Showing posts with label Question Bank. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Question Bank. Show all posts

Class 10 - Science Five-Year Question Collection (2021-2025) Important reference for Public Exam 2026

Class 10 Science

Five-Year Question Bank (2021-2025)

UNIT 1: LAWS OF MOTION
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define inertia. Give its classification. (Apr'2023)
  2. What is mechanics? Explain its branches.
  3. What are the types of inertia?
  4. Give any two examples of inertia. (Aug 2022)
  5. Define linear momentum.
  6. State Newton's law of motion. (Aug 2022)
  7. State Newton's first law.
  8. What is meant by force?
  9. Classify the types of force based on their application. (Aug 2022)
  10. Define resultant force.
  11. Define impulse.
  12. Name the law of motion used in flying of birds. Give another example for the same law. (PTA-2)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Deduce the equation of a force using Newton's second law of motion. (Apr 2023)
  2. Explain the various types of inertia with examples. (Apr 2024)
  3. State Newton's universal law of gravitation and derive its mathematical expression. (Jul'2023)
  4. Give the applications of universal law of gravitation. (Jun'2024)
  5. Define moment of the force and moment of a couple.
  6. Define 1 newton (N).
  7. State Newton's Third law of motion.
  8. Give any two examples of Newton's law of motion.
  9. State Newton's second law of motion. (May'2022)
  10. Classify the types of force based on their application.
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum. (ii) State the principle of moments.
  2. Application of Torque. Write short notes on gears. (Sep'2020)
  3. Describe rocket propulsion. (Aug 2022)
  4. Relation between g and G.
  5. Differentiate mass and weight. (May'2022)
  6. Explain the application of Newton's law of gravitation.
UNIT 2: OPTICS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Differentiate Convex lens and Concave lens. (Jun 2024)
  2. Why does the sky appear blue in colour? (Apr'2023)
  3. Define refraction of light.
  4. State First law of refraction.
  5. State second law of refraction (Snell's law). (Aug 2022)
  6. Define dispersion of light.
  7. State Rayleigh's scattering law. (PTA-3)
  8. Define lens.
  9. What are the types of lens?
  10. What is meant by Plano-convex lens?
  11. What is meant by Plano-concave lens?
  12. Why are traffic signals red in colour? (PTA-4)
  13. What is the least count of travelling microscope?
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Differentiate the eye defects: Myopia and Hypermetropia. (Apr 2023)
  2. List any four properties of light. (Jun 2024)
  3. Explain the types of scattering.
  4. Write note on Mie scattering, Tyndall scattering, Raman Scattering.
  5. Explain images formed due to refraction through a convex and concave lens.
  6. What are the applications of convex lenses? (Any two)
  7. What are the applications of concave lenses? (Any two) (Sep'2021)
  8. Write Lens formula.
  9. Explain sign convention.
  10. What are the causes of 'Myopia'? (GMQP-2019)
  11. Explain simple microscope. What are the uses of simple microscope? (Sep'2020)
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) What are the uses of convex lens? (ii) Define dispersion of light. (iii) Why are traffic signals red in colour? (iv) What is the least count of travelling microscope?
  2. (b) (i) What is echo? (ii) State two conditions necessary for hearing an echo. (iii) What are the medical applications of echo? (iv) How can you calculate the speed of sound using echo? (Apr 2024)
  3. (i) What is refractive index? (ii) Differentiate the eye defects Myopia and Hypermetropia.
  4. (i) Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor. (ii) List the merits of LED bulb. (iii) How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle? (Jun'2024)
  5. (a) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed between F and 2F. (ii) State Rayleigh's law of Scattering. (iii) Differentiate - Convex lens and Concave lens.
  6. Explain the construction and working of a Compound microscope. (QY-2019)
  7. Explain types of Telescopes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of telescope?
UNIT 3: THERMAL PHYSICS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define one Calorie. (Apr'2023)
  2. What is a longitudinal wave? (Apr 2025)
  3. What is coefficient of apparent expansion? (Apr'2024)
  4. State Boyle's law. (Jun'2024)
  5. Distinguish between real gas and ideal gas. (Jul'2025)
  6. Define temperature.
  7. Define absolute temperature.
  8. Define thermal equilibrium.
  9. Define thermal energy.
  10. Define kilocalorie.
  11. Define co-efficient of linear expansion. Write its equation. (PTA-1)
  12. What is co-efficient of cubical expansion? (PTA-6)
  13. What is co-efficient of superficial or areal expansion? (Sep'2020)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Derive the ideal gas equation. (Apr 2025)
  2. Explain the experiment of measuring the real and apparent expansion of a liquid with a neat diagram. (Jul'2025)
  3. (i) State Boyle's law. (ii) Distinguish between real gas and ideal gas. (Jul'2023)
  4. Write three fundamental law of gases. (QY-2019)
  5. State Charles's law & formula.
  6. State Avogadro's law & formula. (Sep'2021)
  7. What is real gas?
  8. Define ideal gas.
UNIT 4: ELECTRICITY
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define the unit of Current. (Jul'2023)
  2. Calculate the resistance of a conductor through which a current of 2 A passes, when the potential difference between its ends is 30 V. (Jun'2024)
  3. A charge of 12 Coulomb flows through a bulb in 5 seconds. What is the current through the bulb? (Jul 2023)
  4. Define electric current. Sl unit of current. (May'2022)
  5. What is electric circuit.
  6. What is direction of current.
  7. Define electric potential & Sl unit.
  8. Define volt.
  9. State Ohm's law. (SRT-2022)
  10. Define resistance of a conductor & SI Unit.
  11. Define electrical resistivity.
  12. Define electrical conductivity.
  13. Define electric power & Sl unit.
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (i) State Joule's Law of Heating. (ii) An alloy of nickel and chromium is used as the heating element. Why? (iii) How does a fuse wire protect electrical appliances?
  2. (i) What is a longitudinal wave? (ii) What is a nuclear reactor? Explain its essential parts with their functions. (Apr 2023)
  3. With the help of a circuit diagram derive the formula for the resultant resistance of three resistances connected: a) in series and b) in parallel.
  4. Explain about domestic electric circuits. (Sep'2020)
  5. What are the advantages of LED TV? and List the merits of LED bulb. (PTA-6)
  6. (i) What is meant by electric current? (ii) Name and define its unit. (iii) Which instrument is used to measure the electric current? How should it be connected in a circuit? (Apr'2025)
UNIT 5: ACOUSTICS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Name any three animals which can hear ultrasonic vibrations. (Jul'2023)
  2. What will be the frequency of the sound having 0.20 m as its wavelength, when it travels with a speed of 331 m $S^{-1}?$ (Jul'2025)
  3. Define acoustics?
  4. What is a longitudinal wave?
  5. Write note on Audible waves.
  6. Write note on infrasonic waves.
  7. Write note on Ultrasonic waves. (Sep 2020)
  8. Difference between sound and light.
  9. Define reflection of sound.
  10. State law of reflection.
  11. Define Echoes.
  12. What are the conditions necessary for hearing echo? (PTA-1)
  13. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound? (Sep'2020)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) What are the medical applications of Echo? (b) Name four animals, which can sense ultrasonic vibrations. (Jul'2025)
  2. A source producing a sound of frequency 90 Hz is approaching a stationary listener with a speed equal to $(1/10)$ of the speed of sound. What will be the frequency heard by the listener? (Apr'2025)
  3. (a) What do you understand by the term Ultrasonic Vibration? (b) What is meant by reflection of sound? (Apr'2023)
  4. (i) Mention the two cases in which there will be no Doppler effect in sound. (ii) What is stellar energy? (Jun'2024)
  5. Explain the reflection at the boundary of a denser medium.
  6. Explain the reflection at the boundary of a rarer medium.
  7. Explain the reflection at curved surfaces.
  8. What are the application echoes? (May'2022)
UNIT 6: NUCLEAR PHYSICS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define radioactivity.
  2. Define natural radioactivity.
  3. Define artificial radioactivity or induced radioactivity.
  4. Difference between natural radioactivity and artificial radioactivity. (Aug 2022)
  5. Write the features of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. (GMQP-2019)
  6. Define curie.
  7. Define Rutherford.
  8. Define Becquerel.
  9. Define Roentgen.
  10. Write note on alpha decay.
  11. Write note on Beta decay.
  12. Write note on Gamma decay.
  13. What is meant by Dosimeter.
  14. Explain the uses of radioactivity in agriculture, medicine, industries, Archeological research. (May'2022)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations. (Jul 2023)
  2. (a) State Soddy and Fajan's displacement law. (b) Give any two uses of radio isotopes in the field of Agriculture. (Jul'2025)
  3. (a) Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity. (b) Name any two devices, which are working on the heating effect of current. (Apr 2024)
UNIT 7: ATOMS AND MOLECULES
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define Atomicity. (Jul'2025)
  2. Define Relative atomic mass. (Jul'2023)
  3. Mention any two applications of Avogadro's Law. (Apr 2023)
  4. State the findings of modern atomic theory. (Aug 2022)
  5. Define mass number.
  6. Define amu.
  7. Define gram atomic mass. Give an example.
  8. Define average atomic mass.
  9. Define molecule. Explain classification of molecules.
  10. Give any two examples for hetero diatomic molecule. (Aug'2022)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Write the applications of Avogadro's Law. (Apr 2025)
  2. Derive the relationship between Relative Molecular Mass and Vapour Density. (Jul'2025)
  3. Write down the salient features of "Modern Atomic Theory". (Jun'2024)
  4. Calculate the percentage of each element in Calcium Carbonate $[CaCO_{3}].$ [Atomic Mass $Ca=40;$ $C=12;$ $O=16]$ (Jul'2023)
  5. (i) Calculate the number of moles in 27 g of Al. (ii) Calculate the gram molecular mass of $CO_{2}$. (Jun'2024)
  6. Differentiate atom and molecule give an example. (May'2022)
  7. State Avogadro's law & mathematical expression. Give an example. (Sep'2021)
  8. Explain the application of Avogadro's law. (Sep'2020)
  9. Define isotopes. Give an example.
  10. Define isotones. Give an example.
  11. Define isobars. Give an example.
UNIT 8: PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Fill in the blanks: (i) ______ forms the basis of modern Periodic table. (ii) The chief ore of Aluminium is ______. (Jul'2025)
  2. State modern periodic law.
  3. What is meant by modern periodic table.
  4. Define atomic radius, metallic radius, covalent radius, ionic radius.
  5. Define ionization energy.
  6. Define electron affinity.
  7. Define electronegativity.
  8. Define metallurgy, minerals, ore, mining, Gangue, Flux, Slag, Smelting.
  9. What are types of ore and example.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (i) What is an alloy? (ii) State the reasons for alloying. (Apr'2025)
  2. Explain the features of Periods in modern periodic table.
  3. Explain the features of Groups in modern periodic table.
  4. Write note on Hydraulic method (Gravity separation).
  5. Write note on Magnetic separation method.
  6. Write note on Froth floatation method.
  7. Explain the physical properties of metals.
  8. Explain the chemical properties of metals.
  9. What are the ores of Aluminium. Explain extraction of Aluminium from Bauxite.
  10. Name the acid the renders Aluminium passive. Why? (QY-2019)
  11. What are the ores of Copper. Explain extraction of Copper from Copper pyrites.
  12. What are the ores of Iron. Explain extraction of Aluminium from Haematite.
  13. Chemical properties of Aluminium, copper, Iron.
  14. What are the uses of Aluminium, copper.
  15. What are types and uses of iron.
  16. What is an amalgam?
  17. What are reasons for alloying? (May'2022)
  18. Write the methods of making alloys.
  19. Why alloys as solid solutions.
  20. What are the types of alloys?
  21. Write the copper alloy and its uses.
  22. Write the Aluminium alloys and its uses.
  23. Write the Iron alloys and its uses.
  24. What is corrosion? Types of corrosion, Methods of preventing corrosion. (Sep'2021)
  25. What is rust? Give the equation for formation of rust. (Sep'2021)
UNIT 9: SOLUTIONS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Why does the reaction rate of a reaction increase on raising the temperature? (Jun'2024)
  2. True or False. (If false give the correct statement) (i) The pH of rain water containing dissolved gases like $SO_{3}$, $CO_{2}$, $NO_{2}$ will be less than 7. (ii) Noble gases are Diatomic. (Jun 2024)
  3. If the pH of a solution is 4.5, find the value of its pOH. (Apr'2024)
  4. Define solution.
  5. Define solute & solvent.
  6. Define dissolution.
  7. Define binary solution. (QY-2019)
  8. Define ternary solution.
  9. Give a example each i) gas in Liquid; ii) solid in liquid iii) solid in solid iv) gas in gas. (PTA-1)
  10. Define aqueous solution and example.
  11. Define non-aqueous solution and example.
  12. Define saturated solution and example.
  13. Define unsaturated solution and example.
  14. Define super saturated solution and example.
  15. Define concentrated solution and dilute solution.
  16. Define mass percentage & volume percentage.
  17. State Henry's law.
  18. Define water of crystallization. & hydrated salts.
  19. Give an example of Hydrated salts.
  20. Define Hygroscopy. Give an example of hygroscopic substances.
  21. Define Deliquescence. Give an example of Deliquescence.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) What happens when $MgSO_{4}\cdot7H_{2}O$ is heated? Write the appropriate equation. (b) Define: Solubility. (Apr'2024)
  2. (i) Calculate the pH of $1.0\times10^{-4}$ molar solution of $HNO_{3}$. (ii) Define Hydrated salt. (Jun'2024)
  3. Write notes on various factors affecting solubility. (Jul'2023)
  4. (a) Name the acid that renders Aluminium passive. Why? (b) Calculate the number of moles in 1.51 x $10^{23}$ molecules of $NH_{4}Cl.$ (Apr 2024)
  5. (a) Calculate the pH of 0.01 M solution of $HNO_{3}$. (b) A solution is prepared by dissolving 25 g sugar in 100 g of water. Calculate the mass percentage of solute. (Apr'2023)
  6. Explain types of solution based on the physical state of the solute and the solvent.
  7. What are the types of solution based on the type of solvent.
  8. What are the types of solution based on the amount of solute.
  9. Analyze the following statement about the formation of solution and explain with an example. "Like solvents dissolve Like solutes". (PTA-1)
  10. The aquatic animals live more in cold region why? (PTA-5)
  11. Explain the action of blue vitriol and Epsom salt.
  12. 'A' is a blue coloured crystalline salt. On heating it loses blue colour and to give 'B'. When water is added. 'B' gives back to 'A'. Identify A and B. write the equation. (May'2022)
  13. Explain hygroscopic substances and deliquescent substances with examples. (Aug 2022)
  14. Classify the following substances into deliquescent, hygroscopic. Conc. Sulphuric acid, Copper sulphate penta hydrate, Silica gel, Calcium chloride and Gypsum salt. (Aug'2022)
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances? (ii) The aquatic animals live more in cold region. Why? (iii) Define volume percentage. OR (b) (i) Differentiate reversible and irreversible reactions. (ii) A solid compound 'A' on heating decomposes into gas 'B' and 'C'. On passing the gas 'C' through water, it becomes acidic. Identify A, B and C. (Apr 2025)
  2. (a) Write notes on various factors affecting solubility. OR (b) Explain the factors influencing the rate of a Chemical reaction. (Jul'2025)
  3. (a) (i) Under same conditions of temperature and pressure, if you collect 3 litre of $O_{2}$, 5 litre of $Cl_{2}$ and 6 litre of $H_{2}$: (A) Which has the highest number of molecules? (B) Which has the lowest number of molecules? (ii) Give the salient features of 'Modern Atomic theory'. OR (b) (i) How do detergents cause water pollution? (ii) An organic compound 'A' is widely used as a preservative and has the molecular formula $C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}$. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound 'B', then: (A) Identify the compound 'A'. (B) Write the chemical equation for its reaction with ethanol to form compound 'B'. (C) Name this process. (Apr 2024)
  4. (a) (i) Write notes on: (1) Saturated Solution (2) Unsaturated Solution (ii) In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances? OR (b) (i) What is chemical equilibrium? What are its characteristics? (ii) Differentiate reversible and irreversible reactions. (Jul'2023)
  5. (a) (i) Define: Atomicity. (ii) Calculate the percentage of sulphur in $H_{2}SO_{4}$ (iii) In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances. OR (b) (i) Differentiate reversible and irreversible reaction. (ii) What is neutralization reaction? Give an example. (iii) Give any three characteristics of homologous series. (Apr'2023)
UNIT 10: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. State two conditions necessary for rusting of iron. (Apr'2025)
  2. What is rust? Give the equation for the formation of rust. (Apr 2024)
  3. (i) What is rust? Give the equation for the formation of rust. (ii) State two conditions necessary for rusting of iron. (Jul'2023)
  4. Define balanced chemical equation and example.
  5. Define combination reaction and example.
  6. Define combination reaction. With one example for an exothermic combination reaction. (May'2022)
  7. Define decomposition reaction and example.
  8. Define thermal decomposition reaction and example. (Thermolysis reaction) (Sep'2021)
  9. Define electrolytic decomposition reaction and example.
  10. Define photo decomposition reaction and example.
  11. Define single displacement reaction and example. (Sep'2020)
  12. Define combustion reaction and example.
  13. Define precipitation reaction and example.
  14. Define Neutralization reaction and example.
  15. Define reversible reaction and example.
  16. Define irreversible reaction and example.
  17. Define rate of a reaction.
  18. Define ionic product of water & mathematical expression.
  19. Define pH an expression of pH.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (i) Match the following: (a) Co-60 - Cancer (b) I-131 - Thyroid disease (c) Na-24 - Function of Heart (d) C-14-Age of Fossil (ii) Use the analogy to fill in the blank. 1. Spontaneous Process: Natural Radioactivity :: Induced Process: ______ 2. Nuclear Fusion: Extreme temperature :: Nuclear Fission: ______ (Jul'2023)
  2. What are classes of combination reaction and give an example.
  3. Explain the types double displacement reaction with examples. (Sep'2020)
  4. Differences between combination and decomposition reaction.
  5. Classify the following reactions based on rearrangement of atoms and justify your answer a) $2KClO_{3} \rightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}$ b) $Zn+CuSO_{4}\rightarrow ZnSO_{4}+Cu$ c) $2Mg+O_{2}\rightarrow2MgO$ d) $Na_{2}SO_{4}+BaCl_{2}\rightarrow BaSO_{4}+2NaCl$ (PTA-1)
  6. Differences between reversible and irreversible reactions. (Aug'2022)
  7. Explain factors influencing the rate of a reaction.
UNIT 11: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Match the following: Functional group -OH- (iii) Alcohol, Heterocyclic compounds - (iv) Furan, Unsaturated compounds - (v) Ethene, Soap (ii) Potassium Stearate, Carbocyclic compounds - (i) Benzene (Apr 2025)
  2. Name the simplest ketone and give its structural formula. (Jul'2023)
  3. Find the mass percentage composition of methane $(CH_{4})$. (Apr'2025)
  4. How do detergents cause water pollution? (Jul'2025)
  5. Explain General characteristics of organic compounds.
  6. Classify the following compounds based on the pattern of carbon chain and give their structural formula: i) Propane ii) Benzene iii) Cyclobutane iv) Furan. (May'2022)
  7. What is meant by hydrocarbon? How are classified?
  8. How to identify saturated and unsaturated compounds.
  9. Define functional groups? What is the functional group of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ester, ether.
  10. Write the functional group and the suffix used for the following class of compounds. (May'2022)
  11. Define homologous series. Characteristics of homologous series.
  12. Define fermentation. Give an example.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Differentiate Soaps and Detergents. (Jul'2025)
  2. Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soap. (Apr'2023)
  3. (a) Write the structural formula for Cyclobutane. (b) The Molecular formula of an alcohol is $C_{4}H_{10}O$. The locant number of its -OH group is 4. (i) Draw its structural formula. (ii) Give its IUPAC name. (iii) Is it Saturated or Unsaturated? (Jul'2025)
  4. Explain Characteristics of hydrocarbons.
  5. Applying IUPAC rules, derive the structural formula of the following compounds. a) Pentanoic acid. b) 2-methyl-butan-2-ol. (PTA-2)
  6. Explain manufacture of ethanol from molasses.
  7. Explain chemical properties of ethanol.
  8. Explain uses of ethanol. (Sep'2021)
  9. Explain preparation, physical properties, chemical properties and uses of ethanoic acid.
  10. Explain uses of organic compounds in daily life.
  11. Define soap and explain types of soap.
  12. Explain manufacture of soap. (Kettle process)
  13. Explain the effect of hard water on soap.
  14. Define Detergents and preparation of detergents.
  15. Explain advantages and disadvantages of Detergents.
  16. Explain why micelles formation take place with a diagram when soap is added to water? (PTA-5)
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) How is ethanol manufactured from sugarcane? (ii) Define the term solution. (i) Differentiate soaps and detergents. (ii) What is chemical equilibrium? What are its characteristics? (Jun'2024)
UNIT 12: PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur? (Jun'2024)
  2. Draw and Label the structure of oxysomes. (Jul'2023)
  3. What is meant by Tissues?
  4. What are tissue system in plants.
  5. What is meant by plastids.
  6. What are the types of plastids?
  7. What are the functions of chloroplast.
  8. What is meant by Aerobic respiration.
  9. Write note on anaerobic respiration.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) What is Respiratory Quotient? (b) Why should the light dependent reaction occur before light independent reaction during photosynthesis? (Apr'2024)
  2. Write the dental formula of rabbit. (Apr 2024)
  3. What is transpiration? Write the importance of transpiration. (Jun'2024)
  4. Write the physiological effects of Gibberellins. (Jun 2024)
  5. (a) Name the three basic tissue systems in a flowering plant. (b) What are the factors affecting photosynthesis? (Apr'2023)
  6. Explain Tissue system and its functions.
  7. What are the functions of Dermal tissue system.
  8. Write note on ground Tissue system.
  9. What is Vascular bundle? (PTA-1)
  10. Explain Vascular Tissue system.
  11. Explain Internal structure of Dicot Root (Bean) (PTA-6)
  12. Explain Internal structure of Dicot Root (sunflower)
  13. Differences between Dicot and Monocot root. (Sep'2020)
  14. Explain internal structure of Dicot (mango)
  15. Explain structure of chloroplast.
  16. Draw the structure of mitochondria and label the parts (QY-2019)
  17. Write note on photosynthetic pigments?
  18. Write note on role of sunlight in photosynthesis.
  19. Write the reaction for photosynthesis. (May'2022)
  20. What are factors affecting Photosynthesis. (Aug 2022)
7 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) Differentiate the following: (i) Monocot root and Dicot root (ii) Aerobic and Anaerob respiration. OR (b) (i) Explain the structure of a chromosome. (ii) Distinguish between somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy. (Apr'2025)
  2. (a) (i) Write the reaction for photosynthesis. (ii) Draw and label the structure of oxysomes. (iii) Write a short note on mesophyll. OR (b) (i) Explain the types of Chromosomes based on the position of Centromere. (ii) Discuss the importance of biotechnology in the field of Medicine. (Jul'2025)
UNIT 13: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF ANIMALS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. List out the parasitic adaptations in leech. (Apr 2023)
  2. How does leech respire? (PTA-1)
  3. How is diastema formed in rabbit? (PTA-6)
  4. Why is the teeth of rabbit called heterodent? (PTA-4)
  5. What are the glands embedded in the Rabbit skin to regulate the body temperature? (PTA-3)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. How does locomotion take place in leech? (Apr'2025)
  2. (a) How does leech suck blood from the host? (b) How is diastema formed in rabbit? (Jul'2025)
  3. How are Arteries and Veins structurally different from one another? (Apr'2024)
  4. Write the dental formula of rabbit. (GMQP-2019)
  5. Why are the rings of cartilages found in trachea of rabbit? (Sep'2020)
  6. How is the digestive system of rabbit suited for herbivorous mode of feeding? (PTA-3)
UNIT 14: TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What is the importance of valves in the heart? (Apr 2025)
  2. Why is sinoatrial node called as pacemaker of heart? (Apr'2024)
  3. What are the parts of the hind brain? (Apr'2024)
  4. Define diffusion.
  5. Write note on active transport.
  6. Define osmosis.
  7. What is meant by plasmolysis & imbibition?
  8. Draw and explain root tip with Root Hairs.
  9. What are components of Blood?
  10. What are the Agranulocytes in blood?
  11. Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing of stomata. (Sep'2021)
  12. Mature RBC in mammals do not have cell organelles. (PTA-4)
  13. What is cohesion? (PTA-1)
  14. What is the circulation in man referred to as double circulation? (PTA-1)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) Why is Euploidy considered to be advantageous to both plants and animals? (b) Classify Neurons based on its structure. (Apr 2024)
  2. (i) Define Stimulus. (ii) Name the parts of the hind brain. (Jul'2025)
  3. Enumerate the functions of blood. (Apr'2023)
  4. Write note on Apoplast pathway.
  5. Write note on Symplast pathway.
  6. Define transpiration pull. (Aug 2022)
  7. What is the importance of Transpiration? (Aug 2022)
  8. Draw and label the parts of process of Transpiration. (Aug 2022)
  9. Write note on Root pressure.
  10. Write note on uptake of minerals.
  11. Write note on translocation of mineral ions?
  12. Write note on Phloem transport.
  13. Write note on translocation of sugars.
  14. The movement of substances in the phloem can be in any direction (PTA-4)
  15. Minerals in the plants are not lost when the leaf falls. (PTA-2)
  16. Differentiate Artery and Veins (PTA-5)
  17. Differentiate Systemic and pulmonary circulation? (PTA-2)
  18. Explain distribution of Antigen and antibody in different blood groups.
  19. Who discovered Rh factor? Why was it named so? (PTA-6)
  20. How are arteries and veins structurally different from one another? (PTA-5)
5 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) What are synthetic auxins? Give an example. (ii) With a neat labelled diagram, describe the parts of the typical angiospermic ovule. OR (b) (i) Who is called the "Father of Indian Green Revolution"? (ii) Differentiate between out-breeding and in-breeding. (iii) Differentiate between Type-l and Type-II Diabetes mellitus. (Apr 2024)
UNIT 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What does CNS stand for? (Jul'2023)
  2. What are the structures involved in the protection of brain? (Apr'2023)
  3. Identify the parts A, B, C and D in the given figure. (Apr 2025)
  4. Name the parts of the hind brain (PTA-2)
  5. Define reflex arc. (PTA-4)
  6. Differentiate Between Voluntary and Involuntary actions (PTA-4)
  7. Differentiate Between Medullated and Non-medullated nerve fibre. (PTA-3)
  8. Write the functions of cerebellum. (PTA-6)
  9. Name the three types of neurons and find its location. (Sep'2020)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. With a neat labelled diagram, explain the structure of a neuron. (Apr 2025)
  2. Explain how neurons are classified based on its structure. (Jul'2023)
  3. Illustrate the structure and functions of brain. (PTA-1)
  4. Describe the types of neuron on the basis of their functions. (PTA-3)
UNIT 16: PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What are Chemical Messengers? (Jul'2025)
  2. What is colostrum? How is milk production hormonally regulated? (Apr 2024)
  3. What is metastasis? (Apr 2024)
  4. What is meant by plant Hormones?
  5. What are types of plant Hormones?
  6. What are Synthetic Auxins? Give examples. (May'2022)
  7. How Auxins are classified.
  8. State Endocrinology.
  9. What are the endocrine glands?
  10. Which gland is called as the 'master gland'? Give reason. (QY-2019)
  11. What are the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland? (PTA-2)
  12. Functions of Insulin.
  13. Identify the parts A,B,C and D in the given diagram. (Sep'2020)
  14. Functions of Glucocorticoids.
  15. Functions of Testosterone.
  16. Functions of Thymosin.
  17. Functions of Progesterone.
  18. What is bolting? How can it be induced artificially? (GMQP-2019)
  19. What is parthenocarpic fruit? Give an example. (PTA-6)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Explain physiological effects of Auxins.
  2. Explain physiological effects of Cytokinins.
  3. Name the gaseous plant hormone. Mention any three of its physiological effects in plants. (Sep'2021)
  4. Explain physiological effects of Ethylene. (PTA-3)
  5. Explain the functions of thyroid hormones.
  6. Why are thyroid hormones referred as personality hormones? (Aug 2022)
  7. What are the hormones secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Mention the tissues on which they exert their effect. (PTA-2)
  8. Identify the disorder with which the person shown in the figure is suffering. (PTA-1)
  9. How is Corpus luteum formed? Name the hormones secreted by corpus luteum. (PTA-2)
UNIT 17: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define Triple Fusion. (Jul'2023)
  2. What are Okazaki fragments? (Jun 2024)
  3. Write note on androecium.
  4. Write note on Gynoccium.
  5. What is meant by micropyle.
  6. What is Bolting? How can it be induced artificially? (Apr 2025)
  7. What is pollination. (Sep'2021)
  8. Write note on self-pollination.
  9. What is meant by cross pollination?
  10. Draw the structure of pollen grains and label the parts (Sep'2020)
  11. Draw and label the parts of a sperm. (Sep'2021)
  12. Draw the structure of Ovum.
  13. Name the secondary sex organs in male. (May'2022)
  14. Write a note on UTI. (Sep'2020)
  15. What is Vegetative propagation practice for growing some type of plants? (PTA-1)
  16. How can menstrual hygiene be maintained during menstrual days? (PTA-4)
  17. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some type of plants? (PTA-1)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Write the events involved in the Sexual reproduction of a flowering plant. (a) State the types of first event. (b) Mention the advantages and the disadvantages of that event. (Jul'2023)
  2. State the importance of pollination. (Sep'2021)
  3. Advantages of self-pollination.
  4. Disadvantages of self-pollination.
  5. Advantages of cross-pollination.
  6. Disadvantages of cross-pollination.
  7. Explain the process of Fertilization in plants.
  8. How does developing embryo gets its nourishment inside the mother's body? (PTA-6)
  9. Explain menstrual cycle - process of ovulation. (PTA-3)
  10. Explain personal Hygiene, Body Hygiene, toilet hygiene, Menstrual and Napkin Hygiene.
  11. Write the Characteristics of insect pollinated flowers. (PTA-6)
  12. What is colostrum? How is milk production hormonally regulated? (PTA-2)
  13. Identify the parts A, B, C and D. (Aug 2022)
  14. What are the phases of menstrual cycle? Indicate the changes In the ovary and uterus. (PTA-3)
5 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) Write the events involved in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. (ii) Discuss the first event and write the types. (iii) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of that event. OR (b) (i) What are the agents of soil erosion? (ii) What are the effects of hybrid vigour in animals? (iii) Name the types of stem cells. (Jun'2024)
UNIT 18: GENETICS
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define genetic engineering. (Apr'2023)
  2. Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a connecting link? (Jul'2023)
  3. Define genetics.
  4. What do you understand by the term phenotype and genotype? (Aug'2022)
  5. What are allosomes? (QY-2019)
  6. Define Chromosomes & explain structure of chromosome. (Sep'2021)
  7. Define diploid, haploid.
  8. What is meant by DNA Replication.
  9. What are Okazaki fragments? (PTA-4)
  10. Differentiate Phenotype and genotype. (PTA-4)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) What do you understand by the term phenotype and genotype? (b) What are allosomes? (Apr'2023)
  2. (i) State the applications of DNA fingerprinting technique. (ii) Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a connecting link? (Jun 2024)
  3. State the applications of DNA Finger Printing Techniques. (Jul'2023)
  4. (a) What are the consequences of deforestation? (b) State the applications of DNA finger printing technique. (Apr 2024)
  5. Write the importance of biotechnology in the field of medicine. (Jul'2023)
  6. Why did mendel select pea plant for his experiments? (May'2022)
  7. Monohybrid cross-Inheritance of one gene.
  8. Dihybrid Cross- Inheritance of two genes and Law of Independent Assortment.
  9. Explain Mendel's laws.
  10. A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with pure dwarf plant (tt), what would be the F1 and F2 generations? Explain. (PTA-5)
  11. Explain structure of DNA. (QY-2019)
  12. Explain Watson and Crick model of DNA.
  13. State the application of DNA Fingerprinting technique. (Sep'2020)
  14. Write note on Significance of DNA. (Sep'2020)
  15. Explain Sex Determination in Human.
  16. Pure-bred tall pea plants are first crossed with pure-bred dwarf pea plants. The pea plants obtained in F1 generation are then selfed to produce F2 generation of pea plants. a) What do the plants of F1 generation look like? b) What is the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation? c) Which type of plants were missing in F1 generation but reappeared in F2 generation. (GMQP-2019)
  17. If we cross two different parents with the genotype of $Tt\times tt$, what would be the genotype ratio in its F1 generation? (PTA-3)
5 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) How is the structure of DNA organised? What is the biological significance of DNA? OR (b) (i) State the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) takes place. (ii) State the importance of rainwater harvesting. (Jul'2023)
UNIT 19: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. The degenerated wing of a Kiwi is an acquired character. Why is it called an acquired character? (Apr'2025)
  2. How can you determine the age of the fossils? (Jul'2025)
  3. What is Evolution. (Sep'2021)
  4. The degenerated wing of a kiwi is an acquired character. Why is it an acquired character? (PTA-3)
  5. How does fossilization occur in plants? (PTA-1)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance. (Jun'2024)
  2. Explain Theories on origin of life.
  3. Explain Use and Disuse theory (or) Lamarckism.
  4. Explain Darwinism or Theory of natural selection.
  5. Define, aspects, Importance Ethnobotany. (Aug 2022)
  6. Natural selection is a driving force for evolution - How? (PTA-6)
  7. Arun was playing In the garden. Suddenly he saw a dragon fly sitting on a plant. He observed the wings of it. He thought it looked similar to a wing of a crow. Is he correct? Give reason for your answer. (PTA-2)
  8. Octopus, cockroach and frog all have eyes. Can we group these animals together to establish a common evolutionary origin. Justify your answer. (PTA-4)
5 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (i) Which hormone induces parthenocarpy in tomatoes? (ii) Why is thyroid hormone referred as 'personality hormone'? (iii) Explain Lamarck's theories of evolution. OR (b) (i) Which enzyme cuts DNA at specific sites? (ii) Name two maize hybrids rich in amino-acid, lysine. (iii) Explain smoking hazards and the harmful effects of tobacco. (Apr 2023)
UNIT 20: BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
5 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (a) (ii) Discuss the importance of biotechnology in the field of Medicine. (Jul'2025)
  2. Write note on Green Revolution.
  3. Explain Methods of Plant Breeding for Crop Improvement.
  4. Write note on Animal Breeding, Inbreeding, out breeding.
  5. Write note on Heterosis.
  6. Explain Biotechnology in Medicine. (Sep'2021)
  7. Explain Gene Therapy. (Sep'2020)
  8. Name the types of stem cells. (PTA-2)
  9. What are transgenic organisms? (PTA-6)
  10. Discuss the method of breeding for disease resistance. (PTA-6)
  11. Name three improved characteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve high productivity. (PTA-4)
  12. Name two maize hybrids rich in amino acid lysine. (May'2022)
  13. Distinguish between somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy. (Sep 2021)
  14. State the applications of DNA finger printing technique. (Sep'2020)
  15. What are the effects of hybrid vigour in animals? (PTA-5)
  16. Discuss the importance of biotechnology in the field of medicine. (May'2022)
  17. Explain about Gene Therapy. (Sep'2020)
UNIT 21: HEALTH AND DISEASES
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What are psychotropic drugs? (PTA-2)
  2. What are the contributing factors for obesity? (Aug 2022)
  3. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno deficiency virus takes place? (PTA-1)
  4. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (PTA-4)
  5. What precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases? (Sep'2020)
  6. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic. (May'2022)
  7. What are the role of fat in the cause of atherosclerosis? (PTA-3)
  8. Regular physical exercise is advisable for normal functioning of human body. What are the advantages of practicing exercise in daily life? (PTA-6)
  9. How can informational efforts change people's HIV knowledge and behaviour? (PTA-5)
  10. Mention any two approaches for protection of an Abused child. (Sep'2020)
4 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Child Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Child Sexual Abuse.
  2. Explain Approaches for protection of an abused child. (Sep'2020)
  3. Write note on Drug De-addiction.
  4. Explain Smoking Hazards and effects of Tobacco.
  5. Explain Harmful effects of alcohol to health.
  6. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholics. (Sep'2021)
  7. Explain Obesity, Prevention and control of obesity. (Sep'2021)
  8. Explain Preventive measures for cancer.
  9. How is cancer cell different from normal cell? (Sep 2021)
  10. Explain Symptoms and treatment of AIDS.
  11. Explain Prevention and control of AIDS.
UNIT 22: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What will happen if trees are cut down? (Apr 2025)
  2. Enumerate the importance of forests. (Jul'2025)
  3. Write note on Nonrenewable energy sources, renewable energy sources.
  4. Explain shale gas.
  5. Explain water energy.
  6. Explain Tidal energy.
  7. Explain Rainwater Harvesting.
  8. Explain Electrical energy.
  9. E-wastes and its management.
  10. Why fossil fuels are to be conserved? (Aug 2022)
  11. What are the advantages of using biogas? (PTA-1)
  12. What is 4R approach. (PTA-1)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. (i) What are the consequences of soil erosion? (ii) How will you prevent soil erosion? (Apr'2025)
  2. How do rainwater harvesting structures recharge groundwater? (Apr 2023)
  3. What are the agents of soil erosion? (PTA-2)
  4. How are e-wastes generated? (Sep 2021)
  5. What is the importance of rainwater harvesting? (May'2022)
  6. How will you prevent soil erosion? (PTA-3)
  7. List out the advantages of tidal energy. (PTA-5)
UNIT 23: VISUAL COMMUNICATION
2 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. What is stage? (Apr 2024)
  2. What is Scratch? (Jun 2024)
  3. What is Sprite? (Apr 2023)
3 MARK QUESTIONS
  1. Write a note on EDITOR and its main parts. (Jul'2023)
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10th English Important Synonyms for Public Exam 2026.

10th English Important Material

SSLC Study Guide - Synonyms

Q 1-3 Synonyms

LESSON-1

  • 1. Ledge - shelf
  • 2. shrilly - high pitched
  • 3. stretched - extended
  • 4. plunge - dive
  • 5. devour - swallow
  • 6. mackerel - a sea fish
  • 7. gnaw - chew
  • 8. trot - jogged
  • 9. whet - sharpened
  • 10. beckoning - signalling

LESSON-2

  • 1. hullabaloo - noise
  • 2. patrolman - police officer
  • 3. attic - storage space inside the roof
  • 4. slamming - banging
  • 5. gruffly - harshly
  • 6. intuitively - spontaneously
  • 7. whammed - threw
  • 8. beveled - slope
  • 9. rending - tearing to pieces
  • 10. yanked - pulled

LESSON-3

  • 1. circumnavigate - went around
  • 2. indigenously - domestically
  • 3. consonance - agreement
  • 4. skipper - captain/master
  • 5. expedition - journey/voyage
  • 6. replenishment - restoration
  • 7. apprehensive - anxious/fearful
  • 8. contention - heated disagreement
  • 9. auxiliary - additional/supportive
  • 10. anticipate - expected

LESSON-4

  • 1. bifurcated - divided
  • 2. revive - refresh
  • 3. soothing - comforting
  • 4. dilated - enlarge
  • 5. ascertained - verified
  • 6. overwrought - tensed
  • 7. crumbled - broken
  • 8. spire - tower
  • 9. unperturbed - undisturbed
  • 10. affluent - wealthy
  • 11. smacks - tastes

LESSON-5

  • 1. grapple - wrestle/fight
  • 2. dragon dictate - speech convert into text
  • 3. gaze - stare
  • 4. inclusion - co-operation
  • 5. cloister - enclosed by

LESSON-6

  • 1. chirping - sound/twitter
  • 2. bustle - commotion
  • 3. unison - harmony/relevant
  • 4. rapping - striking
  • 5. thumbed - shivered
  • 6. cranky - strange
  • 7. angelus - prayer

LESSON-7

  • 1. gaunt - lean
  • 2. twitched - shivered/jerked
  • 3. contagious - infectious/spreading
  • 4. groan - despair
  • 5. plague - bacterial disease
  • 6. bolted - closed
  • 7. mantlepiece - around the fire place
  • 8. half-crown - equal to two shillings
  • 9. tongs - a device used for picking up
  • 10. delirious - restlessness

Part-I (1 Mark Questions : 14 MARKS)

Question 1 to 3 : Synonyms
Choose the appropriate synonyms for the italicised words:

1. The mother seagull swooped upwards. (MDL-19)
a) leap b) rush c) move very quickly d) ascend
2. The attic has always been favourite with children. (MDL-19)
a) loft b) terrace c) apartment d) strong room
3. It is a 55-foot sailing vessel built indigenously in India. (MDL-19)
a) fully b) collectively c) innately d) specially
4. It was the gaunt face staring from the bed that brought chill to my heart. (PTA-1)
a) fat b) round c) lean d) sad
5. When school began, there was a bustle. (PTA-1)
a) rush b) change c) noise d) confusion
6. They continue to grapple with the changes. (PTA-1)
a) settle b) fight c) move d) stop
7. How cranky he was. (PTA-2)
a) normal b) strange c) abnormal d) happy
8. His parents circled around raising a proud cackle. (PTA-2)
a) sharp noise b) blunt noise c) high pitch d) shout
9. Trying to revive old childhood memories may prove disappointing. (PTA-2)
a) review b) revitalize c) restore d) rescue
10. The spoilt child of affluent parents. (PTA-3,5)
a) influenced b) wealthy c) happy d) poor
11. Scraping his beak now and again to whet it. (PTA-3)
a) clean b) blunt c) sharpen d) wet
12. My contention was to make sure that we go by the rules. (PTA-3)
a) continuous effort b) disturbed effort c) unhappy effort d) strenuous effort
13. He was delirious. (PTA-4)
a) sick b) disappointed c) troubled d) forced
14. The whole family was laughing at his cowardice. (PTA-4)
a) strength b) bravery c) courage d) lack of bravery
15. My mother was asleep in one room upstairs, grandfather was in the attic. (PTA-4)
a) bedroom b) a room c) a space in the roof d) kitchen
16. World renowned physicist Stephen Hawking is the best example of how... (PTA-5)
a) famous b) special c) popular d) unique
17. But something choked him. (PTA-5)
a) praised b) blocked c) answered d) encouraged
18. The great expanse of sea stretched down beneath. (PTA-6)
a) large space b) narrow space c) small space d) deep area
19. He said in a hopeless tone of a despondent beagle. (PTA-6)
a) angry b) affluent c) despairing d) strong
20. They were apprehensive and supportive too. (PTA-6)
a) confident b) inquisitive c) anxious d) special
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Class 12 Physics Important Questions Chapter 1 Rotational Dynamics HSC Board

Class 12 HSC (SSE Board) Physics

Important Questions - Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics

Long Answer Questions (3-4 Marks)

  1. State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum.
  2. Derive the expression for torque acting on a particle.
  3. Derive the relation between torque and angular acceleration.
  4. Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about its own axis.
  5. State and prove the theorem of perpendicular axis.
  6. State and prove the theorem of parallel axis.
  7. Explain in detail the physical significance of moment of inertia.

HSC Physics Board Papers with Solution

Short Answer Questions (2-3 Marks)

  1. Define torque and write its vector form.
  2. What is radius of gyration? Give its SI unit.
  3. Define angular momentum. Write its SI unit and formula.
  4. State the conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body.
  5. Write any two differences between translational and rotational motion.
  6. Explain the relation: \( L = I \times \omega \).
  7. Why is it easier to rotate a bicycle wheel about its central axis than about any other diameter?
  8. Write any two factors affecting moment of inertia.

Numerical Problems

  1. A ring of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m is rotating at 4 rad/s. Find its angular momentum.
  2. A disc of radius 0.2 m and mass 3 kg rotates with an angular speed of 10 rad/s. Calculate its kinetic energy of rotation.
  3. Find the moment of inertia of a rod of length 1.5 m and mass 2 kg about an axis perpendicular to its length and p...
  4. A torque of 10 Nm produces an angular acceleration of \( 2 \text{ rad/s}^2 \) in a body. Find its moment of inertia.

Definitions / One Mark Questions

  1. Define torque.
  2. Define angular velocity.
  3. What is moment of inertia?
  4. What is angular acceleration?
  5. What is equilibrium?
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Exam Pattern Blueprint 2025-26
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Formula Sheet (Physical & Inorganic)
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Important Accounts Board Question Paper 2026 (Maharashtra Board) | Target 90+ Marks
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HSC Secretarial Practice Important Question Bank 2026

H.S.C – S.P – QUESTION BANK & SOLUTIONS Important for Board Exam 2026

SOURCE: OMTEX Classes
contact@omtexclasses.com
Important Chapters: 1 to 8

Long Answers

1) What is share and state its features?

Meaning: According to Section 2(84) of the Companies Act, 2013, "Share means a share in the share capital of a company and includes stock." It is the smallest unit in the total share capital of a company.

Features of Shares:
  1. Meaning: It is the smallest unit of share capital.
  2. Ownership: The owner of a share is called a shareholder. It shows the ownership of the shareholder in the company.
  3. Distinctive Number: Each share has a distinct number for identification (except in Demat form).
  4. Evidence of Title: A share certificate is issued as proof of ownership.
  5. Value of a Share: It has Face Value, Issue Price, and Market Value.
  6. Rights: It confers rights like receiving dividends, attending meetings, and voting.
  7. Income: Shareholders get a share in the net profit called Dividend.
  8. Transferability: Shares of a public limited company are freely transferable.
2) What is an equity share? Explain its features.

Meaning: Equity shares are those shares which are not preference shares. They do not enjoy preference for dividend payment or repayment of capital.

Features:
  1. Permanent Capital: The amount is not refunded during the lifetime of the company (except buy-back).
  2. Fluctuating Dividend: The rate of dividend depends on profit; it is not fixed.
  3. Rights: They enjoy voting rights, right to share profit, right to inspect books, and right to transfer shares.
  4. No Preferential Rights: They are paid dividend and capital after preference shareholders.
  5. Controlling Power: Equity shareholders are the real masters/owners of the company.
  6. Risk Capital: They bear the maximum risk in the company.
  7. Bonus Issue: Only equity shareholders are entitled to bonus shares.
3) Explain the different types of preference shares.
Types of Preference Shares:
  1. Cumulative Preference Shares: Unpaid dividends accumulate and are paid in future years.
  2. Non-Cumulative Preference Shares: Dividend is lost if not paid in a particular year.
  3. Participating Preference Shares: They get a fixed dividend + a share in surplus profit.
  4. Non-Participating Preference Shares: They get only the fixed rate of dividend.
  5. Convertible Preference Shares: Can be converted into equity shares after a specific period.
  6. Non-Convertible Preference Shares: Cannot be converted into equity shares.
  7. Redeemable Preference Shares: Capital is repaid after a fixed period.
  8. Irredeemable Preference Shares: Capital is not repaid during the lifetime (Note: As per Companies Act 2013, companies cannot issue irredeemable shares).
4) What are preference shares? State its features.

Meaning: Preference shares are shares that have preferential rights regarding payment of dividend and repayment of capital upon winding up.

Features:
  1. Preference for Dividend: First right to receive dividend before equity shares.
  2. Preference for Repayment of Capital: First right to get capital back during winding up.
  3. Fixed Return: The rate of dividend is pre-determined and fixed.
  4. Nature of Capital: It is safe capital provided by cautious investors.
  5. Market Value: Usually remains stable compared to equity shares.
  6. Voting Rights: They do not have normal voting rights; they vote only on matters affecting their interest.
  7. No Bonus Shares: They are not entitled to bonus issues.
5) What is Debenture? Discuss the different types of debentures.

Meaning: 'Debenture' comes from the Latin word 'debere' (to owe). It is an instrument acknowledging a debt by the company.

Types of Debentures:
  1. Secured Debentures: Backed by a charge on company assets.
  2. Unsecured Debentures: No security is offered.
  3. Registered Debentures: Name of the holder is recorded in the Register of Debenture Holders.
  4. Bearer Debentures: Transferable by mere delivery; name not registered.
  5. Redeemable Debentures: Repaid after a specific period.
  6. Irredeemable Debentures: Repaid only at the time of winding up.
  7. Convertible Debentures: Can be converted into equity shares.
  8. Non-Convertible Debentures: Cannot be converted into shares.
6) Define Debenture and explain the features of debentures.

Definition: Section 2(30) of Companies Act 2013: "Debenture includes debenture stock, bonds or any other instrument of a company evidencing a debt, whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not."

Features:
  1. Promise: It is a written promise to repay a debt.
  2. Face Value: Usually has a high face value (e.g., ₹100 or multiples).
  3. Time of Repayment: The due date for principal repayment is specified.
  4. Interest: Fixed rate of interest is paid periodically, regardless of profit.
  5. Parties: Company, Trustees, and Debenture holders.
  6. Authority to Issue: Board of Directors has the power to issue debentures.
  7. Status of Holder: Debenture holder is a creditor of the company.
  8. Security: Usually secured by a charge on assets.
7) Explain the two methods a company can use to make its public offer of shares.

Public Offer: Offering shares to the general public.

  1. Initial Public Offer (IPO):
    • This is the first time a company offers its shares to the public.
    • It is done by an unlisted public company to get listed.
    • Usually done to raise capital for expansion.
  2. Further Public Offer (FPO):
    • This happens when an already listed company makes a fresh issue of shares to the public.
    • It is subsequent to an IPO.
    • Used to raise additional capital.

Secretarial Practice Board Papers

8) Explain briefly the different types of shares offered by a company to its existing Equity shareholders.
  1. Rights Issue:
    • Shares offered to existing equity shareholders in proportion to their existing holding.
    • It is a pre-emptive right.
    • Usually offered at a price lower than the market price.
  2. Bonus Shares:
    • Shares issued free of cost to existing equity shareholders.
    • Issued out of accumulated profits or reserves (Capitalization of reserves).
    • Given in proportion to existing holdings.
    • It is a gift to shareholders.
9) Explain the statutory provisions for allotment of shares.

These are provisions laid down by the Companies Act, 2013:

  1. Registration of Prospectus: A copy must be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
  2. Application Money: Must be at least 5% of the face value (or as specified by SEBI, typically 25%).
  3. Minimum Subscription: 90% of the issue size must be subscribed within 30 days of opening the issue.
  4. Closing of Subscription List: The list must be open for at least 3 working days and not more than 10.
  5. Basis of Allotment: Must be decided in consultation with the Stock Exchange.
  6. Oversubscription: Allotment must be pro-rata or as per SEBI guidelines.
  7. Permission to Deal: Application to stock exchange for listing must be made.
10) Briefly explain the provisions of Companies Act, 2013 for issue of debentures.
  1. No Voting Rights: Company cannot issue debentures with voting rights.
  2. Types: Can issue secured/unsecured, convertible/non-convertible debentures.
  3. Payment of Interest and Redemption: Must be done as per terms. Default leads to penalties.
  4. Debenture Certificate: Must be issued within 6 months of allotment.
  5. Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR): Company must create DRR out of profits available for dividend.
  6. Appointment of Debenture Trustees: Mandatory if prospectus is issued to more than 500 people.
  7. Debenture Trust Deed: Must be executed to protect the interest of holders.

Short Notes

1) Factors affecting fixed capital requirement / working capital requirement
  • Fixed Capital Factors: Nature of business (Manufacturing needs more), Scale of operation, Scope of production, Lease or buy decision, Arrangement of sub-contracts, Old or new assets.
  • Working Capital Factors: Nature of business (Service/Trading), Volume of sales, Length of production cycle, Credit terms (allowed vs received), Growth and expansion, Inflation.
2) Features of Bonds / Interest
  • Bonds: Debt security, Long-term finance, Creditor status, Fixed interest rate, Repayment at maturity, No voting rights.
  • Interest: It is the cost of borrowed capital. It is a fixed liability. Paid periodically. Tax-deductible expense. Paid to Debenture holders/Depositors/Banks.
3) Functions of Stock Exchange / SEBI
  • Stock Exchange: Mobilization of savings, Capital formation, Pricing of securities, Economic barometer, Protection of investors, Liquidity provider.
  • SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India): Protect interests of investors, Promote development of securities market, Regulate the market, Register and regulate intermediaries (brokers), Prohibit insider trading.
4) Rules governing unpaid and unclaimed dividend
  • Unpaid Dividend Account: If dividend is not claimed within 30 days of declaration, company must transfer it to 'Unpaid Dividend Account' within 7 days.
  • IEPF: Any money remaining in the Unpaid Dividend Account for 7 years must be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF).
  • Details: Company must publish details of such shareholders on its website.
5) General principles / rules for allotment of shares
  • Proper Authority: Only Board of Directors can allot.
  • Against Application: Allotment only against written application.
  • Reasonable Time: Within 60 days of receipt of application money.
  • Communication: Letter of Allotment or Advice must be sent.
  • Absolute and Unconditional: Must match the terms of the prospectus.
6) Contents of Shares Certificate / Circular or Advertisement for Deposit
  • Share Certificate: Company name, CIN, Folio No., Name of member, No. of shares, Distinctive numbers, Amount paid-up, Common Seal, Signatures of 2 Directors + Secretary.
  • Circular for Deposits: Financial position, Credit rating, Details of the scheme (tenure, interest), Management details, statutory declarations.
7) Explain DP as the constituent of Depository system

Depository Participant (DP):

  • Agent of the Depository (NSDL/CDSL).
  • Link between the investor and the Depository.
  • Usually banks, brokers, or financial institutions.
  • Investors open Demat accounts with the DP.
  • DP executes instructions of the investor (buying/selling).
8) Advantages of Depository system to Investor
  • Safety: Elimination of risks like theft, loss, or mutilation of certificates.
  • Speed: Immediate transfer and settlement.
  • Convenience: Easy portfolio monitoring.
  • Cost-effective: No stamp duty on transfer.
  • Automatic updates: Bonus, rights, and dividends are credited automatically.
9) Amount of deposits that different types of companies can collect by way of deposits
  • Private Company: Up to 100% of paid-up capital + free reserves.
  • Public Company (Non-Eligible): Up to 35% of paid-up capital + free reserves (from members only).
  • Eligible Public Company:
    • From Members: Up to 10%
    • From Public: Up to 25%
    • Total: 35% of paid-up capital + free reserves.
  • Government Company: Up to 35% of paid-up capital + free reserves.
10) Book Building Method
  • A method of issuing shares where the price is not fixed by the company but discovered through bidding.
  • Company issues a 'Red Herring Prospectus' with a price band (Floor Price and Cap Price).
  • Investors bid for shares within the range.
  • The final price (Cut-off price) is determined based on demand.
  • Used commonly in IPOs.
11) State the provisions related to issue of Bonus Shares
  • Authorized by Articles of Association.
  • Recommended by Board and approved by shareholders.
  • Cannot be issued out of revaluation reserves.
  • No default in payment of interest/principal on debts.
  • Shares made fully paid up before bonus issue.
  • Once announced, cannot be withdrawn.

Letters

Note: For all letters, assume standard layout: Heading (Company Name, Address), Date, Reference No., Inside Address, Subject, Salutation, Body, Closing, and Enclosures.

1) Write a letter to the shareholder regarding issue of Bonus Shares.
SUNRISE INDUSTRIES LTD.
12, MIDC, Andheri (E), Mumbai - 400093.
Ref: B/2025/22 Date: 15th Jan 2025

To,
Mr. Rahul Sharma,
Pune.

Subject: Issue of Bonus Shares

Dear Sir,
I am directed by the Board of Directors to inform you that in accordance with the resolution passed at the Extra-Ordinary General Meeting held on 10th Jan 2025, shareholders have approved the issue of Bonus Shares in the ratio of 1:1 (one bonus share for every one equity share held).

Details of your holding and bonus shares allotted:
1. Shares held on Record Date: 100
2. Bonus Shares Allotted: 100
3. Total Holding: 200
4. DP ID / Client ID: IN300123 12345678

The bonus shares have been credited to your Demat account.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
2) Write a letter to the member for the issue of Share Certificate.
SUNRISE INDUSTRIES LTD.
Subject: Issue of Share Certificate

Dear Madam,
We are pleased to inform you that your request for the issue of physical share certificates has been processed. In accordance with your application and subsequent allotment, the share certificate is enclosed herewith.

Details:
Folio No: A-102
Certificate No: 5501
Distinctive Nos: 1001 to 1100
No. of Shares: 100

Kindly acknowledge the receipt.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
Encl: Share Certificate
3) Draft a letter of allotment to debenture holder.
SUNRISE INDUSTRIES LTD.
Subject: Allotment of Debentures

Dear Sir,
With reference to your application dated 1st Jan 2025, we are pleased to inform you that the Board of Directors has allotted you 100, 10% Secured Non-Convertible Debentures of ₹100 each.

Details:
1. No. of Debentures applied: 100
2. No. of Debentures allotted: 100
3. Amount Received: ₹10,000
4. Interest Rate: 10% p.a.

The Debenture Certificate will be sent to you shortly / credited to your Demat account.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
4) Write a letter to the debenture holder regarding payment of interest through Interest Warrant.
Subject: Payment of Interest on Debentures

Dear Sir,
I am directed to inform you that the Board of Directors has approved the payment of interest @ 10% p.a. on your debentures for the year ended 31st March 2025.

Please find enclosed the Interest Warrant No. IW-202 for ₹1,000/- (Rupees One Thousand Only), being the interest due on your holding of 100 debentures. TDS has been deducted as applicable.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
Encl: Interest Warrant
5) Draft a letter to debenture holder informing him about redemption of debentures.
Subject: Redemption of Debentures

Dear Sir,
This is to inform you that the 10% Non-Convertible Debentures issued by the company in 2020 are due for redemption on 31st March 2025.

Please surrender your original Debenture Certificate No. 450 at the company's registered office along with the enclosed Discharge Form, duly filled and signed. Upon receipt, the redemption amount will be transferred to your bank account / sent via cheque.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
6) Write a letter to depositor regarding renewal of his deposit.
Subject: Renewal of Fixed Deposit

Dear Sir,
We received your application dated 10th Jan 2025 regarding the renewal of your Fixed Deposit Receipt No. 505 for a further period of one year.

We are pleased to inform you that the Board has approved the renewal. The new Fixed Deposit Receipt (No. 605) is enclosed herewith.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
Encl: New Fixed Deposit Receipt
7) Draft a letter of thanks to the depositor of a company.
Subject: Acknowledging Receipt of Deposit

Dear Sir/Madam,
We are in receipt of your application dated 1st Jan 2025 along with a Cheque of ₹50,000/- for placement in Fixed Deposit Scheme.

We thank you for the confidence shown in our company. The official Fixed Deposit Receipt will be sent to you within 21 days as per statutory requirements.

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary
8) Draft a letter to depositor informing him about payment of interest electronically.
Subject: Electronic Payment of Interest on Deposit

Dear Sir,
We are pleased to inform you that interest on your Fixed Deposit for the year ended 31st March 2025 has been remitted electronically to your bank account.

Details:
Deposit Receipt No: 808
Interest Amount: ₹5,000
Bank Name: HDFC Bank
Account No: XXXXXX1234
Date of Credit: 5th April 2025

Yours faithfully,
For Sunrise Industries Ltd.,
Sd/-
Company Secretary

Distinguish Between

1) Fixed Capital and Working Capital
Point Fixed Capital Working Capital
Meaning Capital used for buying fixed assets. Capital used for day-to-day operations.
Nature Stays in business almost permanently. Circulating capital (keeps changing).
Purpose To acquire land, building, machinery. To buy raw materials, pay wages.
Risk High risk involved. Less risk involved.
2) Equity Shares and Preference Shares
Point Equity Shares Preference Shares
Dividend Rate Fluctuating (depends on profit). Fixed rate.
Voting Rights Full voting rights. No voting rights (generally).
Refund of Capital Last priority (after pref. shares). Priority over equity shares.
Risk High risk. Low risk (safe capital).
Bonus Shares Eligible for bonus shares. Not eligible.
3) Share and Debenture
Point Share Debenture
Status Owner of the company. Creditor of the company.
Nature Owned capital. Borrowed capital (Loan).
Return Dividend. Interest.
Certainty of Return Uncertain (only if profit exists). Fixed and certain (paid even in loss).
Voting Has voting rights. No voting rights.
4) Owned Capital and Borrowed Capital
Point Owned Capital Borrowed Capital
Source Shares, Retained Earnings. Debentures, Bonds, Deposits, Loans.
Return Dividend (Fluctuating). Interest (Fixed).
Repayment Not repaid (except winding up). Repaid after a fixed period.
Control Holders have control (voting). No control over management.
5) Rights Shares and Bonus Shares
Point Rights Shares Bonus Shares
Price Paid by shareholder (usually discounted). Free of cost (Gift).
Purpose To raise fresh capital. To capitalize accumulated profits.
Subscription Shareholder can accept or renounce. Automatically allotted.
Cash Inflow Company receives cash. No cash inflow for company.
6) Transfer of Shares and Transmission of Shares
Point Transfer Transmission
Nature Voluntary act of shareholder. Involuntary (Operation of Law).
Cause Sale or gift. Death, insolvency, or insanity.
Consideration Money is involved (usually). No money involved.
Instrument Transfer deed required. No transfer deed required.
7) Final Dividend and Interim Dividend
Point Final Dividend Interim Dividend
Declaration Declared at AGM after year-end. Declared between two AGMs.
Authority Recommended by Board, Declared by Members. Declared by Board of Directors.
Source Current profit or Free reserves. Current year's profit only.
Revocation Cannot be cancelled once declared. Can be cancelled before payment (rare).
8) Dividend and Interest
Point Dividend Interest
Meaning Return on investment in shares. Return on borrowed capital/loan.
Paid to Shareholders (Owners). Creditors (Debenture holders/Lenders).
Obligation Not compulsory (unless preference). Compulsory liability.
Tax Appropriation of profit (Not deductible). Charge against profit (Tax deductible).
9) Primary market and Secondary market
Point Primary Market (New Issue) Secondary Market (Stock Exchange)
Securities New securities issued for the first time. Existing securities are traded.
Parties Company and Investors. Investor and Investor.
Price Fixed by company. Determined by demand and supply.
Location No fixed geographical location. Specific physical place (or electronic platform).
10) Money market and Capital market
Point Money Market Capital Market
Duration Short-term funds (up to 1 year). Medium and Long-term funds (> 1 year).
Instruments Treasury bills, Commercial paper, CD. Shares, Debentures, Bonds.
Risk Low risk. High risk.
Regulator Reserve Bank of India (RBI). SEBI.

Justify the following statements

1) Fixed capital stays in the business almost permanently.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Fixed capital is used to purchase fixed assets like land, building, machinery.
  • These assets are not sold frequently; they are used for production over a long period.
  • Therefore, the capital invested in them remains blocked in the business until the company winds up or the asset is scrapped.
2) Equity shareholders are real owners and controllers of company.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • They provide permanent capital to the company.
  • They bear the ultimate risk of business (loss).
  • They have voting rights to appoint Directors and participate in management decisions.
  • Hence, they are the ultimate masters.
3) Bond holder is creditor of the company.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Bonds represent borrowed capital (loan) for the company.
  • Bond holders do not get ownership rights; they get a fixed interest.
  • They have a claim on assets for repayment before shareholders.
  • Their relationship is that of a lender (creditor) and borrower (company).
4) Equity share capital is risk capital.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Dividend is not guaranteed; it depends on profits.
  • If the company suffers losses, the capital value may erode.
  • In winding up, they are the last to be paid.
  • Since they bear the maximum financial risk, it is called risk capital.
5) The Board of Directors can refuse transfer of shares.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Though shares are transferable, the Board can refuse it under certain conditions prescribed in Articles.
  • Examples: If the transfer instrument is incomplete, stamp duty not paid, or if the transfer is against the company's interest.
  • A notice of refusal must be sent within 30 days.
6) A company has to create charge on its assets for issuing secured debentures.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Secured debentures mean debentures backed by security.
  • To provide security, the company must create a charge (mortgage/hypothecation) on its assets in favor of the Debenture Trustee.
  • This protects the interest of debenture holders in case of default.
7) All companies cannot accept deposits from public.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Private companies cannot accept deposits from the public; only from members/directors.
  • Only 'Eligible Public Companies' (having net worth > ₹100 Cr or turnover > ₹500 Cr) can accept deposits from the public.
  • Others can only accept from members.
8) Depository system results in reduced time, cost and efforts.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Transfers are electronic and instantaneous (reduced time).
  • No stamp duty on transfer, no courier charges (reduced cost).
  • No paperwork or physical handling of certificates (reduced effort).
9) Electronic holding of securities is safer than physical holding.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Physical certificates can be lost, stolen, torn, or mutilated.
  • Signatures can be forged in physical transfers.
  • In electronic (Demat) holding, these risks are eliminated as securities are held digitally by the Depository.
10) Dividend is paid out of profits of the company.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Dividend is a share of profit distributed to members.
  • Companies Act mandates that dividend can only be paid out of current year's profit (after depreciation) or accumulated free reserves.
  • It cannot be paid out of capital.
11) Interim dividend cannot be paid out of free reserves.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Interim dividend is declared between two AGMs.
  • It is paid out of the profits earned in the current financial year up to that quarter.
  • It cannot be paid from past accumulated reserves (Free Reserves), unlike Final Dividend.
12) Approval of members is not needed for Interim Dividend.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • The power to declare Interim Dividend lies solely with the Board of Directors.
  • They declare it based on the profitability during the year.
  • Members' approval is required only for Final Dividend at the AGM.
13) Financial markets acts as link between investor and borrower.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Investors have surplus funds (savings).
  • Borrowers (Companies/Govt) need funds for projects.
  • Financial markets provide the platform/mechanism to channelize these savings into productive investments.
14) Capital market is useful for corporate sector.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • Corporates need long-term funds for expansion, modernization, and new projects.
  • Capital market (Shares/Debentures) allows them to raise huge capital from the public.
  • It provides stability to their financial structure.
15) The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator for the securities market in India.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • SEBI was established to protect investor interests and regulate the market.
  • It frames rules for issuers, intermediaries, and stock exchanges.
  • It monitors compliance and penalizes malpractices like insider trading.
16) Stock exchanges work for the growth of the Indian economy.
Justification: Yes, this statement is correct.
  • They mobilize savings into productive industries.
  • They help in capital formation which leads to industrial growth.
  • They attract foreign investment (FII/FDI).
  • The Sensex/Nifty acts as a barometer of economic health.

Explain the following terms / concepts

  1. Fixed capital: Capital invested in fixed assets (land, machinery) intended for permanent use in business.
  2. Borrowed Capital: Capital raised by taking loans or issuing debentures/bonds. It is a debt.
  3. Overdraft: A credit facility given by banks to current account holders to withdraw more than their balance for a short period.
  4. Bonus shares: Free shares issued to existing equity shareholders out of accumulated profits.
  5. ESOS (Employee Stock Option Scheme): A scheme where employees are given an option to buy company shares at a future date at a pre-determined price.
  6. Rights Issue: Offering new shares to existing shareholders first, in proportion to their holding.
  7. Debenture certificate: A document issued by the company as evidence of holding debentures and debt.
  8. Credit rating: An evaluation of the creditworthiness (ability to repay debt) of a company by rating agencies (CRISIL, CARE).
  9. Secured Deposit: A deposit backed by a charge on tangible assets of the company.
  10. Correct information: The company secretary must provide factual and true information to members in correspondence.
  11. Dematerialization: Process of converting physical share certificates into electronic form.
  12. ISIN (International Securities Identification Number): A unique 12-digit alpha-numeric code that identifies a specific security (share/debenture).
  13. Interest: The price paid for the use of borrowed money.
  14. Interim Dividend: Dividend declared by the Board between two Annual General Meetings.
  15. Capital market: A market for long-term debt and equity capital.
  16. Working capital: Capital required for day-to-day operations (Current Assets - Current Liabilities).
  17. Owned capital: Capital provided by owners (Equity/Preference shares + Reserves).
  18. Transmission of shares: Transfer of title to shares by operation of law due to death, insolvency, etc.
  19. Allotment of shares: The act of appropriation (giving) of a certain number of shares to an applicant.
  20. ESPS (Employee Stock Purchase Scheme): Scheme where company offers shares to employees immediately (not future option) at a discounted price.
  21. Minimum subscription: The minimum amount (90% of issue) that must be raised for the IPO to be valid.
  22. Charge on assets: Creating a right on assets in favor of lenders (security) to recover dues in case of default.
  23. Eligible Public Company: A public company with Net Worth ≥ ₹100 Cr or Turnover ≥ ₹500 Cr, allowed to accept public deposits.
  24. Deposit Receipt: Acknowledgement issued by company proving receipt of money as deposit.
  25. Courtesy: Use of polite language in business correspondence to build goodwill.
  26. Rematerialization: Process of converting electronic holdings back into physical share certificates.
  27. Dividend: The portion of profit distributed to shareholders.
  28. Final Dividend: Dividend declared at the AGM for the completed financial year.
  29. Financial market: A marketplace where financial assets are created and traded.
  30. Stock exchange: An organized market for buying and selling existing securities.
HSC Board Exam Papers
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