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SSC Class 10 Geography Important Question Paper 2026 (Solved) | Target 90+ Marks

Geography Paper II (Important 2026)

Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 40 Subject: Social Sciences (73)
General Instructions: (1) All questions are compulsory. (2) Use of stencil is allowed for drawing maps. (3) Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary.

Q.1. Choose the correct alternatives and complete the sentences (4 Marks)

(1) In the swampy areas of Pantanal __________ are found.
  • (i) condor
  • (ii) pink dolphins
  • (iii) huge anacondas
  • (iv) macaws
(2) India and Brazil have __________ type of government.
  • (i) Military
  • (ii) Communist
  • (iii) Republic
  • (iv) Presidential
(3) The most common method of transportation in Brazil is __________.
  • (i) airways
  • (ii) waterways
  • (iii) roadways
  • (iv) railways
(4) Islands in the Andaman group are mainly __________.
  • (i) made from the part separated from mainland
  • (ii) coral islands
  • (iii) volcanic islands
  • (iv) continental islands

Q.2. Find the odd man out (4 Marks)

(1) Coastal states in Brazil:
Rio de Janeiro, Paraiba, Amapa, Acre
Reason: Acre is a landlocked state in the interior Amazon region, while the others are coastal states bordering the Atlantic Ocean.
(2) Region with very high rainfall in India:
Western part of Rajasthan, Western ghats, Meghalaya plateau, Arunachal Pradesh
Reason: Western Rajasthan receives very scanty rainfall (desert region), whereas the others are high rainfall zones.
(3) Tributary of river Amazon:
Paru river, Purus river, Parana river, Juruika river
Reason: Parana is a major independent river system flowing south, while the others are tributaries of the Amazon.
(4) Animals found in the Peninsular region of India:
Indian Bisons, Deer, Antelopes, Yaks
Reason: Yaks are found in the high altitude snow-capped regions of the Himalayas, not in the Peninsular region.

Q.3. State whether the following sentences are Right or Wrong (Any Four) (4 Marks)

(1) The proportion of youth in India's population is high.
Answer: Right
(2) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the same time.
Answer: Wrong (They are in opposite hemispheres, so seasons are opposite).
(3) Manaus is a port on the confluence of Negro and the Amazon.
Answer: Right
(4) Brazil is the only country in the world where both tigers and lions are found.
Answer: Wrong (This statement is true for India, not Brazil).
(5) The Himalayas block the very cold winds blowing from the north.
Answer: Right

Q.4. (A) Mark the following in the outline map of Brazil and give index (Any Four) (4 Marks)

[Image of Brazil Outline Map]
  • (1) Highest peak in Brazil (Pico de Neblina)
  • (2) Sao Francisco river
  • (3) Marajo island
  • (4) Pampas (Grasslands)
  • (5) Equator
  • (6) Capital of Brazil (Brasilia)
Note: Students should mark these locations on the official map provided in the exam hall.

Q.4. (B) Observe the map of India and answer the following questions (Any Four) (4 Marks)

Refer to the map titled "INDIA Location and Extent" provided below.
(1) Name the neighbouring country located to the South of India.
Answer: Sri Lanka.
(2) What is the North-South distance of India?
Answer: 3,200 km.
(3) Name the Southernmost tip of India.
Answer: Indira Point.
(4) Which latitude passes through the middle of India?
Answer: Tropic of Cancer ($23^\circ 30' \text{N}$).
(5) What is the longitude of Indian standard time?
Answer: $82^\circ 30' \text{E}$.

Q.5. Give geographical reasons (Any Two) (6 Marks)

(1) Vegetation is scarce in the high altitudes of Himalayas.
Answer: In the high altitudes of the Himalayas, the temperature is extremely low, and the land is covered with snow for a major part of the year. The soil is also frozen or immature. These conditions are not suitable for the growth of dense vegetation. Only seasonal flowers or lichens grow during the short summer. Therefore, vegetation is scarce.
(2) Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
Answer: In the coastal regions of Brazil near the Equator, the differences in temperature are negligible. The vertical displacement of air is more prominent than horizontal movement. The convergence of trade winds is weak in this zone. Consequently, the low-pressure systems required for cyclone formation rarely develop. Thus, tropical cyclones are rare.
(3) Fishing plays an important role in the economy of India.
Answer: India has a vast coastline of about 7,500 km. Fishing provides food and employment to a large population living in coastal areas. It is also a significant source of foreign exchange earnings through exports. With both marine and inland fishing resources, it contributes significantly to the primary sector of the Indian economy.
(4) Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial in nature.
Answer: Himalayan rivers originate from snow-clad mountains and glaciers. In summer, the melting of snow provides a continuous flow of water. During the monsoon, they receive heavy rainfall. Since they are fed by both snowmelt and rain, they have water throughout the year, making them perennial.

Q.6. (A) With the help of given statistical data, prepare a simple bar graph and answer the following questions (6 Marks)

Data: Trend of Urbanisation in India (1961-2011)
Year% Urban Population
196118.0
197118.2
198123.3
199125.7
200127.8
201131.2
Questions:
  • (1) What was the percentage of urbanisation in the year 1961?
    Ans: 18.0%
  • (2) In which decade was the growth of urbanisation lowest?
    Ans: 1961 to 1971 (Growth was only 0.2%).
  • (3) What was the percentage of urbanisation in the year 1991?
    Ans: 25.7%
(Students are expected to draw a Bar Graph on the graph paper provided in the exam.)
OR

Q.6. (B) Observe the graph and answer the following questions (6 Marks)

Refer to the line graphs showing Sex Ratio for Brazil and India (1961-2011) below.
(1) What does the graph indicate?
Answer: The graph indicates the Sex Ratio (number of females per 1000 males) of Brazil and India from 1961 to 2011.
(2) Name the country with high sex ratio in 2011.
Answer: Brazil.
(3) Which year shows the lowest sex ratio in India?
Answer: 1991 (According to the graph, it dips to the lowest point around 1991).
(4) What was the sex ratio in the year 2001 in Brazil?
Answer: Approximately 1020-1025.

Q.7. Answer in detail (Any Two) (8 Marks)

(1) Prepare a questionnaire for a field visit to a factory.
Answer:
  1. What is the name of your factory and when was it established?
  2. What is the main product manufactured here?
  3. What are the raw materials required for this product?
  4. From where do you procure the raw materials?
  5. How many workers are currently employed?
  6. What is the source of water and energy for the factory?
  7. What safety measures are taken for the workers?
  8. Where is the finished product sold or marketed?
  9. What steps are taken to prevent environmental pollution?
  10. Do you have shifts for workers?
(2) Give information of the coastal region of Brazil.
Answer: Brazil has a coastline of approximately 7,400 km along the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided into two main parts: the Northern Coast and the Eastern Coast.
  • Northern Coast: Extends from Amapa to Rio Grande do Norte. The Amazon river meets the ocean here. The coast is characterized by low-lying lands and Marajo Island (a large coastal island).
  • Eastern Coast: Extends from Rio Grande do Norte to the south. It receives many small rivers. The Sao Francisco is a major river meeting the Atlantic here. This coast has many beaches and sand dunes. The Brazilian Coral Reefs and atolls are found in some areas here.
(3) Which factors affect the distribution of population of India?
Answer: The distribution of population in India is uneven due to several factors:
  • Physiography: The North Indian Plains constitute a flat, fertile region with abundant water, leading to very high population density. In contrast, the mountainous Himalayan regions and the hilly terrain of the North-East have sparse populations due to difficult terrain.
  • Climate: Regions with a favorable climate and reliable rainfall support higher populations. The arid Thar Desert in Rajasthan has a low density due to extreme heat and water scarcity.
  • Agriculture and Water: Areas with fertile soil and irrigation facilities (like Punjab, Haryana, UP) are densely populated.
  • Urbanization and Industrialization: Major industrial centers and cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai attract large populations due to employment opportunities and better infrastructure.

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HSC 12th Geography Important Board Question Paper 2026 (Maharashtra Board) | Target 90+ Marks

GEOGRAPHY (39)

Important Model Board Question Paper 2026

Time: 3 Hrs. | Max. Marks: 80

General Instructions:

  • (1) All questions are compulsory.
  • (2) Draw relevant diagrams/graphs wherever necessary.
  • (3) Use of colour pencil and map stencil is allowed.
  • (4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
Q. 1. Answer the sub-questions as per given instructions: [20 Marks]
(A) Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’: (5)

(Below is the solved chain)

No. Column 'A' Column 'B' Column 'C'
1 Consumer goods Ready for direct consumption Automobiles
2 Geography Physical geography Climatology
3 Migration International India to Australia
4 Formal region Distinct boundaries State
5 Urban land use Industrial area Pharmaceuticals
(B) Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between the assertion and reason: (5)

1. A: Increase in dependency ratio will affect the economy.
R: Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.

Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. A: When cities grow, their functions also grow.
R: Cities have only one function.

Answer: (a) Only A is correct.

3. A: Diversity is found in industrial production in India.
R: India is predominantly agrarian country.

Answer: (d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

4. A: Hardwood trees are found in equatorial evergreen Forest.
R: Lumbering is not developed on a commercial level in equatorial regions.

Answer: (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

5. A: In India, industrial areas are found concentrated in few regions.
R: India is agricultural country.

Answer: (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) Identify and write the incorrect factor: (5)

1. Population composition:
(a) Age structure (b) Sex-ratio (c) Relief (d) Occupational structure

Answer: (c) Relief

2. Types of settlements on the basis of spacing between the houses:
(a) Compact settlement (b) Dispersed settlement (c) Isolated settlement (d) Regional settlement

Answer: (d) Regional settlement

3. Primary economic activity factor which is not related directly to latitude:
(a) Lumbering (b) Fishing (c) Mining (d) Agriculture

Answer: (c) Mining

4. Indicators of regional development:
(a) Literacy (b) Language (c) Life expectancy (d) Quality of population

Answer: (b) Language

5. Branches of physical geography:
(a) Geology (b) Pedology (c) Climatology (d) Population geography

Answer: (d) Population geography
(D) Identify whether the following statements are true or false: (5)
  1. Migration affects the distribution and density of population. [True]
  2. Tertiary activities include only services. [True]
  3. Regions can be very small or very large. [True]
  4. Bakery industries are not located near the markets. [False]
  5. Man is not a social animal. [False]
Q. 2. Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR): [12 Marks]

(1) Mountainous regions are sparsely populated.

Solution:
  • Relief and Slope: Mountainous regions have steep slopes and rugged terrain, making construction of houses, roads, and railways difficult and expensive.
  • Climate: The climate is often harsh, with very low temperatures, heavy rainfall, or snow, which is not suitable for human habitation.
  • Agriculture: Soil erosion is high, and fertile land is scarce. Short growing seasons limit agricultural productivity.
  • Accessibility: Lack of transport facilities restricts trade, industrial development, and mobility.
  • Therefore, mountainous regions support fewer people and are sparsely populated.

(2) Rural to urban migration is increasing.

Solution:
  • Employment Opportunities: Urban areas offer better job opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors compared to the seasonal nature of agriculture in rural areas.
  • Standard of Living: Cities provide better amenities like education, healthcare, electricity, and entertainment.
  • Pull Factors: The attraction of city life, higher wages, and social mobility pull people from villages.
  • Push Factors: Poverty, lack of land, and unemployment in rural areas push people towards cities.

(3) Industrial growth is limited in South America.

Solution:
  • Physiography: Large parts of the continent are covered by the Andes Mountains and the dense Amazon rainforest, which hinder infrastructure development.
  • Climate: The extreme tropical climate in the north and arid deserts affect human efficiency and industrial setup.
  • Inaccessible Resources: Although rich in minerals, many deposits are located in inaccessible regions.
  • Political Instability: Historically, political instability and lack of capital investment have slowed down industrial progress.

(4) The suburbs near main cities are rapidly developing.

Solution:
  • Congestion in Cities: Main cities face high land prices, pollution, and overcrowding.
  • Better Connectivity: Improvement in transport (metro, highways) allows people to live in suburbs and commute to the city for work.
  • Cheaper Housing: Land and housing are more affordable in suburbs compared to the city center (CBD).
  • Space: Suburbs offer more open space for larger residential complexes and industries.

(5) Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.

Solution:
  • Coniferous Forests: Canada has vast belts of coniferous forests (Taiga) with soft wood trees like Pine, Spruce, and Fir.
  • Homogeneous Species: Trees of the same species are found in pure stands, making commercial exploitation easier.
  • Climate: Frozen rivers in winter act as natural roads for transporting logs (logging is done in winter, transport in spring).
  • Demand: High demand for paper, pulp, and newsprint in the global market drives the industry.
Q. 3. Distinguish between (Any THREE): [9 Marks]

(1) Physical Geography and Human Geography.

Solution:
Physical Geography Human Geography
Studies natural features and phenomena (Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere). Studies human activities and their relationship with the environment.
Branches: Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography. Branches: Economic Geography, Population Geography, Settlement Geography.
Focuses on nature. Focuses on Man.

(2) Expansive Pyramid and Constrictive Pyramid.

Solution:
Expansive Pyramid Constrictive Pyramid
Broad base indicating high birth rate. Narrower base indicating lower birth rate.
Tapers rapidly towards the top (high death rate). Apex is not extremely narrow (lower death rate, higher life expectancy).
Typical of developing/underdeveloped countries (e.g., Nigeria). Typical of developed countries (e.g., Sweden).

(3) Large-scale industries and Cottage industries.

Solution:
Large-scale Industries Cottage Industries
Require huge capital investment and large machinery. Require very little capital and simple hand tools.
Located in specific industrial zones; employ specialized labor. Usually run at home by family members; hereditary skills.
Production for international or national markets (e.g., Iron & Steel). Production for local markets (e.g., Pottery, Handicrafts).
Q. 4. Map Work: [11 Marks]
(A) Mark and name the following on the outline map of the world with suitable index (Any SIX): (6)

(Note: Students must practice marking these locations on a physical World Map)

  1. Country having highest population in the World: Mark India (Note: As per recent data, India has surpassed China, but check specific textbook edition. If 2011 census is strictly followed, China).
  2. Mega city on the western coast of India: Mark Mumbai.
  3. Grassland in the U.S.A.: Mark the Prairies (Central North America).
  4. Major industrial country in Northern part of South America: Mark Venezuela (Oil industry) or broadly Brazil (though Brazil is central/east). Venezuela is strictly North.
  5. Canal connecting Asia, Europe and Africa continents: Mark the Suez Canal.
  6. Largest desert in Africa: Mark the Sahara Desert.
  7. Sparsely populated snow covered island in North Atlantic ocean: Mark Greenland.
  8. Country having highest life expectancy in Asia: Mark Japan.
(B) Read the map (World - Major transportation routes) and answer the questions: (5)
Read the map (World - Major transportation routes) and answer the questions

(Based on standard map reading questions)

  1. Which is the major international airport in Europe?
    Ans: London (Heathrow) or Rome/Paris as shown on the specific map provided in exam.
  2. Which rail route connects two continents?
    Ans: Trans-Siberian Railway (connects Europe and Asia).
  3. Which canal connects Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean?
    Ans: Panama Canal.
  4. Which continent does not have any permanent means of transportation?
    Ans: Antarctica.
  5. Name an international airport in Africa.
    Ans: Johannesburg or Cairo (depending on map labels).
Q. 5. Write short notes on (Any THREE): [12 Marks]

(1) Shifting Agriculture.

Solution:

Also known as 'Slash and Burn' agriculture. It is a primitive subsistence farming method practiced in tropical forest regions (Amazon, Congo, Northeast India). A patch of forest is cleared by burning. Seeds are sown in the ashes. The land loses fertility after 2-3 years, and the farmer moves to a new patch. It causes deforestation and soil erosion. It is known by different names like 'Jhum' in India and 'Roca' in Brazil.

(2) Means of communication and their importance.

Solution:

Communication involves the exchange of information. It is classified into personal (telephone, email) and mass communication (TV, radio, internet). Importance: It integrates the world (Global Village), facilitates trade and commerce, aids in disaster management, helps in education, and supports defense systems. Modern satellite communication and the internet have revolutionized the speed and volume of data transfer.

(3) Causes of regional imbalances in India.

Solution:

Regional imbalance refers to disparities in development between different regions. Causes include:
1. Historical Factors: British focused on port cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai).
2. Geographical Factors: Himalayan states and desert regions (Rajasthan) face difficult terrain.
3. Availability of Resources: Mineral-rich states (Jharkhand) vs resource-poor states.
4. Infrastructure: Lack of power, transport, and water in some states hinders industrialization.

(4) Footloose Industries.

Solution:

Industries that are not tied to a specific location based on raw materials are called footloose industries. The raw materials are usually light, small, and valuable (e.g., electronic chips). Transportation costs for raw materials and finished products are low. They depend more on skilled labor, power supply, and accessibility (roads/airports). Examples: Electronics, Watchmaking, Diamond cutting, Software.

Q. 6. (A) Read the following passage and answer the questions: [8 Marks]

Topic: Mining – Use of minerals

(Passage : Mining – Use of minerals
Man has been using minerals since ancient times. Minerals have been used for making weapons, tools, jewellery, medicines, utensils, etc. The various stages of cultural evolution of man are also related to the use of minerals. At the end of the Stone Age, man developed skills of using minerals. Various periods like the Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Atomic Age respectively were delineated accordingly.
Man has even started exploiting the mineral oil and natural gas reserves from the sea and ocean beds too.
Man cannot manufacture the minerals that are found naturally in the earth’s crust. The distribution of minerals is highly uneven in the world. The activity depends solely on the availability of minerals and not related to latitude directly. Even though the minerals may be present, actual mining depends on several factors such as the geology of the region, the value of minerals, climate, capital investment, technology , skilled labour, etc. Due to mechanisation, this occupation has developed on a large scale.)

(1) What kind of minerals are exploited by man from sea and ocean beds?

Answer: Mineral oil and natural gas.

(2) Why have humans been using minerals since ancient times?

Answer: To make weapons, tools, jewellery, medicines, and utensils.

(3) What is the reason for large scale development of mining activity?

Answer: Mechanization (use of machines) and technology have led to large-scale development.

(4) Why the mining activity is not related to latitude directly?

Answer: Mining depends solely on the availability of minerals in the earth's crust and geological structure, not on the latitude or climate of the region.
(B) Draw neat and labelled diagrams (Any TWO): (4)

(Students should practice drawing these)

  • Linear Settlement Pattern: Houses arranged along a road, river, or canal.
  • Demographic Transition Theory (Stage 1 and 2): Graph showing BR and DR.
  • Classification of Industries: Flow chart based on raw material or capital.
Q. 7. Answer the following questions in detail (Any ONE): [8 Marks]

(1) Explain the human factors affecting distribution of population. Give suitable examples.

Solution:

Population distribution is uneven across the world. While physical factors are primary, human factors play a crucial role:

  1. Agriculture: Fertile regions support agriculture and high population density. Example: The Ganga plains in India and the Nile delta in Egypt are densely populated due to intensive agriculture.
  2. Mining: Discovery of minerals attracts labor and industries, turning even harsh climates into populated areas. Example: Katanga copper belt in Africa or the Chota Nagpur Plateau in India.
  3. Transportation: Regions with good transport connectivity (roads, ports, railways) attract trade and population. Example: Coastal cities like Mumbai and Singapore.
  4. Urbanization/Industrialization: Cities offer jobs, education, and health facilities. Industrial belts attract migrants. Example: The Tokyo-Yokohama industrial region in Japan.
  5. Political and Government Policies: Government incentives to settle in sparse areas (e.g., Siberia in Russia) or political unrest (migration from Syria) affect distribution.

(2) What is primary economic activity? Explain the types of primary economic activities.

Solution:

Definition: Economic activities that depend directly on nature and involve the extraction or utilization of natural resources (land, water, vegetation, minerals) are called primary economic activities.

Types:

  1. Hunting and Gathering: The oldest activity. People hunt animals and gather fruits/roots. Now restricted to tribes like Bushmen (Kalahari) and Pygmies (Congo).
  2. Fishing: Catching fish from oceans, rivers, and lakes. Developed in regions with indented coastlines and shallow continental shelves (e.g., Dogger Bank, Japan coast).
  3. Lumbering: Cutting wood from forests. Commercial lumbering is highly developed in Coniferous forests (Canada, Scandinavia) due to softwood.
  4. Animal Husbandry: Rearing animals for milk, meat, and wool. Ranges from nomadic herding to commercial livestock ranching (e.g., Downs in Australia, Prairies).
  5. Agriculture: The most important activity. Cultivation of crops. Includes subsistence farming, plantation farming, and extensive commercial grain farming.
  6. Mining: Extraction of minerals from the earth. It is the base for industrial development.

12th Geography Board Papers with Solution

HSC Geography

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