, which affects the accuracy of the results.

3. Misuse of Index Numbers: Index numbers can be misused. Sometimes a person or institution chooses a base year or commodities that yield a favourable result to prove a predetermined point of view.

4. Defects in Formulae: There is no perfect formula for the construction of an index number. It is only an average, and so it carries all the limitations of an average.

5. Changes in the Economy: The habits, tastes, and expectations of the people in a country are always changing over time. All these dynamic changes cannot be accurately included in the estimation of index numbers.

6. Qualitative Changes: The price or quantity index numbers may ignore the changes in the quality of the product. A higher price may be due to better quality, which is overlooked in simple index calculations.

(v) Public finance is different from private finance.

Answer: Yes, I agree with the above statement.

Reasons: Public finance is the study of the income and expenditure of the government, whereas private finance is the study of the income and expenditure of an individual or a private business. They differ in the following ways:

1. Objectives: The main objective of public finance is to offer maximum social advantage to society, whereas the primary motive of private finance is to fulfill private interests and maximize individual satisfaction or profit.

2. Determination of Expenditure: In public finance, the government first determines the volume and different ways of its expenditure and then finds out the ways to raise the necessary revenue. In private finance, an individual considers their income first and then determines the volume of expenditure.

3. Credit Status: The government enjoys a very high degree of credit in the market, both domestically and internationally. In contrast, the credit of a private individual is limited.

4. Right to Print Currency: The government has the legal authority to print currency notes through the Reserve Bank of India to meet its financial deficits. A private individual does not enjoy any such right.

5. Elasticity of Finance: Public finance is more elastic and flexible, as the government can make drastic changes in its revenue and expenditure policies. Private finance is relatively rigid, as an individual cannot easily make major changes in their income.

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Q. 5. Study the following table, figure, passage and answer the questions given below it (Any TWO) : (8 Marks)

(i) Observe the following table and answer the questions given below it : (4 Marks)

(a) Complete the above table. (1 Mark)

Commodities	Quantity in 2000 Base Year \((q_0)\)	Quantity in 2001 Current Year \((q_1)\)
A	20	45
B	40	70
C	60	105
D	20	60
Total	\(\sum q_0 = 140\)	\(\sum q_1 = 280\)

(b) Calculate the Quantity Index Number from the above table. (3 Marks)

Given:

• Sum of the quantities of the base year \(\left(\sum q_0\right) = 20 + 40 + 60 + 20 = 140\)
• Sum of the quantities of the current year \(\left(\sum q_1\right) = 45 + 70 + 105 + 60 = 280\)

Formula:

\[Q_{01} = \frac{\sum q_1}{\sum q_0} \times 100\]

Substitution & Calculation:

\[Q_{01} = \frac{280}{140} \times 100\]

\[Q_{01} = 2 \times 100\]

\[Q_{01} = 200\]

Final Answer: The Quantity Index Number \(\left(Q_{01}\right)\) is 200.

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(ii) Observe the following diagram and answer the questions given below it : (4 Marks)

In the given diagram, \(AE\) is the linear demand curve of a commodity plotted with Quantity Demanded on the X-axis and Price on the Y-axis. The points along the demand curve from top to bottom are: point \(A\) (on the Y-axis), point \(B\) (on the upper half), point \(D\) (at the exact midpoint), point \(C\) (on the lower half), and point \(E\) (on the X-axis). On the basis of the given diagram, state whether the following statements are true or false:

Key Formula (Point/Geometric Method): \(\text{Point Elasticity of Demand } (E_d) = \frac{\text{Lower segment of the demand curve below the given point}}{\text{Upper segment of the demand curve above the given point}}\)

1. Demand at point 'C' is relatively elastic demand. (1 Mark)

   Answer: False. (Demand at point 'C' is relatively inelastic demand \([E_d < 1]\) because it lies on the lower half of the linear demand curve where the lower segment \(CE\) is smaller than the upper segment \(CA\).)

2. Demand at point 'B' is unitary elastic demand. (1 Mark)

   Answer: False. (Demand at point 'B' is relatively elastic demand \([E_d > 1]\) because it lies on the upper half of the linear demand curve where the lower segment \(BE\) is greater than the upper segment \(BA\).)

3. Demand at point 'D' is perfectly inelastic. (1 Mark)

   Answer: False. (Demand at point 'D' is unitary elastic demand \([E_d = 1]\) because it is the mid-point of the linear demand curve where the lower segment \(DE\) is equal to the upper segment \(DA\).)

4. Demand at point 'A' is perfectly elastic demand. (1 Mark)

   Answer: True. (At point 'A' on the Y-axis, the upper segment is zero, so \(E_d = \infty\), which indicates perfectly elastic demand.)

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(iii) Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it : (4 Marks)

Passage: The Finance Ministry has proposed a two slab GST structure instead of multiple slabs. This reform will make the tax system simpler, benefiting micro, small and medium enterprises and also making goods cheaper for consumers. Apart from regular tax revenue, the central government earns a large share through Cess and Surcharge.

For the financial year 2025-26, the government expects 5.91 lakh crore from Cess and Surcharge which is a 9.43% increase compared to the previous year.

Recently, GST rates on several items were reduced. This gives relief to consumers, increases the purchasing power and boosts demand in the economy. However, such cuts reduce the government's revenue. According to officials, this loss can be managed through better tax collection and other fiscal measures.

Today, India's public finance system faces major challenges: Revenue shortfall with increasing expenditure. Need to reduce fiscal deficit while promoting investment. To address this, the government must focus on tax reforms, prioritizing expenditure and long term infrastructure and investment.

1. How much revenue does the government expect from Cess and Surcharge in F.Y. 2025-26? (1 Mark)

   Answer: For the financial year 2025-26, the government expects ₹ 5.91 lakh crore from Cess and Surcharge, which is a 9.43% increase compared to the previous year.

2. Mention the major challenges faced by India's public finance system today. (1 Mark)

   Answer: Today, India's public finance system faces two major challenges:

   • Revenue shortfall with increasing expenditure.
   • Need to reduce the fiscal deficit while promoting investment.

3. Express your opinion with reference to the given passage. (2 Marks)

   Answer: In my opinion, the proposal to simplify the Goods and Services Tax (GST) into a two-slab structure and reduce GST rates on essential items is a highly progressive step. It will ease the compliance burden on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), make goods more affordable for common citizens, increase purchasing power, and boost aggregate demand in the economy. Although tax cuts may cause a temporary dip in government revenue, this shortfall can be effectively balanced by improving tax compliance, widening the tax base, prioritizing productive public expenditure, and focusing on long-term infrastructure investment to ensure sustainable economic growth.

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Q. 6. Answer the following questions in detail (Any TWO) : (16 Marks)

(i) State and explain the law of demand with its exceptions. (8 Marks)

1. Introduction:

The Law of Demand is one of the most important fundamental laws of consumption in economics. It was introduced by Prof. Alfred Marshall in his famous book, "Principles of Economics", published in 1890. The law explains the functional (inverse) relationship between the price of a commodity and its quantity demanded.

2. Statement of the Law:

According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, "Other things being equal, higher the price of a commodity, smaller is the quantity demanded and lower the price of a commodity, larger is the quantity demanded."

In other words, other factors remaining constant, if the price of a commodity rises, its demand falls; and if the price of a commodity falls, its demand rises. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

3. Symbolic Representation:

Symbolically, the functional relationship between demand and price is expressed as:

\[D_x = f(P_x)\]

Where:

• \(D\) = Demand for a commodity
• \(x\) = Commodity
• \(f\) = Function
• \(P_x\) = Price of a commodity

4. Key Assumptions (Ceteris Paribus):

The Law of Demand is based on the assumption that all other determinants of demand remain constant: constant level of consumer's income, no change in size of population, constant prices of substitute and complementary goods, no change in tastes and habits, and no expectations about future changes in prices.

5. Demand Schedule:

The Law of Demand can be explained with the help of the following individual demand schedule:

Price of Commodity 'x' (₹ per kg)	Quantity Demanded of Commodity 'x' (in kgs)
50	1
40	2
30	3
20	4
10	5

6. Explanation of the Schedule and Demand Curve:

• As shown in the table, when the price of commodity 'x' is ₹ 50 per kg, the quantity demanded is 1 kg.
• When the price falls from ₹ 50 to ₹ 40, ₹ 30, ₹ 20, and ₹ 10 per kg, the quantity demanded rises to 2 kgs, 3 kgs, 4 kgs, and 5 kgs respectively.
• When these price-quantity combinations are plotted on a graph with Quantity Demanded on the X-axis and Price on the Y-axis, we get the demand curve DD, which slopes downwards from left to right, indicating an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

7. Exceptions to the Law of Demand:

There are certain exceptional cases where the Law of Demand does not apply. In these situations, a rise in price leads to a rise in demand and a fall in price leads to a fall in demand, resulting in an upward-sloping exceptional demand curve from left to right:

1. Giffen's Paradox: Inferior goods or low-quality goods are those goods whose demand does not rise even if their price falls. Sir Robert Giffen observed in England that when the price of bread declined, low-paid workers did not buy more bread; instead, they saved money and used their increased real income to purchase superior food like meat. Such inferior goods are known as Giffen goods.

2. Prestige Goods (Veblen Effect): Expensive goods like diamonds, gold, luxury cars, and antique paintings are status symbols. Rich people buy more of these goods when their prices are high to display their wealth and social prestige.

3. Speculation: The law of demand does not hold true when people expect prices to rise still further in the near future. In such cases, even though prices have risen today, consumers buy more now to avoid paying even higher prices later (e.g., shares in the stock market, or oil and sugar before festive seasons).

4. Price Illusion: Consumers often have an illusion that high-priced goods are of better quality. Therefore, the demand for branded and high-priced products increases even when their prices rise.

5. Ignorance: Sometimes consumers buy more of a commodity at a higher price out of sheer ignorance because they are unaware of the lower prices of the same commodity prevailing elsewhere in the market.

6. Habitual Goods: Due to habit of consumption, certain goods like tea, coffee, cigarettes, or tobacco are purchased in required quantities even if their prices increase significantly.

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(ii) Define National Income and explain its features. (8 Marks)

1. Meaning of National Income:

National Income is one of the most important subject matters of macroeconomics. The total income of the nation is called National Income. In real terms, national income is the flow of goods and services produced in an economy during a year.

2. Definitions of National Income:

1. National Income Committee (NIC, 1949): "A national estimate measures the volume of commodities and services turned out during a given period counted without duplication."

2. Prof. A. C. Pigou: "National dividend is that part of objective income of the community including of course income derived from abroad which can be measured in money."

3. Prof. Irving Fisher: "National dividend or income consists solely of services as received by ultimate consumers, whether from their material or from their human environments."

3. Features of National Income:

1. Macro Economic Concept: National income represents the income of the economy as a whole rather than that of an individual unit. Hence, it is a macroeconomic concept.

2. Value of Only Final Goods and Services: In order to avoid double counting in national income, the value of only final goods and services produced in the economy is considered. The value of intermediate goods or raw materials is not considered separately. For example, while estimating the production of shirts, the value of cotton is not counted separately as it is already included in the price of the shirt.

3. Net Aggregate Value: National income includes the net value of goods and services produced and does not include depreciation cost (i.e., wear and tear of capital assets used in the process of production).

4. Net Income from Abroad: National income includes net income from abroad, i.e., the difference between export value and import value \((X - M)\) and net difference between receipts from abroad and payments made abroad \((R - P)\).

5. Financial Year: National income is always expressed with reference to a specific time period. In India, the financial year runs from 1st April to 31st March.

6. Flow Concept: National income is a flow concept as it shows the continuous flow of goods and services produced in the economy during the course of a year.

7. Money Value: National income is always expressed in monetary terms. It represents only those goods and services which are exchanged for money.

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(iii) Explain the role of money market in India. (8 Marks)

1. Meaning of Money Market:

The money market is a financial market wherein lending and borrowing of short-term funds take place. It is a market for "near money", i.e., short-term instruments such as trade bills, government securities, promissory notes, treasury bills, etc. Such instruments are highly liquid, less risky, and easily marketable with a maturity period of one year or less than one year.

2. Role of Money Market in India:

The following points outline the vital role of the money market in India:

1. Short-Term Requirements of Borrowers: The money market provides reasonable access for meeting the short-term financial needs of borrowers (such as traders, industrialists, and farmers) at realistic prices.

2. Liquidity Management: The money market is a dynamic market. It facilitates better management of liquidity and money in the economy by the monetary authorities. This, in turn, leads to economic stability and development of the country.

3. Portfolio Management: The money market deals with different types of financial instruments that are designed to suit the risk and return preferences of investors. This enables the investors to hold a balanced portfolio of different financial assets, which helps in minimizing risk and maximizing returns.

4. Equilibrating Mechanism: Through the rational allocation of resources and mobilization of savings into investment channels, the money market helps to establish an equilibrium between the demand for and supply of short-term funds.

5. Financial Requirements of the Government: The money market helps the Government to fulfill its short-term financial requirements on the basis of Treasury Bills.

6. Implementation of Monetary Policy: Monetary policy is implemented by the central bank (Reserve Bank of India). It aims at managing the quantity of money in order to meet the requirements of different sectors of the economy and to increase the pace of economic growth. A well-developed money market ensures the successful implementation of the monetary policy and guides the central bank in developing an appropriate interest rate policy.

7. Economizes the Use of Cash: The money market deals with various financial instruments that are close substitutes for money and not actual money. Therefore, it economizes the use of cash in the economy.

8. Growth of Commerce, Industry and Trade: The money market facilitates discounting of bills of exchange to local and international traders who are in urgent need of short-term funds. It also provides working capital for agriculture and small-scale industries, thereby promoting the overall growth of commerce, industry, and trade.

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HSC Economics June/July 2026 Board Question Paper Images (Subject Code: J-320)

Below are the official question paper scans of the Maharashtra State Board HSC Class 12 Economics June/July 2026 Supplementary Exam (Paper Code: J-320, Subject Code: 49) held on 1st July 2026:

Maharashtra HSC Class 12 English June 2026 Board Question Paper with Complete Solutions (J-201)

Welcome to the complete and expertly solved Maharashtra HSC Board Class 12 English Board Question Paper (June 2026, Code J-201). In this comprehensive study guide, we have provided 100% accurate, board-level Question Paper Solutions across all four sections: Prose Comprehension, Poetry & Appreciation, Non-Textual Grammar, Writing Skills (Virtual Message, SOP, Group Discussion, E-mail, Report, Interview, Speech, Compering, Expansion of Idea, Film Review, Blog, and Appeal), and the Literary Genre (Novel) section covering To Sir, With Love, Around the World in Eighty Days, and The Sign of Four. Use these step-by-step model answers and exam tips to master the official MSBSHSE marking scheme and score maximum marks in your upcoming board exams.

SECTION I: PROSE (Reading for Comprehension, Language Study, Summary and Mind Mapping)

Q. 1. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below: (12 Marks)

A1. Read the following statements and write TWO correct statements that state the theme of the extract: (2)

The two correct statements that state the theme of the extract are:

• (i) Big Data helps educational institutes in decision making and improving efficiency.
• (iii) Big Data helps entertainment and media to understand and predict audience preferences.

A2. Netflix and Youtube used big data to increase engagement of the viewers and earn more revenues. Support your answer with proper evidences from the extract. (2)

Answer: In the entertainment and media industry, Big Data focuses on targeting people with the right content at the right time. The extract states that based on a viewer's past views and online behaviour, they are shown personalized recommendations. This specific technique of analysing user data to customize content recommendations is popularly used by Netflix and YouTube to increase viewer engagement and drive higher revenues.

A3. Complete the flow chart on the role of big data in educational industry. One is done for you. Find information from the extract and complete the flow chart: (2)

1. To prepare customized and dynamic learning programmes according to the need of an individual student. (Given in Question Paper)
2. To design course material catering to different requirements and comprehension levels of the students.
3. To gauge the progress of the students from their results and understand their strengths and weaknesses.
4. To guide the student regarding the best career for him based on his mental make-up and abilities.

A4. Write the precautions one should take while using social media. (2)

Answer: While using social media, one should strictly avoid sharing sensitive personal information such as home addresses, phone numbers, or financial details publicly. Users must verify the authenticity of news before forwarding it to prevent the spread of misinformation. Additionally, it is essential to use strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication, keep privacy settings updated, and avoid interacting with unknown or suspicious links to stay safe from cyberbullying and online fraud.

Exam Tip: In Personal Response questions (A4), always write your answer in 4 to 5 well-structured sentences. Start with a direct topic sentence, provide 2 to 3 logical supporting points, and end with a concluding thought to secure full marks (2/2).

A5. Do as directed: (2)

(i) Every student's comprehension level is different. (Choose the correct 'Negative Sentence' from the options given below and write it.)

• Answer: (b) Every student's comprehension level is not the same.

(ii) This will help in guiding the students for the best career. (Choose the correct option replacing the modal auxiliary expressing 'Advice' and write it.)

• Answer: (d) This should help in guiding the students for the best career.

A6. Vocabulary: Find out the words/phrases from the extract which mean: (2)

• (a) Enrich: enhance
• (b) Income: revenues / revenue
• (c) Engulfed: inundated
• (d) Rapidly: in leaps and bounds

Q. 1. (B) Language Study (Non-Textual Grammar) (4 Marks)

B1. Do as directed: (3)

(i) There are no unemployed, no slackers in a civilised society. (Choose the correct option from the given alternatives showing the correct use of 'Neither... nor' and write it.) (1)

• Answer: (a) There are neither unemployed nor slackers in a civilised society.

(ii) Sandip said to Rushika, "Do you like to take part in sports competition?" (Choose the correct 'Indirect Speech' from the given options and write it.) (1)

• Answer: (a) Sandip asked Rushika if / whether she liked to take part in sports competition.

(iii) When the officer fired his assistant, he heaved a sigh of relief. (Choose the correct option from the given alternatives showing the correct use of 'No sooner... than' and write it.) (1)

• Answer: (c) No sooner did the officer fire his assistant than he heaved a sigh of relief.

B2. Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentence: (1)

• Given Sentence: Rutuja is one of the best student in using new technology.
• Corrected Sentence: Rutuja is one of the best students in using new technology.

Grammar Rule: The phrase "one of the..." is always followed by a plural countable noun (e.g., one of the best students) and takes a singular verb if it functions as the subject.

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Q. 2. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below: (12 Marks)

A1. Read the following statements and arrange them in proper sequence: (2)

Answer: The proper chronological sequence of the statements is:

1. (d) Class assignment was given by Mrs. Brauch.
2. (b) Dalkoff wrote a short story for the first time.
3. (a) Dalkoff contributed as co-editor to his high school newspaper.
4. (c) Dalkoff met Mrs. Brauch after her retirement.

A2. Describe Dalkoff's visit to his High-school's 30th reunion. (2)

Answer: During his 30th high-school reunion, Dalkoff went back and visited his retired English teacher, Mrs. Ruth Brauch. He expressed his heartfelt gratitude and told her what her four words of praise had done for his life. He explained that because she gave him the confidence to be a writer, he was able to pass that same confidence on to the woman who became his wife, inspiring her to become a writer as well.

A3. 'They changed his life.' Here 'They' means _______ and write 'the change' they brought in his life. (2)

Answer: Here, 'They' refers to the four words—"This is good writing"—that Mrs. Brauch wrote in the margin of Dalkoff's assignment paper. These words brought a profound transformation in his life: they gave the terribly insecure and shy boy self-confidence, inspired him to write his first short story, helped him become the co-editor of his high-school newspaper, broadened his horizons, and set him off on a successful, fulfilling life.

A4. 'The reward or the words of praise,' what you will remember the most. Justify your view point. (2)

Answer: I will always remember words of praise the most. While a material reward offers only temporary excitement and fades over time, genuine words of appreciation leave an everlasting emotional impact. Sincere encouragement from a mentor builds self-belief, eliminates self-doubt, and—just like Mrs. Brauch's feedback to Dalkoff—can spark a lifelong passion and positively transform a person's destiny.

A5. Do as directed: (2)

(i) The students had been reading 'To Kill a Mockingbird.' (Choose the correct option from the given alternatives showing the correct use of 'Future Perfect Tense' and write it.)

• Answer: (d) The students will have read 'To Kill a Mockingbird.'

(ii) He was named co-editor of his high-school newspaper. (Choose the correct option from the given alternatives showing the correct use of 'Active Voice' and write it.)

• Answer: (b) They named him co-editor of his high-school newspaper.

A6. Match the column: Match the words / phrases in column 'A' with their meaning in column 'B': (2)

Column 'A' (Words / Phrases)	Column 'B' (Correct Meaning)
(1) recall	(d) remember
(2) shy	(c) timid
(3) pass on	(a) give to another person
(4) convince	(b) assure

Q. 2. (B) Summarising: (3 Marks)

Write a 'Summary' of the above extract by using the following points: (Class assignment — teacher's encouraging feedback in the margin — fulfilment of the dream — Dalkoff as co-editor — School reunion experience.)

The Transformative Power of Encouragement

As a shy and insecure boy, Dalkoff lacked self-confidence until his high-school English teacher, Mrs. Brauch, assigned the class to write a follow-up chapter to a novel. On his submitted assignment, she wrote four encouraging words in the margin: "This is good writing." This simple feedback transformed his life, instilling the self-belief needed to fulfill his dream of writing short stories. As his confidence grew, he became the co-editor of his high-school newspaper and embarked on a successful career. Thirty years later, during his school reunion, a grateful Dalkoff visited the retired Mrs. Brauch to share how her encouragement not only made him a writer but also inspired his wife to become one.

Q. 2. (C) Mind Mapping: (3 Marks)

Prepare a mind map on the topic 'Role of Newspapers in Society,' expressing and presenting your own ideas, flow, design and structure.

Central Idea: ROLE OF NEWSPAPERS IN SOCIETY

• Branch 1: Information & News Dissemination
  • Local, national, and international daily news updates
  • Coverage of politics, economy, business, and sports
  • Weather forecasts, civic announcements, and public notices
• Branch 2: Education & Intellectual Growth
  • Editorial columns and expert opinion pieces
  • Enhancement of vocabulary, language skills, and reading habits
  • Informative supplements on science, health, career, and technology
• Branch 3: Social & Democratic Pillar (Fourth Estate)
  • Shaping public opinion and raising awareness on social issues
  • Investigative journalism exposing corruption and ensuring accountability
  • Platform for citizens' grievances through 'Letters to the Editor'
• Branch 4: Entertainment & Utility Services
  • Crosswords, Sudoku puzzles, cartoons, and comic strips
  • Classified advertisements for jobs, real estate, and matrimonials
  • Reviews of books, cinema, art, and cultural events

Exam Tip: In the board exam, draw your Mind Map using neat boxes or circles connected by arrows radiating from the central title box using only a black or blue pen.

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SECTION II: POETRY (Poetry and Appreciation)

Q. 3. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below: (10 Marks)

A1. Identify the lines from the extract that indicate the father's 'dull, monotonous routine' and 'his least value for other': (2)

Aspect	Lines from the Extract
Dull, Monotonous routine	(1) "My father travels on the late evening train / Standing among silent commuters in the yellow light" (OR "Suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes")
Least value for other	(1) "Like a word dropped from a long sentence."

A2. The passengers are described as 'silent.' Give reasons. (2)

Answer: The passengers on the late evening train are described as 'silent' because they are physically and mentally exhausted after a long, hard day of work. Furthermore, the monotonous, fast-paced routine of urban life leaves commuters absorbed in their own worries and fatigue, creating a deep sense of emotional detachment and alienation even while standing in a crowded compartment.

A3. Write the difficulties you face while commuting to and from the college by public transport. (2)

Answer: While commuting to and from college by public transport, I frequently face challenges such as severe overcrowding during peak hours, irregular bus or train schedules, and heavy traffic congestion. Standing for long durations with a heavy bag is physically tiring, and the constant noise, heat, and air pollution make the daily commute even more stressful, particularly during the monsoon season.

A4. Name and explain the figure of speech in the following line: 'Suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes.' (2)

• Alliteration: The consonant sound 's' is pleasingly repeated at the beginning of the words 'Suburbs' and 'slide' for poetic and musical effect.
• Transferred Epithet: The adjective 'unseeing' is transferred from the father to his 'eyes'—his eyes can physically see, but it is the father's mind that is indifferent and preoccupied with his own thoughts.
• Paradox: The phrase 'unseeing eyes' combines two contradictory ideas (eyes that do not see) to highlight how familiar and monotonous the scenery has become to the father.

A5. Compose four poetic lines on the title 'My Father.' (2)

My Father
My father is our family's guiding light,
Who toils tirelessly from morning to night.
He silently sacrifices his own little joys,
To bless our lives with courage and poise.

Q. 3. (B) Appreciation: (4 Marks)

Read the extract and write the appreciation of the poem 'Song of the Open Road'.

Appreciation of the Poem 'Song of the Open Road'

• About the Poem, Poet, and Title: 'Song of the Open Road' is an inspiring motivational poem written by the celebrated nineteenth-century American poet Walt Whitman, famously known as the 'Father of Free Verse'. Taken from his classic collection Leaves of Grass, the title metaphorically represents the journey of life marked by freedom, mobility, and endless possibilities.
• Theme: The central theme of the poem is freedom, self-reliance, and optimism. The speaker sets out on the 'open road' feeling "afoot and light-hearted," choosing to leave behind domestic routines and societal pressures in order to experience life on his own terms.
• Poetic Style and Devices: The poem is written in free verse without a fixed rhyme scheme or meter, which aptly reflects the poet's desire for unrestrained freedom. It is narrated as a dramatic monologue in the first person ('I'). Whitman enriches the poem with figures of speech such as Metaphor (the 'open road' symbolizing the journey of life), Repetition ("Henceforth I ask not... Henceforth I whimper no more"), Climax, Inversion, and Paradox ("old delicious burdens").
• Special Features and Message: A striking structural feature of the poem is the final stanza enclosed in parentheses (brackets), where the poet pauses to reflect that although he seeks independence, he lovingly carries his "old delicious burdens"—sweet memories and relationships with people. The poem delivers a powerful message that we are the makers of our own destiny ("I myself am good-fortune").
• My Opinion: In my opinion, this is a timeless and uplifting poem that encourages readers to stop complaining, trust their inner strength, and walk the path of life with confidence and joy.

Memory Trick: While writing a poetic appreciation in Paragraph format for the HSC exam, remember the acronym ATPM (About, Theme, Poetic Devices/Style, Message & Opinion) to cover every marking criterion seamlessly.

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SECTION III: WRITING SKILLS

Q. 4. Complete the activities as per the instructions given below: (16 Marks)

(A) Attempt 'Any One' of the following activities: (4 Marks)

(I) Virtual Message:

MESSAGE

Date: 16 June 2026
Time: 9:30 a.m.

Dear Dad,

After you and Mom left for the gym, I suddenly started feeling very uneasy, sick, and weak. Since I have to attend a very important interview for a new job today, I am leaving home early. As I am feeling unwell, could you please pick me up at around 2:00 p.m. from the interview site?

Jeevan

OR

(II) Statement of Purpose (SOP):

Statement of Purpose

My fascination with literature, critical thinking, and human communication began during my early school years, inspiring me to actively participate in debate clubs, elocution contests, and creative writing workshops. Having completed my Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) in the Arts stream with distinction, I now wish to pursue a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in English Literature at your esteemed university.

My long-term career goal is to become an academic researcher, university professor, and author exploring how contemporary literature shapes social consciousness. Throughout junior college, I consistently secured top grades in English, served as the Student Editor of our college magazine, and won the Inter-School Essay Championship.

Your university's interdisciplinary curriculum, distinguished faculty, and vibrant literary research ecosystem align perfectly with my academic aspirations. I am confident that studying at your prestigious institution will sharpen my analytical abilities and empower me to contribute meaningfully to the academic community.

OR

(III) Group Discussion:

Topic: Is Money the Key to Happiness?

• Evaluator (Teacher): Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today's group discussion. Our topic is 'Is Money the Key to Happiness?' You may now share your views.
• Participant 1 (Rahul): Good morning, all. I firmly believe that money plays a vital role in achieving happiness. In today's world, financial stability is essential to fulfill basic human needs such as nutritious food, quality healthcare, shelter, and good education. Money provides security and reduces daily anxiety, which forms the foundation of a happy life.
• Participant 2 (Sneha): While I agree with Rahul that money is necessary for basic survival, I disagree that it is the ultimate 'key' to happiness. We often see wealthy individuals suffering from stress, loneliness, and broken relationships. True happiness stems from inner peace, good health, contentment, and meaningful bonds with family and friends—none of which can be bought with money.
• Participant 3 (Amit): I would like to bridge both points made by Rahul and Sneha. Money can certainly buy material comfort, convenience, and opportunities to pursue hobbies or help the needy, which brings immense joy. However, beyond a certain threshold, extra wealth does not guarantee emotional fulfilment. Therefore, money is an important facilitator of comfort, but gratitude and positive relationships are the true keys to happiness.
• Evaluator (Teacher): Thank you, participants. That was an insightful and balanced discussion concluding that while money is indispensable for security and comfort, true happiness ultimately depends on emotional well-being and human relationships.

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(B) Attempt 'Any One' from the given activities: (4 Marks)

(I) E-mail Writing:

To: manager@lonavalatouristhub.com
Subject: Inquiry regarding family room bookings, tariff, and facilities

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am planning a three-day family vacation to Lonavala with four family members from 25th June to 27th June 2026, and we would like to stay at your esteemed tourist centre.

Could you kindly share the details regarding the types of rooms available (preferably an AC Family Suite or two interconnected deluxe rooms) along with their per-night tariff and check-in/check-out timings? Additionally, please let me know about the in-house food arrangements, whether complimentary breakfast is included in the package, and if your centre organizes local sightseeing tours and pick-up facilities from Lonavala Railway Station.

Kindly email the brochure and tariff details at your earliest convenience so that we can finalize our reservation.

Thank you.

Warm regards,
ABC
Contact: 98XXXXXXXX

OR

(II) Report Writing:

Grand Success at Inter-College Youth Festival 'Tarang 2026'
— By Cultural Secretary, XYZ Junior College

Mumbai, 16th June 2026: XYZ Junior College successfully organized a vibrant two-day Inter-College Youth Festival, 'Tarang 2026', on the 14th and 15th of June in the college main auditorium. The grand cultural extravaganza witnessed enthusiastic participation from over 25 prominent colleges across Mumbai.

The festival was inaugurated by the renowned playback singer Mr. Shaan, who graced the occasion as the Chief Guest. After lighting the ceremonial lamp, he inspired the youth with a melodious performance and an encouraging address on nurturing artistic passion alongside academics.

The event featured fierce yet healthy competitions across Classical and Western Singing, Elocution and Debate, Folk and Contemporary Dance, and Fine Arts exhibitions. Our host college clinched the First Prize in the Group Dance competition, while St. Xavier's College won the Best Debate Trophy. The coveted Overall Championship Trophy was bagged by Jai Hind College. The festival concluded with a prize distribution ceremony and the National Anthem, leaving everyone with cherished memories.

OR

(III) Interview Questions:

Good morning, Doctor! It is an absolute privilege to welcome you to our college studio today. Our students are eager to learn from your inspiring journey in the medical field.

Field / Point	Details / Interview Questions
Name of the interviewee	Dr. Rajesh Sharma (MD, DM Neurology)
Area of success / Reputation	Renowned Neurologist and Social Healthcare Reformer
Date / Venue / Time	16th June 2026 / College Auditorium / 10:30 a.m.
Duration of Interview	30 Minutes
(1) Choice of profession	What inspired you during your formative years to choose the noble profession of medicine over other career paths?
(2) Area of specialization	Medicine has many branches; what motivated you to specialize specifically in a complex field like Neurology?
(3) Most challenging case	Could you share your experience of the most critical and challenging medical case you have successfully handled so far?
(4) Success / Achievement	Looking back at your illustrious career, which milestone do you consider your greatest professional achievement?
(5) Stress management	Handling life-and-death situations daily is emotionally exhausting; how do you manage occupational stress and stay calm under pressure?
(6) Work balance	With emergency calls and long hospital hours, how do you strike a healthy balance between your family life and professional commitments?
(7) Goals / Dreams	What are your future goals or dreams regarding making advanced healthcare accessible to underprivileged rural patients?
(8) Advice	Finally, what message or advice would you like to give to young NEET aspirants and students wishing to serve in the medical field?

Thank you so much, Doctor, for sharing your valuable time and wisdom with us today!

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(C) Attempt 'Any One' of the following activities: (4 Marks)

(I) Speech Writing:

Human Future with AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Respected teacher and my dear friends, a very good morning to one and all!

Today, I stand before you to share my views on a revolutionary force that is redefining human civilization: 'Human Future with Artificial Intelligence.' AI is no longer a distant concept confined to science-fiction films; it is actively shaping our present and building our tomorrow.

From early cancer detection and climate modelling to personalized education and autonomous transport, AI has enhanced human efficiency beyond imagination. It processes massive data in seconds, freeing human minds for higher creativity and innovation. However, our future with AI is a double-edged sword. Rapid automation raises valid concerns regarding job displacement, deepfakes, data privacy, and ethical accountability. We must ask ourselves: Are we guiding technology, or allowing technology to govern us?

My friends, the key to a prosperous future lies in human-AI collaboration. AI possesses artificial computation, but humans possess emotional intelligence, empathy, and moral conscience. If we regulate AI ethically and upskill ourselves continuously, AI will serve as humanity's greatest ally rather than a replacement.

Thank you!

OR

(II) Compering:

Compering Script: Independence Day Celebration

• 1. Greeting with Patriotic Spirit:
  "Freedom in the mind, faith in the words, pride in our souls!"
  A very warm, energetic, and patriotic morning to our respected Principal, honourable Chief Guest, dedicated teachers, and my dear fellow students. Today, as the tricolour breeze fills the air, we gather here with immense pride to celebrate the Independence Day of our great nation, India!
• 2. Welcoming Dignitaries:
  It is my honour to extend a floral and heartfelt welcome to our Chief Guest for today, Colonel Vikram Rathod (Retd.), a decorated war veteran who has dedicated three decades of his life to guarding our borders. I request our Principal to felicitate Colonel Rathod with a sapling and a shawl. Please put your hands together!
• 3. Flag Hoisting and National Anthem:
  Now comes the most solemn and proud moment of the morning. May I request our honourable Chief Guest and respected Principal to step forward for the unfurling of the National Flag. I request everyone to stand in attention as we salute the Tiranga and sing our National Anthem in unison.
  [After the National Anthem] Bharat Mata ki Jai! Vande Mataram!
• 4. Cultural Fest Programme:
  Thank you, everyone, please be seated. To celebrate the rich heritage and sacrifices of our freedom fighters, our talented students have curated a vibrant cultural programme. First, let us welcome the college choir group with a soul-stirring patriotic medley, followed by an energetic dance drama titled 'Udaan: The Spirit of Young India'. Let us encourage them with a thunderous round of applause!
• 5. Patriotic Message and Vote of Thanks:
  What a mesmerizing performance! As we conclude today's ceremony, let us remember that freedom came at a heavy price. Let us pledge to uphold unity, integrity, and civic responsibility to build a developed and harmonious India. I extend my sincere gratitude to our Chief Guest, Principal, staff, and students for making this morning unforgettable. Jai Hind! Jai Bharat!

OR

(III) Expansion of Idea:

Forgiveness is Often Better Than Punishment

The timeless proverb 'Forgiveness is often better than punishment' highlights the transformative moral power of mercy over retribution. As Alexander Pope famously wrote, "To err is human; to forgive, divine." While punishment is the conventional way to penalize a wrongdoer, it frequently breeds resentment, rebellion, and an endless cycle of hatred. Punishment may enforce temporary fear, but it rarely reforms a person's conscience.

In contrast, forgiveness is an act of supreme humanity and inner strength. As Mahatma Gandhi rightly observed, "The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong." When we choose to forgive someone who has erred, we awaken their sense of guilt and self-reflection, offering them a genuine opportunity to reform and become a better human being. Furthermore, forgiveness liberates the victim from the toxic burden of anger and bitterness, restoring mental peace.

History bears witness to leaders like Nelson Mandela, who chose forgiveness and reconciliation over vengeance to unite a divided South Africa. Thus, while severe crimes require legal justice, in human relationships and society, compassion and forgiveness heal wounds far more effectively than punishment ever can.

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(D) Attempt 'Any One' of the following activities: (4 Marks)

(I) Film Review:

Film Review: '3 Idiots' — A Timeless Masterpiece on True Education

• Title, Subject, and Story: '3 Idiots' is an iconic Indian coming-of-age comedy-drama that examines the immense academic pressure and rote-learning culture in the Indian education system. The story revolves around three engineering students—Rancho, Farhan, and Raju—at the prestigious Imperial College of Engineering, tracing their heartwarming bond and their quest to follow their true passions over the rat race for grades.
• Cinematography, Music, and Presentation: Muraleedharan C. K.'s cinematography breathtakingly captures both the bustling campus life and the serene landscapes of Ladakh. Shantanu Moitra's music—especially tracks like 'All Izz Well' and 'Give Me Some Sunshine'—perfectly echoes the youth's emotions. The screenplay seamlessly blends rib-tickling humour with deeply moving social commentary.
• Producer, Director, and Characters: Produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra and masterfully directed by Rajkumar Hirani, the film features stellar performances. Aamir Khan shines as the unconventional genius Rancho, R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi deliver relatable performances, and Boman Irani is unforgettable as the strict college director 'Virus'.
• Personal Views, Evaluation, and Recommendation: '3 Idiots' is more than just cinema; it is an eye-opener that teaches us: "Pursue excellence, and success will follow." I rate this film 5/5 stars and strongly recommend it to every student, teacher, and parent.

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(II) Blog Writing:

STUDENT HOBBY CLUB BLOG | www.studenthobbyclub.org/blog
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Read for Survival: Why Books Are Our Ultimate Lifeline

Posted by: Aryan Deshmukh | Date: 16 June 2026

Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the constant noise and endless scrolling of the digital world? In an era of shrinking attention spans, reading is no longer just a leisure pastime—it is a vital tool for mental and intellectual survival!

Personally, I love immersing myself in biographies, mystery thrillers, and classic science fiction, as they transport me across time and space. Beyond sheer entertainment, reading offers extraordinary cognitive benefits. It sharpens concentration, enriches vocabulary, stimulates critical thinking, and significantly lowers stress levels. Most importantly, books nurture empathy by allowing us to walk in the shoes of diverse characters.

On a personal note, a good book has always been my safest sanctuary during tough days. Whether you prefer the aroma of a paperback or the convenience of an e-reader, dedicating just twenty minutes a day to reading can transform your perspective on life. So, pick up a book today and read to thrive!

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OR

(III) Appeal Writing:

SAY NO TO PLASTIC: SAVE OUR MOTHER EARTH!

"Plastic is Drastic! Refuse Single-Use Plastic Today for a Greener Tomorrow!"

[Logo / Visual Illustration: A green Planet Earth breaking free from a suffocating plastic bag]

Did you know that a single plastic carry bag takes over 500 years to decompose? Every single day, tons of non-biodegradable plastic choke our oceans, kill innocent cattle and marine life, clog urban drainage systems, and release toxic microplastics into our food chain!

How Can YOU Be a Planet Hero?

• Carry Your Own Bag: Always keep a reusable cloth or jute bag handy while shopping.
• Ditch Single-Use Plastic: Say a firm NO to plastic straws, disposable cutlery, thermocol plates, and bottled water.
• Switch to Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Use steel water bottles, bamboo toothbrushes, and biodegradable packaging.
• Spread Awareness: Encourage your family, neighbours, and shopkeepers to adopt a zero-plastic lifestyle.

Take the 'Plastic-Free Campus & City Pledge' Today!
Venue: College Quadrangle | Date: 20th June 2026 | Time: 10:00 a.m.
Issued in Public Interest by: The NSS Unit & Eco-Club, XYZ Junior College

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SECTION IV: LITERARY GENRE (NOVEL)

Q. 5. (A) Complete the activities given below as per the instructions: (4 Marks)

(I) Match the columns given below in column A 'Types of novel' to column B 'Language origin': (2)

Column 'A' (Types of Novel)	Column 'B' (Correct Language Origin)
(1) Picaresque	(b) Spanish (from 'picaro')
(2) Epistolary	(a) Latin (from 'epistola')
(3) Bildungsroman	(d) German
(4) Novella	(c) Italian (from 'novella')

(II) State whether the following statements are 'True or False' and write them: (2)

• (a) Psychological novel means the flow of thought. — False
  (Textbook Note: The phrase 'Stream of Consciousness' coined by William James means the flow of thoughts, whereas a psychological novel treats the internal life and motives of the protagonist.)
• (b) The pulp fiction era provided a building ground for a detective fiction. — True
• (c) Realistic novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist. — False
  (Textbook Note: A Picaresque novel narrates the adventures of an eccentric protagonist, whereas a Realistic novel gives the effect of realism and complex everyday character motives.)
• (d) Hercule Poirot is the evergreen detective character created by Agatha Christie. — True

Q. 5. (B) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below ('To Sir, With Love'): (4 Marks)

(I) Write a short note on Denham's viewpoint on P.T. in 'To Sir, With Love.' (2)

Answer: During the Half-Yearly Report of the Students' Council, Denham bluntly criticizes the mandatory P.T. (Physical Training) classes as ill-conceived, pointless, and monotonous. He argues that due to space constraints and lack of proper equipment at Greenslade School, twenty minutes of routine physical exercises twice a week offer no real physical benefit. He asserts that students would much rather play invigorating outdoor games and suggests that P.T. should be compulsory only for weak or sedentary students who genuinely need it.

(II) When the turn of Mr. Braithwaite's class came, he sat up anxiously. Explain with reference to the novel, 'To Sir, With Love.' (2)

Answer: Mr. Braithwaite sat up anxiously when the senior class was called to present their report during the Students' Council programme because it was the ultimate test of his teaching efforts. Previously notorious for being unruly and disrespectful, his students were now addressing the entire school and faculty independently. He felt nervous yet deeply hopeful to see whether they would demonstrate the maturity, courtesy, and self-confidence he had patiently instilled in them.

Q. 5. (C) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below ('Around the World in Eighty Days'): (4 Marks)

(I) Passepartout blamed himself for his master's misfortune in 'Around the World in Eighty Days.' Give reasons. (2)

Answer: Passepartout was overwhelmed with guilt and blamed himself for Phileas Fogg's apparent ruin because he had known Inspector Fix's true identity and his mission to arrest Fogg much earlier in the journey, yet kept it a secret from his master. Passepartout felt that if he had warned Fogg in time, Fogg could have proven his innocence or avoided Fix's trap at Liverpool, preventing the wrongful arrest that delayed their arrival in London.

(II) Explain the significance of the statement 'You have made a mistake of one day!' in giving a justifiable ending in 'Around the World in Eighty Days.' (2)

Answer: Passepartout's breathless exclamation, "You have made a mistake of one day!", serves as the thrilling climax and turning point of the novel. Believing he arrived in London five minutes late on Saturday night, Fogg accepts defeat. However, because Fogg had travelled continuously eastward towards the sun, he had unconsciously gained four minutes for every degree of longitude crossed—totalling a full twenty-four hours. Discovering it is actually Saturday and not Sunday enables Fogg to reach the Reform Club just in time, winning the wager and marrying Aouda.

Q. 5. (D) Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below ('The Sign of Four'): (4 Marks)

(I) Sherlock Holmes established a connection between Captain Morstan's disappearance and receipt of pearls in 'The Sign of Four.' Elaborate. (2)

Answer: Through sharp deductive reasoning, Sherlock Holmes links Captain Morstan's mysterious disappearance on 3rd December 1878 with the six rare pearls Mary Morstan received. In 1882—four years after her father vanished—an anonymous newspaper inquiry asked for Mary's address, after which she received a precious pearl every year on the exact same date. Holmes deduces that the anonymous sender was aware of a past injustice done to Captain Morstan and was trying to make partial restitution to Mary from a newly acquired treasure.

(II) Describe a character sketch of Mary Morstan as a model client in 'The Sign of Four.' (2)

Answer: In 'The Sign of Four', Mary Morstan is portrayed as an exemplary and model client. Despite enduring the trauma of her father's disappearance and receiving a mysterious summons, she remains remarkably poised, calm, and articulate. She arrives at Baker Street thoroughly prepared, presenting Sherlock Holmes with a clear chronological account along with crucial documentary evidence—newspaper clippings, the anonymous letter, the six pearls, and Captain Morstan's strange map—which earns Holmes's admiration and enables him to investigate the case immediately.

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Official Maharashtra HSC June 2026 English Board Question Paper (J-201)