Complete Class 12 English Grammar Guide: Figures of Speech, Voice, Speech, & Practice
Target Audience: Class 12 Students, Teachers, and English Grammar Learners.
Summary: A complete, word-for-word reconstruction of the provided grammar workbook. This document includes comprehensive definitions (with Hindi translations), detailed Figure of Speech analysis for 8 specific poems, rules for Question Tags, Direct/Indirect Speech, Active/Passive Voice, Parts of Speech, and a fully solved 25-question practice set.
1. Figures of Speech
Definition
A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition. It can be a metaphor or simile designed to make a comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration or the exaggeration of hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect. There are a wealth of these literary tools in the English language.
Note (Hindi): เคชเคฐिเคญाเคทा-เคिเคธी เคญी เคธाเคงाเคฐเคฃ เคธी เคฌाเคค เคो เค
เคงिเค เคช्เคฐเคญाเคตเคถाเคฒी เคฏा เคเคเคฐ्เคทเค เคขंเค เคธे เคเคนเคจे เคे เคฒिเค เคนी Figure of Speech เคा use เคिเคฏा เคाเคคा เคนै.
Types and Examples
- Simile (Direct Comparison):
Example: The man fought like a Lion. (Man is compared to lion directly) . - Metaphor (Indirect Comparison):
Example: The man was a Lion. (Man is compared to lion Indirectly) . - Alliteration (Letters are Repeated):
Example: Four fools fell in a fountain. (The letter 'f' is repeated for Poetic effect) . - Repetition (Words are Repeated):
Example: Time after Time. (The word "time" is repeated for Poetic effect) . - Personification (Human Qualities given to a non-living thing):
Example: The fan is running. ("Running" is a human quality given to a fan) . - Onomatopoeia (Sounds written in words):
Example: Down sank the bell with a gurgling sound. ("gurgling" is a sound written in word) . - Interrogative (Question Sentence (?)):
Example: Is anybody happier because you pass his way? (The sentence expresses a question) . - Exclamation (Expression + !):
Example: I got A in my report! (The sentence expresses a sudden expression) . - Apostrophe (Expression + somebody + !):
Example: Hey moon! Give us some moonlight. (The sentence expresses a sudden expression including someone else) . - Climax (Words are arranged in Ascending order):
Example: She walked, ran and conquered. (The words are arranged in ascending order of priority) . - Anti-climax (Words are arranged in Descending Order):
Example: He lost his wife, ring and wallet. (The words are arranged in descending order of priority) . - Hyperbole (Over exaggerated statement):
Example: She cried so much that rivers were flowing. (an over exaggerated statement) . - Antithesis (Exact Opposite words are used):
Example: United we stand, Divided we fall. ('United' and 'Divided' are exact opposite words to each other) . - Pun (One word conveying different meanings):
Example: I have got a date. (The word 'date' conveys 2 meanings i.e. appointment and partner) . - Paradox (Truth is revealed in a ridiculous manner):
Example: A teacher must be cruel. (Truth is revealed in a ridiculous manner) .
2. Poem Analysis: Figures of Speech
Poem 2.1 'Song of the Open Road'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road" | Inversion Metaphor |
The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I take to the open road afoot and light hearted. The road is implicitly compared with journey of life. |
| "Healthy, free, the world before me" | Inversion | The words are not in a correct order. The order is: The healthy and free world before me. |
| "The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose." | Symbol Alliteration |
The brown path is used as symbol for the road. The letter 'b' and 'l' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune" | Personification Repetition |
The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. The words 'good fortune' are repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing" | Repetition Climax |
The words 'no more' are repeated here pleasingly. The words are arranged here in ascending order. |
| "Done with indoor complaints, libraries, querulous criticisms" | Alliteration Climax Tautology |
The sound 'k' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are arranged here in ascending order. The same meaning words are repeated (querulous criticisms). |
| "Strong and content, I travel the open road." | Inversion | The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I travel the open road Strong and content. |
| "I do not want the constellations any nearer" | Inversion | The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I do not want any nearer constellations. |
| "The earth, that is sufficient" | Metaphor | The earth is implicitly compared with adequate. |
| "I know they are very well where they are, I know they suffice for those who belong to them." | Repetition Alliteration |
The words 'I know' and 'they are' are repeated here pleasingly. The letter 'w' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Still here I carry my old delicious burdens" | Paradox Metaphor |
The absurd statement is made here. 'Delicious burdens' is implicitly compared with memories. |
| "I carry them, men and women, I carry them with me wherever I go" | Antithesis Repetition Alliteration |
'Men' and 'women' are opposite words. The words 'I carry' are repeated here pleasingly. The letter 'm' and 'w' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "I am fill'd with them, and I will fill them in return" | Repetition | The word 'fill' is repeated here pleasingly. |
Poem 2.2 'Indian Weavers'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "Weavers, weaving at break of day, Why do you weave a garment so gay?" | Alliteration Interrogation |
The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The question is asked here. |
| "...break of day" | Symbol | The word 'break of day' is used in a symbolic meaning of birth. |
| "Weavers, weaving at break of day" | Metaphor | 'Break of day' is implicitly compared with birth. |
| "Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild, We weave the robes of a new-born child." | Simile Alliteration Imagery Symbol |
The indirect comparison is made here between Blue and colour of halcyon's wing. The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words "blue" and "wing of a bird" are visual images. The word blue stands for innocence. The word halcyon stands for creation. |
| "Weavers, weaving at fall of night, Why do you weave a garment so bright?" | Alliteration Interrogation Symbol |
The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The question is asked here. The word 'fall of night' is used in a symbolic meaning of 'youth'. |
| "Weavers, weaving at fall of night" | Metaphor | 'Fall of night' is indirectly compared with Adulthood / Youth. |
| "Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green, We weave the marriage-veils of a queen." | Alliteration Simile Imagery |
The sound 'p, w' repeated here pleasingly. The indirect comparison is made here between peacock's plumes and marriage-veils. The words "the plumes of a peacock" and "purple and green" are visual images. |
| "Weavers, weaving solemn and still, What do you weave in the moonlight chill" | Alliteration Inversion Symbol |
The letter 'w', 's' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are not in a proper order. The proper order of phrase is in the chill moonlight. The word 'chill moonlight' is used in a symbolic meaning of 'death'. |
| "White as a feather and white as a cloud, We weave a dead man's funeral shroud" | Alliteration Imagery Simile Repetition |
The letter 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words "white feather" and "white cloud" are visual images. The indirect comparison is made here between white and feather, cloud. The word 'white as' is repeated pleasingly. |
Poem 2.3 'Inchcape Rock'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "No stir in the air, no stir in the sea." | Repetition | The word 'no stir' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "The ship was as still as she could be." | Simile Alliteration |
The indirect comparison is made here. The sound 's' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Her sails from heaven received no motion, Her keel was steady in the ocean." | Alliteration Repetition |
The sound 'h' is repeated here pleasingly. The word 'her' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Without either sign or sound of their shock" | Alliteration | The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "The waves flow'd over the Inchcape Rock" | Archaism | The word 'flow'd' (flowed) is an old English word. |
| "So little they rose, so little they fell." | Antithesis Repetition |
Opposite words are used here for emphasis. The word 'So little they' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "The Abbot of Aberbrothok" | Alliteration | The letter 'A' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "On a buoy in the storm it floated and swung" | Personification | The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. |
| "And over the waves its warning rung." | Alliteration Inversion |
The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are not in a correct order. Order: Its warning rung over waves. |
| "When the Rock was hid by the surge's swell" | Alliteration | The sound 's' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "And then they knew the perilous Rock, And blest the Abbot of Aberbrothok." | Alliteration | The letter 'A, t' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "The Sun in heaven was shining gay, All things were joyful on that day;" | Personification | The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. |
| "The sea-birds scream'd as they wheel'd round..." | Alliteration Archaism |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. 'Scream'd' (screamed), 'wheel'd' (wheeled) are old English words. |
| "Sir Ralph the Rover, walk'd his deck, And he fix'd his eye on the darker speck." | Alliteration Archaism |
The sound 'r' repeated here pleasingly. 'Walk'd' (walked), 'fix'd' (fixed) are old English words. |
| "He felt the cheering power of spring." | Personification | The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. Spring cannot cheer but humans are able to cheer. |
Poem 2.4 'Have you Earned your Tomorrow'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "Is anybody happier because you passed his way?" | Interrogation | The question is asked here. |
| "Does anyone remember that you spoke to him today?" | Interrogation | The question is asked here. |
| "This day is almost over, and its toiling time is through;" | Alliteration | The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Is there anyone to utter now a kindly word of you?" | Interrogation | The question is asked here. |
| "Did you give a cheerful greeting to the friend who came along?" | Interrogation | The question is asked here. |
| "Or a churlish sort of 'Howdy' and then vanish in the throng?" | Interrogation Alliteration |
The question is asked here. The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Were you selfish pure and simple as you rushed along the way," | Inversion | The words are not in a proper order. Order: You were pure selfish and simple as the way rushed along. |
| "Or is someone mighty grateful for a deed you did today?" | Interrogation Alliteration |
The question is asked here. The sound 'd' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "That you helped a single brother of the many that you passed?" | Interrogation Synecdoche |
The question is asked here. Brother, a part, represents the whole human being. |
| "Can you say tonight, in parting with the days that's slipping fast" | Personification | The lifeless thing day is treated here as animated quality slipping fast. |
| "Does a man whose hopes were fading now with courage look ahead?" | Interrogation Antithesis Inversion |
The question is asked here. The contradictory words 'fade' and 'courage' are used here. Order: Does a man whose hopes were fading now look ahead with courage? |
| "Is a single heart rejoicing over what you did or said;" | Synecdoche Interrogation |
'Single heart' a part represents to whole human beings. The question is asked here. |
| "Did you waste the day, or lose it; was it well or sorely spent?" | Alliteration Antithesis |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. The contradictory words 'well' and 'sore' are used here. |
| "Did you leave a trail of kindness or a scar of discontent?" | Interrogation Antithesis Metaphor |
The question is asked here. The contradictory words 'kindness' and 'discontent' are used here. 'Discontent' is implicitly compared with a scar. |
| "As you close your eyes in slumber do you think that God would say" | Personification | God is treated here as animated quality able to speak. |
| "You have earned one more tomorrow by the work you did today?" | Antithesis | The contradictory words 'tomorrow' and 'today' are used here. |
Poem 2.5 'Father Returning Home'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "My father travels on the late evening train" | Alliteration | The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Standing among silent commuters in the yellow light" | Alliteration | The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes." | Alliteration Paradox Personification |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. One would not refer to eyes as not being able to see. This is an absurd statement. Suburbs are shown as sliding past (human quality). |
| "His shirt and pants are soggy and his black raincoat" | Alliteration Metaphor |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. Black raincoat is implicitly compared with dullness. |
| "Stained with mud and his bag stuffed with books Is falling apart." | Alliteration | The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "His eyes dimmed by age Fade homeward through the humid monsoon night." | Metaphor Alliteration |
Dimmed eyes are implicitly compared with tiredness. The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Now I can see him getting off the train Like a word dropped from a long sentence." | Simile | The indirect comparison is made here. Between father's getting off and a dropping word. |
| "He hurries across the length of the grey platform," | Alliteration Metaphor |
The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. Grey platform is implicitly compared with old age. |
| "His chappals are sticky with mud, but he hurries onward." | Alliteration | The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "I see him drinking weak tea." | Personification | The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. |
| "...Eating a stale chapati, reading a book." | Code-mixing | Used Hindi (chapati) and English Word together. |
| "Man's estrangement from a man-made world" | Alliteration Repetition |
The sound 'm' repeated here pleasingly. The word 'man' is repeated. |
| "A few droplets cling to the greying hair on his wrists." | Alliteration Synecdoche |
The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. Grey hair a part represents whole old age. |
| "Listening to the static on the radio" | Symbolism Onomatopoeia |
The sentence is used in a symbolic meaning of 'escape from this mean world'. The word 'static' denotes the tuning sound of radio. |
| "His sullen children have often refused to share Jokes and secrets with him." | Alliteration Synecdoche |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. Jokes and secrets, a part, represents to whole details of lives. |
Poem 2.6 'Money'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "When I had money, money, O!" | Repetition Apostrophe |
The word 'money' is repeated here pleasingly. The feelings represented by an exclamation. |
| "For many false man as a friend Came knocking all day at my door." | Inversion Hyperbole |
Order: For many false man came knocking at my door as a friend all day. This is an over statement. |
| "Then felt I like a child that holds" | Simile Inversion |
The indirect comparison is made here. Feeling are like child. Order: Then I felt like a child that holds. |
| "Much have I thought of life and seen" | Inversion | Order: I thought much of life and seen. |
| "And how their wives do hum like bees" | Simile Onomatopoeia |
The indirect comparison is made here. Between wife and bees. The sound is expressed in a word 'hum'. |
| "About their work from morn till night." | Antithesis | Opposite words are used here for emphasis. |
| "So, when I hear these poor ones laugh, And see the rich ones coldly frown" | Antithesis Repetition |
Opposite words are used here for emphasis. The word 'ones' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Poor men, think I, need not go up So much as rich men should come down" | Antithesis Inversion Simile |
Opposite words are used here for emphasis. Order: I think, poor man need not go up So much as rich men should come down. The indirect comparison is made here. Between poor and rich. |
| "My many friends proved all untrue" | Inversion | Order: My many friends proved untrue all. |
| "But now I have no money, O!" | Apostrophe | The feelings represented by an exclamation. |
| "Not speak to this false world know" | Metonymy | The word 'world' represents people. World and people are closely associated. |
Poem 2.7 'She Walks in Beauty'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "She walks in beauty, like the night" | Simile | The indirect comparison is made here. Between walking beauty and night. |
| "Of cloudless climes and starry skies" | Alliteration | The sound 's, c' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "And all that's best of dark and bright" | Antithesis | Opposite words are used here for emphasis. |
| "Meet in her aspect and her eyes" | Repetition | The word 'her' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies." | Alliteration Personification |
The sound 't, d' repeated here pleasingly. The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. Light is treated as tenderly. |
| "One shade the more, one ray the less," | Antithesis Repetition |
Opposite words (less/more) are used here for emphasis. The word 'one' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Had half impaired the nameless grace" | Alliteration | The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "Which waves in every raven tress Or softly lightens o'er her face" | Alliteration Archaism (Syncope) |
The sound 'w' repeated here pleasingly. The word o'er mean over. It is an old English word. |
| "Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how dear their dwelling-place." | Alliteration Repetition Metaphor |
The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. The word 'how' is repeated here pleasingly. Mind is implicitly compared with dwelling-place. |
| "And on that cheek, and o'er that brow" | Archaism (Syncope) Repetition |
The word o'er mean over. It is an old English word. The word 'and', 'that' is repeated here pleasingly. |
| "So soft, so calm, yet eloquent" | Repetition Alliteration |
The word 'so' is repeated here pleasingly. The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "The smiles that win, the tints that glow" | Repetition Personification Alliteration |
The word 'the that' is repeated here pleasingly. Smile treated here as winning and tint. The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "But tell of days in goodness spent" | Inversion | Order: But tell of days spent in goodness. |
| "A mind at peace with all below" | Synecdoche | The word 'mind' a part represents the woman as whole. |
Poem 2.8 'Small Towns and Rivers'
| Examples | Figures of Speech | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "My hometown lies calmly amidst the trees" | Personification | Hometown is treated as human lying calmly. |
| "it is always the same, in summer or winter, with the dust flying" | Climax Personification Antithesis |
The words are arranged here in ascending order. Dust has been personified by showing - flying. Summer/winter are opposite words used here for emphasis. |
| "or the wind howling down the gorge" | Personification Onomatopoeia |
Wind has been personified by showing howling. The word 'howling' denotes sound word. |
| "In the dreadful silence we wept" | Antithesis Alliteration Inversion |
Silence/wept are opposite words used here for emphasis. The sound 'w' repeated here pleasingly. Order: We wept in the dreadful silence. |
| "looking at the sad wreath of tuberoses" | Personification | 'Sad wreath' has been personified. |
| "Life and death, life and death," | Repetition Antithesis |
The word life/death is repeated here pleasingly. Life/death are opposite words used here for emphasis. |
| "The river has a soul." | Personification | River has been personified by showing has a soul. |
| "In the summer it cuts through the land like a torrent of grief." | Simile Personification Metaphor |
Comparison between River and its flow. River has been personified by showing cutting through land. Grief is implicitly compared with a torrent. |
| "Sometimes, sometimes, I think it holds its breath seeking a land of fish and stars" | Repetition Personification Alliteration |
The word 'sometimes' is repeated here pleasingly. River has a breath. The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. |
| "the river knows the immortality of water." | Personification | River treated as human. |
| "It knows, stretching past the town," | Personification | River treated as human by showing 'Knows'. |
| "from the first drop of rain to dry earth" | Alliteration | The sound 'f, d' repeated here pleasingly. |
3. Question Tag
Definition & Rules
A tag question is a small question that is attached, or "tagged", to the end of a sentence. Rather than repeat the main verb, a form of "be" or other auxiliary verb or modal is used in the tag.
- COPY THE GIVEN SENTENCE.
- PUT A COMMA (,).
- USE HELPING VERB. (Helping Verb เคตे เคนोเคคी เคนैं, เคो เคตाเค्เคฏ เคो เคฌเคคाเคจे เคฎें เคนेเคฒ्เคช เคเคฐเคคी เคนैं เคि เคตाเค्เคฏ Present (เคตเคฐ्เคคเคฎाเคจ) เคฎें เคนै, Past (เคญूเคคเคाเคฒ) เคฎें เคนै เคฏा Future (เคญเคตिเคท्เคฏ) เคฎें เคนै।)
- USE A PRONOUN. (เค เคฐ्เคฅाเคค เคिเคธी เคต्เคฏเค्เคคि, เคตเคธ्เคคु, เคธ्เคฅाเคจ เคเคฆि, เคे เคจाเคฎ เคे เคธ्เคฅाเคจ เคชเคฐ เคเคฐเคคे เคนैं)
- PUT A QUESTION TAG (?).
Examples
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1) I am a teacher. | I am a teacher, aren't I? |
| 2) I am not a student. | I am not a student, am I? |
| 3) You are the best student. | You are the best student, aren't you? |
| 4) You are not a dull boy. | You are not a dull boy, are you? |
| 5) He is my dearest brother. | He is my dearest brother, isn't he? |
| 6) He is not my best friend. | He is not my best friend, is he? |
| 7) She was reading a book. | She was reading a book, wasn't she? |
| 8) She wasn't writing her homework. | She wasn't writing her homework, was she? |
| 9) It will help you. | It will help you, won't it? |
| 10) It won't help you. | It won't help you, will it? |
| 11) We shall come tomorrow. | We shall come tomorrow, shan't we? |
| 12) We shall never go there. | We shall never go there, shall we? |
| 13) They can come anytime. | They can come anytime, can't they? |
| 14) They cannot come. | They cannot come, can they? |
4. Direct & Indirect Speech
Definition
Direct Speech: Direct speech is exactly what it sounds like—text that reports the exact thoughts expressed by a person in their original form. It is often enclosed in quotation marks.
(เคเคฌ เคตเค्เคคा เคฆ्เคตाเคฐा เคเคนी เคเคฏी เคฌाเคค เคो เค्เคฏों เคा เคค्เคฏों เคिเคธी เคो เคต्เคฏเค्เคค เคเคฐเคคे เคนैं, เคคो เคเคธे Direct Speech เคเคนा เคाเคคा เคนै।)
Indirect Speech: Indirect speech is also known as reported speech, indirect narration, or indirect discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else's statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement, it is called indirect speech.
(เคเคฌ เคนเคฎ เคตเค्เคคा เคฆ्เคตाเคฐा เคเคนे เคเคฏे เคเคฅเคจ เคो เค เคชเคจे เคถเคฌ्เคฆों เคฎें เคต्เคฏเค्เคค เคเคฐเคคे เคนैं เคคो เคเคธे Indirect speech เคเคนเคคे เคนैं।)
Conversion Table
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
|---|---|
| He said, "I live in the city center." (present simple) | He said he lived in the city center. |
| He said, "I'm going out." (present continuous) | He said he was going out. |
| He said, "I've finished." (present perfect) | He said he had finished. |
| He said, "I've been studying a lot." (present perfect continuous) | He said he had been studying a lot. |
| He said, "I arrived before you." (past simple) | He said he had arrived before you. |
| He said, "I had already left." (past perfect) | He said he had already left. |
| He said, "I'll be there at 2pm." (future simple) | He said he would be there at 2pm. |
| He said, "I'm going to call Alan." (be going to) | He said he was going to call Alan. |
| She said, "I can swim." | She said she could swim. |
| She said, "I must go." | She said she had to go. |
| She said, "I may drive there." | She said she might drive there. |
| She said, "Shall we start?" | She asked if we should start. |
| She said, "I'll call you." | She said she would call me. |
5. Active & Passive Voice
Definition
A subject is an agent who performs the verb on the object.
Active voice: When a subject is directly acting on the object, the sentence is written in Active voice.
(Active Voice : เคเคฐ्เคคा เคเคธे เคธीเคงे เคคौเคฐ เคชเคฐ เคเคฐे. เคเคธ เคฎें เคฎुเค्เคฏ เคซोเคเคธ Subject เคชเคฐ เคนोเคคा เคนै.)
Example: Ram is writing a letter. (Active Voice) เคเคธเคฎें เคฎुเค्เคฏ เคซोเคเคธ เคฐाเคฎ เคชเคฐ เคนै.
Passive voice: When the object is acted upon by the subject, the sentence is written in Passive voice.
(Passive Voice: เคฏा เคเคธे เคเคฐ्เคคा เคฆ्เคตाเคฐा เคนोเคคे เคนुเค เคฆिเคाเคฏा เคाเค. เคเคธเคฎें เคฎुเค्เคฏ เคซोเคเคธ Object เคชเคฐ เคนोเคคा เคนै.)
Example: A letter is being written by Ram. (Passive Voice) เคเคธเคฎें เคฎुเค्เคฏ เคซोเคเคธ เคชเคค्เคฐ เคชเคฐ เคนै.
Examples
| Active Voice Examples | Passive Voice Examples |
|---|---|
| Mohan sings a song | A song is sung by Mohan |
| Sita reads a book | A book is read by Sita |
| He writes a letter | A letter is written by him |
| She plays cricket | Cricket is played by her |
| He sells book | Books are sold by him |
| I have made some tea | Tea has been made by me |
6. Types of Sentences
- Positive Sentence: Also known as an affirmative sentence, it makes a statement about something that is 'so'.
- Negative Sentence: A sentence that states that something is false. In English, we create negative sentences by adding the word 'not' after the auxiliary, or helping, verb.
- Assertive Sentence: A sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert, or declare something. Also called declarative sentences. They usually end with a period or full stop.
- Exclamatory Sentence: Also known as an exclamation sentence or an exclamative clause, is a statement that expresses strong emotion. Typically ends with an exclamation mark.
- Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question. Can be direct or indirect, begin with or without pronouns, and feature yes/no interrogatives, alternative questions, or tag questions.
7. Parts of Speech
- Noun: Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized when they're the official name of something or someone, called proper nouns.
Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow. - Pronoun: Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of nouns that refer only to people.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves. - Verb: Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show a sentence subject's state of being (is, was).
Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became. - Adjective: Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much, what kind, and more.
Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth. - Adverb: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when, where, how, and why something happened and to what extent or how often.
Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes. - Preposition: Prepositions show special, temporal, and role relations between a noun or pronoun and the other words in a sentence.
Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from. - Conjunction: Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence.
Examples: and, but, or, so, yet, with.
8. Grammar Practice (Solved)
1. He shook his head regretfully. (Use the word regret and rewrite the sentence)
Ans: He shook his head with regret.
2. If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees? (Use the word -satisfaction)
Ans: If my answers give you satisfaction, will you give me 5 rupees?
3. He had to leave home without telling anyone. (Use modal auxiliary showing obligation)
Ans: He must leave home without telling anyone.
4. Tell me something worthwhile. (Identify the type of sentence)
Ans: Imperative Sentence.
5. You can't get out of it now. (Use - be able to)
Ans: You are not able to get out of it now.
6. What is Big Data? (Write the type of the sentence)
Ans: Interrogative Sentence.
7. Advertisers are one of the biggest players in Big Data. (Begin the sentence with 'Very few')
Ans: Very few players in Big Data are as big as advertisers.
8. No other diagnosis is as good as the diagnosis done with the help of Big Data. (Use 'best' and rewrite the sentence)
Ans: The diagnosis done with the help of the big data is the best diagnosis.
9. These internet giants provide the greatest data about people. (Use 'greater than' and rewrite the sentence)
Ans: These internet giants provide greater data about people than any other.
10. She could not face the whole horror. (Make affirmative)
Ans: She was unable to face the whole horror.
11. She saw the truth. (Change the voice)
Ans: The truth was seen by her.
12. "Mabel's got a new dress!" he said. (Make indirect speech)
Ans: He said that Mabel had git a new dress.
13. What a fright she looks! (Make assertive sentence)
Ans: She looks a real fright.
14. How dull! (Make assertive sentence)
Ans: It was very dull.
15. I barely walked around 15 metres and stopped. (Make it simple sentence)
Ans: Barely walking around 15 metres I stopped.
16. It is an elusive animal. (Make it exclamatory sentence)
Ans: What an elusive animal it is!
17. I kept walking straight until I climbed a familiar hillock. (Identify the tense)
Ans: Simple Past Tense.
18. There must be a village nearby. (Use modal auxiliary showing certainty)
Ans: There will be a village nearby.
19. The jungle had taken a toll on him. (Begin the sentence with - 'A toll on him')
Ans: A toll on him had been by the jungle.
20. Few of us ever forget the connection between "travel" and "travail." (Find preposition)
Ans: Between.
21. You can teach them what they have to celebrate. (Frame a wh- question to get underlined words as answer)
Ans: What can you teach them?
22. My spoken English was quite pathetic. (Make exclamatory sentence)
Ans: How Pathetic my Spoken English Was!
23. And we travel to fill in the gaps left by tomorrow's headlines. (Write the linking word.)
Ans: Linking Word- And
24. I felt extremely humiliated and upset. (Make exclamatory sentence)
Ans: How humiliated and and upset I felt!
25. I wanted to speak excellent, elegant and fluent English. (Find adjectives)
Ans: Adjectives: Excellent, Elegant, Fluent.
