Social Sciences (History & Political Science) July 2024 Question Paper Solution | SSC Maharashtra Board

HISTORY

Q. 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the sentences : (3 Marks)

(1) It may be said that ............... was the founder of modern historiography.

Options: (a) Voltaire (b) René Descartes (c) Leopold Ranké (d) Karl Marx
Answer: (a) Voltaire

(2) The ................. saw the rise of Mathura school.

Options: (a) Kushana period (b) Gupta period (c) Rashtrakuta period (d) Maurya period
Answer: (a) Kushana period

(3) ................. at Kolkata is the first museum in India.

Options: (a) Government Museum (b) National Museum (c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay (d) Indian Museum
Answer: (d) Indian Museum

Q. 1. (B) Identify the wrong pair in the following and write : (3 Marks)

(1) Authors and Works

(i) Rene Descartes — ‘Discourse on the Method’
(ii) Karl Marx — ‘Das Capital’
(iii) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel — ‘Reason in History’
(iv) Leopold von Ranke — ‘The Histories’

Wrong Pair: Leopold von Ranke — ‘The Histories’
(Note: ‘The Histories’ was written by Herodotus. Ranke wrote ‘The Theory and Practice of History’.)

(2) Tourist Places and Types

(i) Matheran — Hill Station
(ii) Todoba — Rock-cut Caves
(iii) Kolhapur — Pilgrim Centre
(iv) Ajanta — World Heritage

Wrong Pair: Todoba — Rock-cut Caves
(Note: Tadoba is a Tiger Reserve/National Park. Ajanta/Ellora are Rock-cut caves.)

(3) Sports and Categories

(i) Mallakhamb — Outdoor game based on physical skills
(ii) Water Polo — Water sport
(iii) Skating — Adventurous ice sport
(iv) Chess — Outdoor game

Wrong Pair: Chess — Outdoor game
(Note: Chess is an indoor game.)

Q. 2. (A) Complete the following activity according to the given instructions (any two) : (4 Marks)

(1) Complete the concept chart (Historical Literature/Authors):

Ziauddin Barani ➔ Purpose of Historiography (Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi)

Kalhana ➔ History of Kashmir (Rajtarangini)

Sabhasad Bakhar ➔ The reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Tuzuk-i-Babari ➔ Descriptions of the battles fought by Babur

(2) Complete the following concept map: Types of Tourism

Center: Types of Tourism

Historical Tourism

Geographic Tourism

Health Tourism

Agro-Tourism

Sports Tourism

(3) Complete the following chart: Bhajan vs Bharud

Points	Bhajan	Bharud
Characteristics	Singing songs in praise of God; Use of instruments like Chipli, Tal, Mridangam.	Spiritual and ethical teaching through drama and songs; Often acts like 'Vasudev'.
Examples	Saint Namdev, Saint Tukaram, Tulsidas.	Saint Eknath's Bharuds.

Q. 2. (B) Write short notes on (any two) : (4 Marks)

(1) Art

Art is a natural human instinct to share his experienced wisdom, emotions, and enlightenment with others. This results in the creation of something beautiful, which we call 'Art'.

• Visual Arts (Drik Kala): Examples include painting and sculpture.
• Performing Arts (Lalit Kala): Examples include music, dance, and drama.
• Art is also classified into Folk Art (passed down generations) and Classical Art (based on strict rules).

(2) The role of newspaper in the Indian struggle for independence

During the freedom struggle, newspapers played a pivotal role:

• Awareness: They created social and political awareness among the masses.
• Criticism: Newspapers like Kesari and Maratha criticized the suppressive policies of the British Government.
• Reform: They acted as a medium for social reformation and propagated ideas of liberty and equality (e.g., Darpan, Prabhakar).
• Unity: They helped unite people against colonial rule.

(3) Dictionaries

Dictionaries (Kosh) are compilations of words, their meanings, and etymologies.

• Purpose: To enhance vocabulary and make knowledge accessible.
• Types:
  1. Shabdakosh (Dictionary of words/meanings).
  2. Vishwakosh (Encyclopedias).
  3. Koshsadrush (Encyclopedic literature).
  4. Samanarthak Shabdakosh (Thesaurus).
• They are important historical documents as they reflect the language and culture of a specific period.

Q. 3. Explain the following statements with reasons (any two) : (4 Marks)

(1) Bakhar is an important type of historical documents.

Reason:

• Bakhar is a form of historical narrative written in medieval Marathi.
• It contains eulogies of heroes and stories of historic events, battles, and lives of great men.
• It provides valuable information about the political happenings, linguistic transactions, cultural life, and social conditions of that period (e.g., Sabhasad Bakhar).
• Therefore, despite some exaggerations, Bakhars are vital sources for writing medieval History.

(2) It is essential to study the history of technology.

Reason:

• Technology is the key to human progress. Man's journey from stone tools to the industrial revolution involves technological evolution.
• To understand the changes in agricultural production, architecture, and engineering, we must understand the history of technology.
• Technological advancements influence social and cultural changes.
• Hence, to understand the development of civilization, studying the history of technology is essential.

(3) Knowledge of History is essential for newspaper articles.

Reason:

• Newspapers often publish columns like "50 Years Ago" or "100 Years Ago," which require historical records.
• While writing about current events (e.g., relations between countries), editors need to trace the historical background to provide context.
• Reviews of books, movies, or cultural events in newspapers require a historical perspective.
• Thus, history provides the foundation for in-depth journalism.

(4) Only trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.

Reason:

• Institutes like libraries, museums, and archives preserve precious historical heritage, which requires highly specialized handling of artifacts and manuscripts.
• The process involves complex tasks such as collecting sources, creating scientific indexes, and applying chemical treatments to prevent decay.
• An untrained person might not understand the historical value of a fragment (e.g., a torn page) and might accidentally discard or damage it.
• Therefore, to ensure accuracy, reduce errors, and maintain the integrity of historical sources, only qualified professionals with specific skills should perform this work.

Q. 4. Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it : (4 Marks)

(Passage on Hemadpanti Temples)

(1) How are the outer walls of Hemadpanti temples built?

The outer walls of Hemadpanti temples are built in a star shape with a zigzag design.

(2) Give examples of Hemadpanti temples.

Examples include the Ambreshwar temple at Ambarnath (near Mumbai), Gondeshwar temple at Sinnar (near Nashik), and Aundha Nagnath temple in Hingoli district.

(3) What are the main characteristics of Hemadpanti temples?

The main characteristics are:

• Star-shaped Plan: The outer walls have a zigzag pattern that creates an interesting effect of alternating light and shadow.
• Dry Masonry: The walls are built without using lime or mortar. The stones are locked together using the technique of tenon and mortise joints.

Q. 5. Answer the following questions in detail (any two) : (6 Marks)

(1) Explain Karl Marx’s class theory.

According to Karl Marx:

1. History is not about abstract ideas but about living people.
2. Human relationships are shaped by the fundamental needs of people and the ownership of the means of production to meet these needs.
3. The accessibility of these means is not equal for all sections of society. This inequality causes a division of society into two classes: the 'Haves' (those who own means of production) and the 'Have-nots'.
4. This leads to Class Struggle. The class that owns the means of production exploits the rest of the classes.
5. Marx presented this view in his famous book ‘Das Capital’.

(2) How can we correlate Applied History with our present?

Applied History (Public History) connects the past to the present in several ways:

1. Solving Current Issues: Knowledge of history helps in analyzing and finding solutions to contemporary social and political problems.
2. Social Planning: By studying past trends, we can plan better for social development.
3. Heritage Management: Applied History helps in preserving our cultural and natural heritage, creating opportunities for tourism and employment.
4. Identity: It helps society understand its roots, fostering a sense of identity and pride.

(3) Explain the close tie between Sports and History.

There is a close relationship between Sports and History:

1. Historical Record: One needs to resort to history to understand the origin and evolution of various sports (e.g., Olympics in Ancient Greece).
2. Review and Research: Writing articles, encyclopedias, or making documentaries about sports requires deep historical research.
3. Commentary: Sports commentators need knowledge of the history of the game, previous records, and eminent players to make their commentary interesting.
4. Biography: Studying the lives of legendary players helps inspire future generations.

(4) Why is Maharashtra known as the land that nurtured the Indian Film Industry?

1. Origins: Dadasaheb Phalke, the 'Father of Indian Cinema', released the first full-length Indian movie, Raja Harishchandra, in Mumbai in 1913.
2. Development: The subsequent growth of the industry, including silent movies and talkies, was centered in Maharashtra.
3. Talent & Infrastructure: Maharashtra provided the necessary artists, technicians, and studios (e.g., Prabhat Film Company in Pune).
4. Cultural Hub: Mumbai became the hub of Bollywood, attracting talent from all over India, making Maharashtra the nurturing ground for Indian cinema.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Q. 6. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements : (2 Marks)

(1) The Election Commissioner is appointed by the ................ .

Options: (a) President (b) Prime Minister (c) Speaker of Lok Sabha (d) Vice-President
Answer: (a) President

(2) To increase agricultural production and become self-sufficient with regard to food grains ......................... was initiated.

Options: (a) Water revolution (b) Green revolution (c) Industrial revolution (d) White revolution
Answer: (b) Green revolution

Q. 7. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer (any two) : (4 Marks)

(1) The nature of Constitution is seen as a living document.

True.
Reason: The Constitution is dynamic and not static. It can be amended by the Parliament to suit the changing needs and conditions of the society. This flexibility allows it to adapt and survive, making it a "living document."

(2) The Election Commission lays down the code of conduct during elections.

True.
Reason: To ensure free and fair elections, the Election Commission enforces a Code of Conduct. It outlines the rules to be followed by the government, political parties, and candidates before and during the elections to prevent malpractice.

(3) Movements do not need a strong leadership.

False.
Reason: Strong leadership is the backbone of any movement. Leaders define the objectives, plan the strategy, and mobilize the masses. Without strong leadership, movements become directionless and often fail to achieve their goals.

Q. 8. (A) Explain the following concept (any one) : (2 Marks)

(1) Policy of reservation of seats

The policy of reservation is a provision made for sections of society that have been deprived of opportunities for education and employment for a long time (e.g., SC, ST, OBC). It ensures their representation in government jobs, educational institutions, and political bodies (Lok Sabha/Vidhan Sabha) to bring them into the mainstream and ensure social justice.

(2) Regional parties

Regional parties are political groups that have a strong sense of regional identity. They focus on regional issues and demand autonomy and development for their specific region. They prioritize local interests over national ones but influence national politics through coalitions (e.g., Shiv Sena, TDP, DMK).

Q. 8. (B) Complete the following activity according to given instructions (any one) : (2 Marks)

(1) Complete the concept map: National Parties

Center: National Parties

Indian National Congress (INC)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Communist Party of India (CPI)

Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

(2) Complete the concept map: Challenges before Indian Democracy

Center: Challenges before Indian Democracy

Left extremists - Naxalism

Communalism

Corruption

Criminalisation of Politics

Q. 9. Answer in brief (any one) : (2 Marks)

(1) What are the effects of reducing the voting age from 21 years to 18 years?

The 61st Amendment reduced the voting age from 21 to 18.

• Enfranchisement: It gave the right to vote to millions of youth, increasing the number of voters significantly.
• Largest Democracy: It made India the largest democracy in the world in terms of the electorate.
• Youth Participation: It encouraged the youth to participate in the political process, making the democracy more representative and dynamic.

(2) What are the effects of criminalisation of politics?

• Ethics: Politics loses its ethical basis and moral standards.
• Violence: The use of money and muscle power increases, leading to violence during elections.
• Governance: When criminals enter the legislature, the quality of governance suffers, and corruption increases.
• Trust: Common people lose faith in the democratic process.

Maharashtra Board SSC English Third Language Question Paper July 2024 Solution | N 383

English (Third Language) - N 383
July 2024 Solved Paper

SECTION I: Language Study (10 Marks)

Q.1.(A) Do as directed (Attempt any four)

(1) Complete the following words by using correct letters:

(i) lea_n    (ii) ni_ht    (iii) m_nth    (iv) ha_sh

Answer:
(i) learn
(ii) night
(iii) month
(iv) harsh

(2) Put the following words in alphabetical order:

Answer:
(i) bell, good, story, wide
(ii) lack, learn, lion, look

(3) Punctuate the following:

Answer:
(i) "Is that so?" said Mrs. Srivastava.
(ii) She smiled. A beggar changed my life.

(4) Make four words (minimum of three letters each) using the letters in the word: 'INTERGENERATIONAL'

Answer (Any four):
Generate, Ration, Rate, Tent, Train, Enter, Nation, Real, Late, Net, Rat, Ten.

(5) Write the related words as shown in the example (Child - Small):

Answer (Adjectives describing Child):
Innocent, Playful, Active, Young, Sweet, Naughty.

(6) Complete the word-chain of 'Nouns':

table → ................ → ................ → ................ → ................

Answer (Example):
table → elephant → tiger → rat → tent

(B) Do as directed

(1) Attempt any one:

(a) Make a meaningful sentence by using the phrase: 'in a flash'

Answer: The magician vanished from the stage in a flash.

OR

(b) Add a clause to the following sentence to expand it meaningfully: I read stories.

Answer: I read stories that are full of mystery and adventure.

(2) Attempt any one:

(a) Add a prefix or suffix to make new words:

(i) steady → unsteady / steadily
(ii) care → careful / careless

OR

(b) Make a meaningful sentence using any one of the following words:

(i) steady → The turtle won the race with a slow and steady pace.
(ii) care → We should take care of our health.

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SECTION II: Textual Passages (20 Marks)

Q.2.(A) Read the passage and do the activities

A1. Write whether the following sentences are 'True' or 'False':

(i) The old seagull was alone on his ledge. False

(ii) The sea was very expansive. True

(iii) His father and mother had not come around him. False

(iv) He attempted to flap his wings. True

A2. Complete the following web:

The young seagull:

• slept in the little hole under the ledge.
• bent his head.
• failed to muster up courage.
• ran away back to the little hole.

A3. Match the synonyms:

(i) ledge — (b) a narrow horizontal shelf
(ii) shrilly — (c) in a loud voice
(iii) brink — (d) the edge of a steep place
(iv) upbraiding — (a) scolding

A4. Do as directed:

(i) He had taken a little run forward. (Identify the tense)

Answer: Past Perfect Tense

(ii) His father and mother had come around him. (Use 'not only ... but also')

Answer: His father and mother had not only come around him but also called to him.

A5. How do your parents help you in your study?

Answer: My parents help me by creating a quiet environment for me to study. They clarify my doubts when I am stuck, provide me with necessary books, and encourage me to do my best during exams.

(B) Read the passage and do the activities

B1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) The speaker met with a Sudanese child soldier.

(ii) Don't kill your children because of poverty.

(iii) The child labourer was very small and skinny.

(iv) All the great religions teach us to care for our children.

B2. According to the narrator, what is violence?

Answer: According to the narrator, there is no greater violence than to deny the dreams of our children.

B3. Write the describing words used for the following nouns:

(i) extremist militia    (ii) great religions

(iii) first training    (iv) greater violence

B4. Do as directed:

(i) The world is very poor. (Make it exclamatory)

Answer: How poor the world is!

(ii) He was kidnapped by an extremist militia. (Choose the correct 'Active Voice')

Answer: (a) An extremist militia kidnapped him.

B5. What is your opinion about child labour?

Answer: Child labour is a cruel practice that robs children of their childhood and education. It traps them in poverty and often exposes them to hazardous conditions. I strongly believe every child deserves to be in school, not at work.

SECTION III: Poetry (10 Marks)

Q.3.(A) Read the stanzas and do the activities

A1. Complete the following sentences:

(i) The ship has weather'd every rack / anchor'd safe and sound.

(ii) All the people were exulting.

(iii) The captain lies on the deck.

(iv) The captain has fallen cold and dead.

A2. Match the references with their symbols:

(i) The ship — (b) United States of America
(ii) The fearful trip — (c) The deathly civil war
(iii) The bells — (d) Celebrating victory
(iv) Captain — (a) The President of USA

A3. Write '2' pairs of rhyming words from the poem.

Answer: (1) done - won, (2) red - dead.

(B) Appreciation of the poem

Poem: You Start Dying Slowly...

Title: You Start Dying Slowly...

Name of the poet: Pablo Neruda

Rhyme Scheme: Free verse (No rhyme scheme).

Figure of speech: Repetition ("You start dying slowly..." is repeated for emphasis).

Theme/Central Idea: The poem emphasizes living life to the fullest. It suggests that if we don't travel, read, express emotions, or chase our dreams, we lose the essence of life and start "dying slowly" inside.

SECTION IV: Non-Textual Passage (15 Marks)

Q.4. (A) Read the passage and do the activities

A1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Over 60 students selected from across the country.

(ii) The ISRO Chief's announcement plunged the whole country.

(iii) There was a celebratory mood all over the ISRO complex.

(iv) K. Sivan is the name of ISRO Chief.

A2. Complete the table with describing events:

at 1.38 am: Announcement of the start of final descent.
at 1.51 am: The green line stopped moving (loss of contact).
at 2.16 am: ISRO Chief broke the bad news.
PM's entry: Consoled the scientists.

A3. Find antonyms:

(i) Ended × Start
(ii) Rejected × Selected
(iii) Last × First
(iv) Began × Stopped

A4. Do as directed:

(i) The lander raced down the trajectory. (Add a question tag)

Answer: The lander raced down the trajectory, didn't it?

(ii) The PM started clapping. (Simple future tense)

Answer: The PM will start clapping.

A5. As a student what do you feel about the Mission Chandrayaan-2?

Answer: I feel immense pride in the scientists of ISRO. Despite the lander not landing as planned, the mission itself was a massive technological achievement. It taught us that failures are pillars of success.

(B) Summary Writing

A Night of Hope and Heartbreak

The passage describes the tense moments at the ISRO complex during Chandrayaan-2's landing. Initially, at 1.38 am, there was a celebratory mood as the lander descended, with students and the PM clapping. However, at 1.51 am, the lander deviated from its path and lost contact. The celebration turned to gloom when ISRO Chief K. Sivan announced the bad news at 2.16 am, after which the PM consoled the dedicated scientists.

SECTION V: Writing Skill (20 Marks)

Q.5. (A) Letter Writing

A1. Informal Letter

Pandurang Chavan
Room No. 12, Sai Apartments,
Nanded - 431605
25th October 2022

Dear Rohan,
How are you? I hope you are doing fine. I am writing this to tell you about an exciting "Winter Camp" organized by Mr. R.R. Mangole in our colony.
It is a 10-day camp starting from 21st Nov. They have planned amazing activities like Karate, Yoga, Art and Craft, and even a Tree Plantation drive. It is a great opportunity to learn new things and develop our personalities. The fee is only ₹1500.
I really want you to join me. It will be so much fun to participate together. Please ask your parents and let me know soon.
Your loving friend,
Pandurang

OR

A2. Formal Letter

Anjali Chavan
Room No. 12, Sai Apartments,
Nanded - 431605
25th October 2022

To,
The Organizer,
Mr. R.R. Mangole,
Purva Colony, Nanded.

Subject: Application for joining the Winter Camp.

Respected Sir,
I, Anjali Chavan, am a student of Class 10th. I recently read your advertisement regarding the "Winter Camp" being organized in Purva Colony.
I am very interested in participating in this camp. The activities mentioned, especially Karate and Personality Development, are exactly what I have been looking for. I believe this camp will help increase my confidence.
I would like to register my name for the same. Could you please let me know if there are any specific things or materials we need to carry with us daily? Also, please confirm the mode of payment for the fees.
Thank you.

Yours faithfully,
Anjali Chavan

Q.5. (B) B1 or B2. Do any one of the following

B1. Dialogue Writing

(a) Jumbled Sentences:

1. What did you learn during summer vacation?
2. Swimming.
3. Why did you learn it?
4. Because it is a very good exercise.

(b) Complete the dialogue:

A: Where did you go for picnic?
B: I went to Mahabaleshwar.
A: What did you see there?
B: I saw the Venna Lake and Pratapgad Fort.

(c) Dialogue between you and your friend on 'send-off function':

Me: Hey, are you ready for the send-off function tomorrow?
Friend: Yes, I am really excited but also a bit sad that our school days are ending.
Me: Same here. I have prepared a short speech for our teachers.
Friend: That’s great! I am participating in the group song. What are you wearing?
Me: I bought a new formal shirt. We must take lots of photos to remember this day.
Friend: Definitely! Let's make it a memorable day for everyone.

OR

B2. Drafting a Speech

Topic: The Need of Tree Plantation

Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear friends,

Today, I stand before you to speak on a very critical topic: "The Need of Tree Plantation."
We all know that pollution is becoming a massive problem in our world today. The air we breathe is no longer pure, and the temperatures are rising. What is the cause? The rapid cutting down of trees.
Trees are the lungs of our planet. They play a vital role in the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing fresh oxygen. Without them, survival is impossible. Besides giving us life-saving oxygen, trees provide us with shade on hot days, delicious fruits, vegetables, and medicines.
Friends, it is high time we act. "Save trees, save lives" should not just be a slogan but our motto. If each one of us plants just one tree and takes care of it, we can make our earth green and healthy again.
Let us pledge today to plant more trees for a better tomorrow. Thank you.

Q.6. (A) Information Transfer

A1. Non-verbal to verbal

City Life vs Village Life

There is a stark contrast between city life and village life. City surroundings are dominated by factories and vehicles, resulting in thick traffic and polluted, impure air. In contrast, villages offer clean, open fields with thin traffic and fresh, healthy air. Housing in cities consists of big, tall buildings, whereas villages have smaller houses. The people in cities are generally educated and work in service sectors. On the other hand, in villages, fewer people are educated, and their main profession is agriculture.

OR

A2. Verbal to Non-verbal (Corrected Tree Diagram)

Title: Structure of Indian Judiciary System

(Question: The Indian judiciary is made up of Courts at three levels. The Supreme Court is the apex court of India. It is for the whole Union of India. There are High Courts for each state. In each state, at the district level, there are Session Courts. The Session Court Judges has under his jurisdiction either the Assistant session judges, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the Chief Judicial Magistrate. The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate has under his jurisdiction the Metropolitan Magistrate and the Special Metropolitan Magistrate.)

(B) Expand the theme

B1. News Report

10 Passengers Killed In Tragic Bus Accident

Pune, January 17: In a horrific incident on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway, ten passengers lost their lives early this morning when a private travel bus collided with a stationary container truck.

The accident took place near the Lonavala exit around 4:00 AM. According to police reports, the bus was speeding and the driver failed to notice the parked truck due to low visibility. The impact was devastating, killing 10 people on the spot and injuring 15 others.

Local authorities rushed the injured to nearby hospitals. The highway police cleared the traffic jam caused by the accident. An investigation has been ordered into the matter.

OR

B2. Story Writing

United We Stand

Once, in a small village, lived two friends—Ramu and Somu. Ramu was a polio victim and could not walk without support, while Somu was a strong man but had lost his eyesight in an accident. Despite their disabilities, they were the best of friends.

One day, a grand fair was organized at a famous temple on a hill near their village. Both wished to go to pay homage at the place of worship, but neither could go alone. Ramu couldn't climb the hill, and Somu couldn't see the path.

They came up with a brilliant idea. Somu said, "Ramu, I am strong. I will carry you on my back." Ramu replied, "And I will be your eyes. I will guide you on the path."

And so, the strong blind man carried the lame man, and the lame man guided him left and right. Together, they climbed the hill, offered their prayers, and returned home safely. The villagers were amazed at their unity. They proved that unity is strength.

SECTION VI: Skill Development (5 Marks)

Q.7. Translation

(a) Translate into medium of instruction (Marathi):

(1) Decision: निर्णय
(2) Area: क्षेत्र / भाग
(3) Intention: उद्देश
(4) Village: गाव
(5) Complaint: तक्रार
(6) Leg: पाय

(b) Translate sentences:

(1) I like to read books. → मला पुस्तके वाचायला आवडतात.
(2) Swimming is a good exercise. → पोहणे हा चांगला व्यायाम आहे.
(3) Get up early in the morning. → सकाळी लवकर उठा.
(4) Cricket is an international game. → क्रिकेट हा आंतरराष्ट्रीय खेळ आहे.

(c) Translate proverbs:

(1) Cleanliness is next to Godliness. → स्वच्छता तिथे देव (किंवा स्वच्छता हीच ईश्वरसेवा).
(2) Save trees, save lives. → झाडे वाचवा, जीवन वाचवा.

HSC Board July 2025 OCM Question Paper with Complete Solutions (Marathi Medium) - Commerce

बोर्ड प्रश्नपत्रिका : जुलै २०२५
वाणिज्य संघटन व व्यवस्थापन (संपूर्ण उत्तरे)

वेळ : ३ तास  |  एकूण गुण : ८०

प्र.१. (अ) रिकाम्या जागी योग्य पर्याय निवडून वाक्ये पुन्हा लिहा : [५]

(१) नाशवंत वस्तू ................... गोदामात साठविल्या जातात.

(अ) करदेय (ब) शीतगृह (क) सरकारी

उत्तर: नाशवंत वस्तू शीतगृह गोदामात साठविल्या जातात.

(२) ज्या प्रक्रियेत व्यावसायिक कामे करण्याचा करार दुसऱ्याला दिला जातो, त्या प्रक्रियेस ................... असे म्हणतात.

(अ) बाह्यसेवा (ब) व्यापार (क) ई-व्यवसाय

उत्तर: ज्या प्रक्रियेत व्यावसायिक कामे करण्याचा करार दुसऱ्याला दिला जातो, त्या प्रक्रियेस बाह्यसेवा असे म्हणतात.

(३) ‘नीतिशास्त्र’ ही संकल्पना ................... शब्दापासून घेतली आहे.

(अ) लॅटीन (ब) फ्रेंच (क) ग्रीक

उत्तर: ‘नीतिशास्त्र’ ही संकल्पना ग्रीक शब्दापासून घेतली आहे.

(४) ................... हिताचे संरक्षण करणे हा ग्राहक संघटनांचा मुख्य उद्देश असतो.

(अ) ग्राहकांच्या (ब) व्यापाऱ्यांच्या (क) उत्पादकांच्या

उत्तर: ग्राहकांच्या हिताचे संरक्षण करणे हा ग्राहक संघटनांचा मुख्य उद्देश असतो.

(५) व्यवस्थापनाची कार्ये ................... या कार्याने सुरू होतात.

(अ) संघटन (ब) नियोजन (क) समन्वय

उत्तर: व्यवस्थापनाची कार्ये नियोजन या कार्याने सुरू होतात.

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2025)

• OCM - March 2025 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2025 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2025 Hindi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2025 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2025 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key

प्र.१. (ब) योग्य शब्द, शब्दसमूह, संज्ञा लिहा : [५]

1. एक अशी प्रक्रिया जी कर्मचाऱ्यांना संस्थात्मक उद्दिष्टे साध्य करण्यावर भर देते.

   उत्तर: निर्देशन (Directing)

2. एका व्यक्तीकडून दुसऱ्या व्यक्तीकडे कल्पना, वस्तुस्थिती, माहिती, इत्यादींचे देवाण घेवाण करण्याची कला.

   उत्तर: संदेशवहन (Communication)

3. इंटरनेटच्या मदतीने केले जाणारे व्यवहार.

   उत्तर: ई-व्यवसाय / ई-व्यापार (E-Business)

4. आरोग्य आणि जीवितास संरक्षण व सुरक्षिततेच्या संबंधीचा ग्राहकाचा अधिकार / हक्क.

   उत्तर: सुरक्षिततेचा अधिकार (Right to Safety)

5. एखाद्या उत्पादनाला विशिष्ट नाव देणे.

   उत्तर: नाममुद्रा / ब्रँडिंग (Branding)

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2024)

• OCM - March 2024 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2024 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2024 Hindi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2024 English Medium: View | Answer Key

प्र.१. (क) खालील विधाने ‘बरोबर’ की ‘चूक’ ते लिहा : [५]

1. व्यवसाय नीतिशास्त्र ही नियमावली आहे.

   उत्तर: बरोबर

2. संघटनात्मक कार्य सुरळीत होण्यासाठी सहकार्याची आवश्यकता नसते.

   उत्तर: चूक

3. हवाई वाहतूक हे सर्वात स्वस्त वाहतुकीचे साधन आहे.

   उत्तर: चूक

4. भारतात ग्राहक संरक्षण कायद्याची आवश्यकता नाही.

   उत्तर: चूक

5. विपणी हा शब्द लॅटिन भाषेतील ‘मार्केट्स’ शब्दापासून आलेला आहे.

   उत्तर: बरोबर

12th OCM Board Papers (February & July 2023)

• OCM - February 2023 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - February 2023 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2023 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2023 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key

प्र.१. (ड) गटात न बसणारा शब्द शोधा : [५]

1. अधिकार व जबाबदारीचे तत्त्व, हालचालींचा अभ्यास, कामाच्या विभागणीचे तत्त्व, शिस्तीचे तत्त्व.

   उत्तर: हालचालींचा अभ्यास (इतर सर्व हेन्री फेयॉल यांची तत्त्वे आहेत, हे एफ.डब्ल्यू. टेलर यांचे आहे).

2. प्राथमिक सहकारी पत संस्था, राज्य सहकारी बँक, जिल्हा सहकारी बँक, विनिमय बँका.

   उत्तर: विनिमय बँका (इतर सर्व सहकारी बँकांची रचना आहेत).

3. डेबिट कार्ड, क्रेडिट कार्ड, आधार कार्ड, ए.टी.एम. कार्ड.

   उत्तर: आधार कार्ड (इतर सर्व पेमेंट कार्ड्स आहेत).

4. नोकरीची सुरक्षितता, आरोग्य व सुरक्षिततेची साधने, कामाची सुयोग्य स्थिती, योग्य प्रमाणात नफा.

   उत्तर: योग्य प्रमाणात नफा (इतर सर्व कर्मचाऱ्यांप्रती जबाबदाऱ्या आहेत).

5. भाग बाजार, परकीय चलन, सोने चांदी बाजार, उत्पादित वस्तूंचा बाजार.

   उत्तर: उत्पादित वस्तूंचा बाजार (इतर सर्व वित्तीय किंवा मालमत्ता बाजार आहेत).

12th OCM Board Papers (2014 - 2022)

• OCM - March 2022 English Medium: View
• OCM - March 2022 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2022 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2020 English Medium: View
• OCM - March 2020 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2019: View
• OCM - July 2018: View
• OCM - March 2018: View
• OCM - July 2017: View
• OCM - March 2017: View
• OCM - July 2016: View
• OCM - March 2016: View
• OCM - July 2015: View
• OCM - March 2015: View
• OCM - October 2014: View
• OCM - March 2014: View

प्र.२. खालील संज्ञा / संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा (कोणत्याही चार) : [८]

(१) वेळ अभ्यास (Time Study)

वेळ अभ्यास हे वैज्ञानिक व्यवस्थापनाचे एक तंत्र आहे. यामध्ये कर्मचाऱ्याला एखादे विशिष्ट कार्य पूर्ण करण्यासाठी लागणाऱ्या वेळेचे निरीक्षण व नोंद केली जाते. याचा उद्देश कामाची मानके ठरवणे आणि कार्यक्षमता वाढवणे हा असतो.

(२) कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापन (Staffing)

कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापन म्हणजे संस्थेसाठी सक्षम आणि पात्र कर्मचाऱ्यांची भरती करणे, निवड करणे, त्यांना प्रशिक्षण देणे, त्यांचा विकास करणे आणि त्यांना मोबदला देणे. योग्य वेळी, योग्य कामासाठी, योग्य व्यक्तीची नेमणूक करणे म्हणजे कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापन होय.

(३) गोदाम (Warehousing)

गोदाम म्हणजे वस्तूंचे उत्पादन आणि वापर यांमधील वेळेच्या अंतरामुळे निर्माण होणारी साठवणुकीची गरज पूर्ण करणारी जागा. गोदामामुळे वस्तूंना 'समय उपयोगिता' (Time Utility) प्राप्त होते आणि वस्तूंचा पुरवठा नियमित राहतो.

(४) निर्देशन (Directing)

निर्देशन म्हणजे व्यवस्थापकांनी आपल्या हाताखालील कर्मचाऱ्यांना काम कसे करावे याबद्दल दिलेल्या सूचना, मार्गदर्शन, समुपदेशन आणि प्रेरणा देणे होय. ही एक निरंतर चालणारी प्रक्रिया आहे ज्यामुळे नियोजनाचे प्रत्यक्ष कृतीत रूपांतर होते.

(५) लोक अदालत (Lok Adalat)

लोक अदालत म्हणजे 'लोकांचे न्यायालय'. ही एक अशी व्यासपीठ आहे जिथे प्रलंबित खटले किंवा वादांचे तडजोडीने आणि सामोपचाराने निवारण केले जाते. हे जलद आणि स्वस्त न्याय मिळवून देण्याचे साधन आहे.

(६) वाहतूक (Transport)

व्यक्ती, प्राणी किंवा वस्तूंची एका ठिकाणाहून दुसऱ्या ठिकाणी हालचाल करणे म्हणजे वाहतूक होय. वाहतुकीमुळे 'स्थळ उपयोगिता' (Place Utility) निर्माण होते आणि व्यापाराचा विस्तार होण्यास मदत होते.

प्र.३. खालील घटना किंवा परिस्थितीचा अभ्यास करून आपले मत लिहा (कोणतेही दोन) : [६]

(१) श्री. अनिल हे व्यावसायिक आहेत. त्यांचे पुणे आणि नाशिक येथे कारखाने आहेत. श्री. अनिल हे कुटुंबासह पुण्यामध्ये स्थायिक असून त्यांना ५ आणि ८ वर्षे वयाच्या दोन मुली आहेत.

(अ) श्री. अनिल हे त्यांच्या पत्नी व दोन मुलींसाठी जीवन विमा घेऊ शकतात का?
उत्तर: होय, श्री. अनिल त्यांच्या पत्नी व दोन मुलींसाठी जीवन विमा घेऊ शकतात, कारण त्यांच्यात विमेय हित (Insurable Interest) आहे.

(ब) श्री. अनिल त्यांच्या कारखान्यासाठी सागरी विमा घेऊ शकतात का?
उत्तर: नाही, कारण पुणे आणि नाशिक हे दोन्ही देशंतर्गत (जमिनीवरील) ठिकाणे आहेत, त्यामुळे सागरी विम्याची गरज नाही. ते अग्नी विमा किंवा सामान्य विमा घेऊ शकतात.

(क) आगीमुळे कारखान्याच्या होणाऱ्या नुकसानीच्या भरपाईसाठी कोणत्या प्रकारचा विमा श्री. अनिल घेऊ शकतात?
उत्तर: आगीमुळे होणाऱ्या नुकसानीसाठी ते 'अग्नी विमा' (Fire Insurance) घेऊ शकतात.

(२) श्री. सागरने टायटनच्या दुकानातून घड्याळ खरेदी केले आणि त्याची मैत्रीण अंजलीने ऑनलाईन पद्धतीने घड्याळ खरेदी केले.

(अ) कोणी पारंपरिक मार्गाने / पद्धतीने खरेदी केली?
उत्तर: श्री. सागर यांनी दुकानात जाऊन प्रत्यक्ष खरेदी केल्यामुळे त्यांनी पारंपरिक मार्गाने खरेदी केली.

(ब) कोणी ऑनलाईन मार्गाने / पद्धतीने खरेदी केली?
उत्तर: अंजलीने ऑनलाईन पद्धतीने खरेदी केली.

(क) कोणत्या पद्धतीमध्ये जास्त जोखीम आहे?
उत्तर: ऑनलाईन खरेदी पद्धतीमध्ये जास्त जोखीम आहे (उदा. फसवणूक, वस्तू न मिळणे, इत्यादी).

(३) बळवंत कंपनी लिमिटेड आपल्या महिला कर्मचाऱ्यांना त्यांच्या लहान बालकांसाठी पाळणाघर व घरात थांबूनच काम करण्याची सवलत देते. जरी ते कामगार संघटनेचे सभासद असले तरी व्यवस्थापन निर्णय घेण्यापूर्वी त्यांच्या सूचनांची दखल घेते.

(अ) ही कृती करत असताना ते कोणत्या घटकांविषयी सामाजिक जबाबदारी पार पाडतात?
उत्तर: ते 'कर्मचारी' (Employees) या घटकाविषयी सामाजिक जबाबदारी पार पाडतात.

(ब) कंपनीकडून त्यांच्या कर्मचाऱ्यांना देण्यात आलेली कोणतीही एक सुविधा लिहा.
उत्तर: पाळणाघर (Crèche) किंवा घरातून काम करण्याची सवलत (Work from home).

(क) वरील घटनेमध्ये मालक, कोणत्या प्रकारच्या जबाबदारीचे अनुसरण करतात?
उत्तर: मालक 'कर्मचाऱ्यांप्रती असलेल्या सामाजिक जबाबदारीचे' (Social Responsibility towards Employees) अनुसरण करत आहेत.

प्र.४. खालील फरक स्पष्ट करा (कोणतेही तीन) : [१२]

(१) नियोजन आणि संघटन

मुद्दा	नियोजन (Planning)	संघटन (Organizing)
अर्थ	भविष्यात काय करायचे आहे, हे अगोदरच ठरवणे म्हणजे नियोजन होय.	नियोजित उद्दिष्टे साध्य करण्यासाठी लागणारी साधने गोळा करणे व त्यांची मांडणी करणे म्हणजे संघटन होय.
स्वरूप	नियोजन हे वैचारिक कार्य आहे.	संघटन हे प्रशासकीय कार्य आहे.
क्रम	हे व्यवस्थापनाचे पहिले आणि मूलभूत कार्य आहे.	नियोजनानंतर संघटनाचे कार्य केले जाते.
उद्देश	भविष्यातील जोखीम कमी करणे आणि उद्दिष्टे निश्चित करणे.	कामाची विभागणी करणे आणि अधिकार व जबाबदारी निश्चित करणे.

(२) जीवन विमा आणि अग्नी विमा

मुद्दा	जीवन विमा (Life Insurance)	अग्नी विमा (Fire Insurance)
अर्थ	हा मानवी जीवनाशी संबंधित जोखमीचा करार आहे.	हा मालमत्तेच्या आगीमुळे होणाऱ्या नुकसानीचा करार आहे.
कालावधी	हा विमा दीर्घ काळासाठी (उदा. २० वर्षे, आजीवन) घेतला जातो.	हा विमा सामान्यतः एका वर्षासाठी घेतला जातो.
नुकसान भरपाई	यात निश्चित रक्कम दिली जाते (गुंतवणूक व संरक्षण दोन्ही).	यात केवळ प्रत्यक्ष झालेले आर्थिक नुकसान भरून दिले जाते.
विमेय हित	विमा घेताना विमेय हित असणे आवश्यक आहे.	विमा घेताना आणि नुकसान होताना दोन्ही वेळी विमेय हित असणे आवश्यक आहे.

(३) ई-व्यवसाय आणि ई-वाणिज्य

मुद्दा	ई-व्यवसाय (E-Business)	ई-वाणिज्य (E-Commerce)
अर्थ	इंटरनेटचा वापर करून व्यवसायाची सर्व कार्ये करणे म्हणजे ई-व्यवसाय.	इंटरनेटद्वारे वस्तू व सेवांची खरेदी-विक्री करणे म्हणजे ई-वाणिज्य.
व्याप्ती	ई-व्यवसायाची व्याप्ती विस्तृत आहे. यात ई-वाणिज्य समाविष्ट आहे.	ई-वाणिज्याची व्याप्ती मर्यादित आहे. हा ई-व्यवसायाचा एक भाग आहे.
संकल्पना	ही एक व्यापक संकल्पना आहे.	ही एक संकुचित संकल्पना आहे.
समावेश	यात उत्पादन, वित्त, मानवी संसाधन इत्यादी सर्व कार्यांचा समावेश होतो.	यात प्रामुख्याने वितरणाशी संबंधित व्यवहार येतात.

(४) जिल्हा आयोग आणि राज्य आयोग

मुद्दा	जिल्हा आयोग	राज्य आयोग
कार्यक्षेत्र	एका जिल्ह्यापुरते मर्यादित असते.	संपूर्ण राज्यासाठी असते.
आर्थिक मर्यादा	रु. ५० लाखांपर्यंतच्या तक्रारी दाखल करता येतात.	रु. ५० लाखांपेक्षा जास्त परंतु २ कोटींपर्यंतच्या तक्रारी दाखल करता येतात.
अध्यक्ष	जिल्हा न्यायाधीश होण्यास पात्र असलेली व्यक्ती.	उच्च न्यायालयाचा न्यायाधीश (सध्याचा किंवा निवृत्त).
अपील	जिल्हा आयोगाच्या निर्णयाविरुद्ध राज्य आयोगाकडे अपील करता येते.	राज्य आयोगाच्या निर्णयाविरुद्ध राष्ट्रीय आयोगाकडे अपील करता येते.

प्र.५. खालील प्रश्नांची थोडक्यात उत्तरे लिहा (कोणतेही दोन) : [८]

(१) ग्राहक संरक्षणाच्या कोणत्याही चार गरजा स्पष्ट करा.

१. ग्राहकांचा सहभाग: व्यवसायाच्या निर्णयात ग्राहकांचा सहभाग वाढवण्यासाठी ग्राहक संरक्षणाची गरज आहे.
२. माहितीचा अभाव: ग्राहकांना वस्तूंच्या गुणवत्तेबद्दल, किमतीबद्दल पूर्ण माहिती नसते, त्यामुळे त्यांची फसवणूक होऊ नये म्हणून संरक्षणाची गरज आहे.
३. ग्राहकांची दिशाभूल: जाहिरातींद्वारे किंवा चुकीच्या माहितीद्वारे ग्राहकांची दिशाभूल केली जाते, त्यापासून रक्षण करण्यासाठी.
४. असंघटित ग्राहक: ग्राहक हे विखुरलेले आणि असंघटित असतात, त्यांना एकत्रित करून त्यांची ताकद वाढवण्यासाठी ग्राहक संरक्षण गरजेचे आहे.

(२) विपणीचे क्षेत्रानुसार व व्यवहाराच्या आकारानुसार प्रकार स्पष्ट करा.

क्षेत्रानुसार विपणीचे प्रकार:

• स्थानिक बाजारपेठ: जेथे वस्तूंचे उत्पादन होते त्याच ठिकाणी विक्री होते.
• राष्ट्रीय बाजारपेठ: देशाच्या सीमांतर्गत चालणारा व्यापार.
• आंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजारपेठ: दोन किंवा अधिक देशांमध्ये चालणारा व्यापार.

व्यवहाराच्या आकारानुसार प्रकार:

• घाऊक बाजारपेठ: जिथे मोठ्या प्रमाणावर वस्तूंची खरेदी-विक्री होते.
• किरकोळ बाजारपेठ: जिथे वस्तूंची लहान प्रमाणात थेट ग्राहकांना विक्री होते.

(३) गोदामाची कोणतीही चार कार्ये स्पष्ट करा.

१. साठवणूक: अतिरिक्त उत्पादित वस्तूंची भविष्यातील वापरासाठी साठवणूक करणे.
२. किमतीत स्थिरता: मागणी आणि पुरवठा यांचा समतोल साधून किमती स्थिर ठेवणे.
३. जोखीम पत्करणे: साठवणुकीच्या काळात वस्तूंची चोरी, आग, किंवा नासाडी यांपासून संरक्षण करणे.
४. वित्त पुरवठा: गोदामात ठेवलेल्या मालाच्या पावतीवर बँकांकडून कर्ज मिळू शकते.

प्र.६. खालील विधाने सकारण स्पष्ट करा (कोणतेही दोन) : [८]

(१) व्यवस्थापनाची तत्त्वे लवचीक स्वरूपाची असतात.

व्यवस्थापनाची तत्त्वे ही विज्ञानाप्रमाणे ताठर नसतात. ती मानवी वर्तणुकीशी संबंधित असतात. परिस्थिती, वेळ, आणि ठिकाणानुसार व्यवस्थापकाला या तत्त्वांमध्ये बदल करावा लागतो. व्यवसायाचे स्वरूप आणि आकारमानानुसार तत्त्वांचा वापर कमी-जास्त प्रमाणात करता येतो. म्हणून, व्यवस्थापनाची तत्त्वे लवचीक असतात.

(२) नियंत्रण हे व्यवस्थापनाचे अंतिम कार्य आहे.

नियोजनाने ठरवलेली उद्दिष्टे आणि प्रत्यक्ष झालेली कामे यांची तुलना करणे म्हणजे नियंत्रण होय. हे कार्य नियोजनापासून सुरू होणाऱ्या प्रक्रियेचा शेवट करते. जोपर्यंत नियोजन, संघटन, आणि अंमलबजावणी होत नाही, तोपर्यंत नियंत्रण करता येत नाही. नियंत्रणामुळे चुका समजतात आणि भविष्यासाठी सुधारणा करता येतात. म्हणूनच, नियंत्रण हे व्यवस्थापनाचे अंतिम परंतु महत्त्वाचे कार्य आहे.

(३) सामाजिक विकासामध्ये, व्यवसाय नीतिशास्त्र हे एक महत्त्वाचे तंत्र मानले जाते.

व्यवसाय नीतिशास्त्रामुळे व्यावसायिकांमध्ये प्रामाणिकपणा, पारदर्शकता आणि जबाबदारीची जाणीव निर्माण होते. जेव्हा व्यवसाय समाजाच्या हिताचा विचार करून चालवला जातो, तेव्हा ग्राहकांची फसवणूक थांबते, पर्यावरणाचे रक्षण होते आणि कर्मचाऱ्यांना योग्य वागणूक मिळते. यामुळे समाजाचा सर्वांगीण विकास होतो. म्हणून सामाजिक विकासात व्यवसाय नीतिशास्त्र महत्त्वाचे आहे.

(४) ग्राहकावर अनेक जबाबदाऱ्या आहेत.

केवळ हक्क मिळून चालत नाही, तर ग्राहकांनी जागरूक राहणे आवश्यक आहे. खरेदी करताना पावती घेणे, वस्तूची गुणवत्ता तपासणे (ISI मार्क बघणे), फसवणूक झाल्यास तक्रार करणे, पर्यावरणाचे रक्षण करणे आणि अनुचित व्यापाराला विरोध करणे यांसारख्या अनेक जबाबदाऱ्या ग्राहकांवर आहेत, जेणेकरून बाजारपेठेत शिस्त राहील.

प्र.७. खालील प्रश्न सोडवा (कोणतेही दोन) : [१०]

(१) हेन्री फेयॉल यांची व्यवस्थापनाची कोणतीही पाच तत्त्वे स्पष्ट करा.

हेन्री फेयॉल यांनी व्यवस्थापनाची १४ तत्त्वे मांडली आहेत, त्यापैकी ५ खालीलप्रमाणे आहेत:

1. कामाच्या विभागणीचे तत्त्व (Division of Work): कामाचे विभाजन केल्यामुळे कर्मचाऱ्यांमध्ये नैपुण्य आणि कार्यक्षमता वाढते.
2. अधिकार आणि जबाबदारीचे तत्त्व (Authority and Responsibility): अधिकार आणि जबाबदारी एकाच नाण्याच्या दोन बाजू आहेत. अधिकार मिळाल्यावर जबाबदारीही येते.
3. शिस्तीचे तत्त्व (Discipline): संस्थेच्या यशासाठी सर्व स्तरांवर शिस्त असणे अत्यंत आवश्यक आहे.
4. आदेशातील एकवाक्यतेचे तत्त्व (Unity of Command): कर्मचाऱ्याला एकाच वरिष्ठाकडून आदेश मिळाले पाहिजेत, जेणेकरून गोंधळ होणार नाही.
5. निर्देशातील एकवाक्यतेचे तत्त्व (Unity of Direction): समान उद्दिष्ट असलेल्या कामांसाठी एकच प्रमुख आणि एकच योजना असावी.

(२) उद्योजकाची वैशिष्ट्ये स्पष्ट करा.

1. कल्पकता (Innovation): उद्योजक नेहमी नवीन कल्पना, नवीन उत्पादने किंवा नवीन पद्धती शोधून काढतो.
2. जोखीम स्वीकारणे (Risk Bearing): व्यवसायात अनिश्चितता असते, तरीही नफा मिळवण्यासाठी उद्योजक जोखीम पत्करण्यास तयार असतो.
3. आत्मविश्वास (Self Confidence): यशासाठी स्वतःच्या क्षमतेवर पूर्ण विश्वास असणे आवश्यक आहे.
4. दूरदृष्टी (Future Vision): भविष्यातील बाजारपेठेचा अंदाज घेऊन निर्णय घेण्याची क्षमता.
5. नेतृत्व गुण (Leadership): कर्मचाऱ्यांना प्रोत्साहन देणे आणि टीमचे नेतृत्व करणे हे महत्त्वाचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे.

(३) विपणनाचे समाजासाठी असणारे महत्त्व स्पष्ट करा.

1. राहणीमान उंचावणे: विपणनामुळे नवीन आणि दर्जेदार वस्तू समाजाला उपलब्ध होतात, ज्यामुळे राहणीमान सुधारते.
2. रोजगार निर्मिती: विपणन प्रक्रियेत जाहिरात, वाहतूक, विक्री यांसारख्या क्षेत्रांत मोठ्या प्रमाणावर रोजगार उपलब्ध होतो.
3. वस्तूंची उपलब्धता: ग्राहकांना हव्या त्या वेळी आणि हव्या त्या ठिकाणी वस्तू उपलब्ध करून देणे शक्य होते.
4. किमतीत स्थिरता: मागणी आणि पुरवठा यांचे संतुलन राखून किमती स्थिर ठेवण्यास मदत होते.
5. ग्राहक जागृती: जाहिरातींद्वारे ग्राहकांना माहिती मिळते, ज्यामुळे त्यांची फसवणूक टळते.

प्र.८. खालील प्रश्नाचे उत्तर लिहा (कोणताही एक) : [८]

(१) विपणनाचा अर्थ सांगून विपणन मिश्रणाचे सात पी (7Ps) स्पष्ट करा.

अर्थ: विपणन म्हणजे अशी प्रक्रिया ज्याद्वारे वस्तू आणि सेवांचे ग्राहकांच्या गरजेनुसार नियोजन केले जाते, किंमत ठरवली जाते आणि वितरण केले जाते.

विपणन मिश्रणाचे ७ पी (7Ps of Marketing Mix):

1. वस्तू (Product): ग्राहकांची गरज पूर्ण करणारी वस्तू किंवा सेवा. तिची गुणवत्ता, डिझाइन आणि पॅकेजिंग महत्त्वाचे असते.
2. किंमत (Price): वस्तूच्या बदल्यात ग्राहकाकडून आकारली जाणारी रक्कम. किंमत स्पर्धात्मक आणि ग्राहकाला परवडणारी असावी.
3. स्थान (Place): वस्तू ग्राहकांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्यासाठी योग्य वितरण साखळी (Distribution Channel) निवडणे.
4. जाहिरात/संवर्धन (Promotion): उत्पादनाची माहिती ग्राहकांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्यासाठी जाहिरात, सेल्स प्रमोशन, पब्लिसिटी यांचा वापर करणे.
5. लोक (People): सेवा क्षेत्रात कर्मचारी (लोक) खूप महत्त्वाचे असतात. त्यांची वागणूक आणि कौशल्य व्यवसायावर परिणाम करते.
6. प्रक्रिया (Process): सेवा देण्याची पद्धत किंवा प्रक्रिया. उदा. मॅकडोनाल्ड्समध्ये अन्न देण्याची प्रक्रिया जलद असते.
7. भौतिक पुरावा (Physical Evidence): सेवा डोळ्यांनी दिसत नाही, पण ती ज्या वातावरणात दिली जाते (उदा. हॉटेलची सजावट, कर्मचाऱ्यांचा गणवेश) हा भौतिक पुरावा असतो.

(२) बँकेचा अर्थ स्पष्ट करून बँकांचे विविध प्रकार स्पष्ट करा.

बँकेचा अर्थ: बँक ही एक अशी वित्तीय संस्था आहे जी लोकांच्या ठेवी स्वीकारते आणि गरजूंना कर्जे देते तसेच इतर वित्तीय सेवा पुरवते.

बँकांचे प्रकार:

1. मध्यवर्ती बँक (Central Bank): देशाची सर्वोच्च बँक (उदा. RBI). ती नोटा छापते आणि इतर बँकांवर नियंत्रण ठेवते.
2. व्यापारी बँका (Commercial Banks): या बँका नफा कमावण्यासाठी ठेवी स्वीकारतात आणि कर्जे देतात (उदा. SBI, HDFC).
3. सहकारी बँका (Co-operative Banks): सहकार तत्त्वावर चालणाऱ्या बँका, ज्या ग्रामीण आणि शहरी भागात कमी व्याजावर कर्ज देतात.
4. विकास बँका (Development Banks): उद्योगांना दीर्घकालीन भांडवल पुरवण्यासाठी स्थापन झालेल्या बँका (उदा. SIDBI, IFCI).
5. विनिमय बँका (Exchange Banks): विदेशी व्यापारासाठी आणि परकीय चलन व्यवहारासाठी मदत करणाऱ्या बँका.
6. प्रादेशिक ग्रामीण बँका (RRBs): ग्रामीण भागातील शेतकरी आणि कारागीर यांना वित्तपुरवठा करण्यासाठी.
7. बचत बँका (Savings Banks): लोकांमध्ये बचतीची सवय लावण्यासाठी (उदा. पोस्टल सेव्हिंग बँक).

Maharashtra Board HSC Organisation of Commerce and Management (OCM) July 2024 Solved Paper

BOARD QUESTION PAPER: JULY 2024
ORGANISATION OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

Q.1 (A) Select the correct options and rewrite the sentences:

1. F.W.Taylor recommended total _______ foremen to control the various aspects of production.

(a) eight    (b) three    (c) two

Answer: (a) eight

2. Banks provide overdraft facility to _______ account holders.

(a) saving    (b) current    (c) fixed deposit

Answer: (b) current

3. For online transactions _______ is required.

(a) business    (b) trading    (c) registration

Answer: (c) registration

4. Business organisations should protect health and provide safety measures to _______.

(a) owners    (b) employees    (c) investors

Answer: (b) employees

5. The president of District Consumer Commission is a _______.

(a) District Judge    (b) High Court Judge    (c) Supreme Court Judge

Answer: (a) District Judge

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2025)

• OCM - March 2025 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2025 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2025 Hindi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2025 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2025 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key

Q.1 (B) Match the correct pairs:

Group 'A'	Group 'B' (Correct Answer)
(a) Directing	(9) It is the process of instructing, guiding, communicating and motivating.
(b) Warehousing	(5) Time utility
(c) Outsourcing	(10) Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
(d) Responsibility towards investors	(3) To maintain solvency and prestige
(e) Monopoly	(1) Single seller

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2024)

• OCM - March 2024 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2024 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2024 Hindi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2024 English Medium: View | Answer Key

Q.1 (C) Find the odd one:

1. Selecting, Training, Co-ordinating, Placing.

Answer: Co-ordinating

(Reason: Others are elements of Staffing, Co-ordinating is a separate function of management.)

2. B2B, B2C, A2Z, C2C

Answer: A2Z

(Reason: Others are types of e-commerce business models.)

3. Endowment policy, Whole life policy, Money back policy, Blanket policy.

Answer: Blanket policy

(Reason: Others are types of Life Insurance, Blanket policy is a type of Fire/General Insurance.)

4. District commission, State commission, NGO, National Commission.

Answer: NGO

(Reason: Others are consumer dispute redressal forums established under the Consumer Protection Act.)

5. Primary market, Secondary market, Retail market, Terminal market.

Answer: Retail market

(Reason: Primary, Secondary and Terminal are types of Wholesale markets or related to large scale trade, whereas Retail market deals directly with consumers.)

12th OCM Board Papers (February & July 2023)

• OCM - February 2023 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - February 2023 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2023 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2023 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key

Q.1 (D) State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Co-operation is not necessary for smooth flow of organizational activities.

Answer: False

2. Businessmen are trustees of the society.

Answer: True

3. Business services are important for the growth of business.

Answer: True

4. Consumer Protection Act provides protection to the producer.

Answer: False

5. The term market is derived from Greek word 'Mercatus.'

Answer: False

(Note: It is derived from the Latin word 'Mercatus'.)

12th OCM Board Papers (2014 - 2022)

• OCM - March 2022 English Medium: View
• OCM - March 2022 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - July 2022 English Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2020 English Medium: View
• OCM - March 2020 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
• OCM - March 2019: View
• OCM - July 2018: View
• OCM - March 2018: View
• OCM - July 2017: View
• OCM - March 2017: View
• OCM - July 2016: View
• OCM - March 2016: View
• OCM - July 2015: View
• OCM - March 2015: View
• OCM - October 2014: View
• OCM - March 2014: View

Q.2 Explain the following terms / concepts (Any FOUR):

1. Wholesale market

The market where goods are sold in large quantities to the retailers is called a wholesale market. In this market, goods are purchased directly from manufacturers by wholesalers and then sold to retailers, acting as a link between production and retail consumption.

2. Utmost good faith

This is a fundamental principle of insurance. It implies that both the insurer and the insured must disclose all material facts regarding the subject matter of insurance completely and truthfully. Hiding any material fact can render the insurance contract void.

3. Packaging and Labelling

Packaging: It refers to the designing and producing of the container or wrapper of a product. It protects the product from damage and acts as a silent salesman.
Labelling: It acts as a slip found on the product that provides detailed information about the product and the producer, such as contents, price, date of manufacturing, etc.

4. Janahit Yachika

Janahit Yachika or Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general public importance. It allows any individual or group to file a case on behalf of those whose rights are being violated but cannot approach the court themselves.

5. Principle of Scalar Chain

Scalar chain means the hierarchy of authority from the top level to the lower level for the purpose of communication. According to Henry Fayol, this chain should be followed for effective communication, though in emergencies, a 'Gang Plank' (direct communication) can be used.

6. Services

Services are intangible activities or benefits that are offered to satisfy a need or want. They are separately identifiable, essentially intangible activities that provide satisfaction of wants, and are not necessarily linked to the sale of a product or another service (e.g., Banking, Transport).

Q.3 Study the following case / situation and express your opinion (Any TWO):

1. Mr. Sanjay is a businessman. He has his own factories in Pune and Nashik. He lives in Pune with his wife and 2 daughters aged 5 and 8 years:

i. Can Mr. Sanjay take a life insurance policy for his wife and children?

Answer: Yes, Mr. Sanjay can take a life insurance policy for his wife and children because he has an insurable interest in their lives.

ii. Can Mr. Sanjay take a marine insurance policy for his factories?

Answer: No, Marine insurance is related to shipping and cargo. For factories located on land (Pune and Nashik), Fire Insurance or Property Insurance is appropriate, not Marine Insurance.

iii. Which type of insurance should Mr. Sanjay take for protecting his factories from loss due to fire?

Answer: Mr. Sanjay should take a Fire Insurance policy to protect his factories from loss due to fire.

2. Mr. Jay purchases some gift articles online from www.flipkart.com. At the same time Sheetal purchased gifts from e-bay.com.

i. Which website is related to C2C?

Answer: www.e-bay.com is related to C2C (Consumer to Consumer) as it allows consumers to sell to other consumers.

ii. Which website is related to B2C?

Answer: www.flipkart.com is related to B2C (Business to Consumer) as the business sells directly to the consumer.

iii. Which first step Mr. Jay should follow while doing online transaction?

Answer: The first step Mr. Jay should follow is "Registration". He needs to register/login to the website to make a purchase.

3. Yashwant Co. Ltd. is providing facilities for their female staff like day care centre for kids and work from home facility. Even management takes their suggestions while taking the decisions though they are members of trade union.

i. By doing this they are following social responsibilities towards which interest groups?

Answer: They are following social responsibilities towards "Employees".

ii. What values are they presenting?

Answer: They are presenting values of gender equality, employee welfare, and participative management.

iii. What kind of responsibilities employer follows in above case?

Answer: The employer is following responsibilities such as providing good working conditions, fair treatment, job security, and recognizing trade union rights.

Q.4 Distinguish between the following (Any THREE):

1. State Commission and National Commission

Point	State Commission	National Commission
Area of Jurisdiction	It covers a particular State.	It covers the entire country (India).
Monetary Jurisdiction	Entertains complaints where the value of goods/services exceeds ₹1 Crore but does not exceed ₹10 Crores.	Entertains complaints where the value of goods/services exceeds ₹10 Crores.
President	A person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court.	A person who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Appeal	Appeal against its order lies with the National Commission.	Appeal against its order lies with the Supreme Court.

2. Central Bank and Commercial Bank

Point	Central Bank	Commercial Bank
Function	It is the apex bank regulating the banking system.	It accepts deposits and grants loans to the public.
Note Issue	It has the monopoly power to issue currency notes.	It cannot issue currency notes.
Objective	Public welfare and economic stability.	To earn profit.
Ownership	Owned and controlled by the Government.	Can be owned by the government or private sector.

3. Organising and Staffing

Point	Organising	Staffing
Meaning	It is the process of defining and grouping activities and establishing authority relationships.	It is the process of recruiting, selecting, placing, and training employees.
Objective	To identify and bring together resources.	To appoint the right person for the right job.
Resource	Relates to all resources (men, money, material).	Relates primarily to Human Resources.
Order	It follows Planning.	It generally follows Organising.

4. BPO and KPO

Point	BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)	KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing)
Meaning	Outsourcing of non-primary business activities and functions.	Outsourcing of knowledge-intensive business processes.
Focus	Focuses on process expertise.	Focuses on knowledge expertise.
Skill Requirement	Requires basic process knowledge and communication skills.	Requires specialized knowledge and high-level skills.
Complexity	Less complex processes.	Highly complex processes.

Q.5 Answer in brief (Any TWO):

1. Explain any four significance of marketing to the society.

Marketing is significant to society in the following ways:

1. Increases Standard of Living: Marketing provides a wide variety of goods and services, helping people to improve their quality of life.
2. Provides Employment: It creates job opportunities in distribution, advertising, sales, and logistics.
3. Decreases Distribution Costs: Efficient marketing channels reduce the cost of distribution, making products cheaper for consumers.
4. Consumer Awareness: Marketing informs and educates consumers about new products, their usage, and benefits.

2. Explain any four rights of consumers.

The Consumer Protection Act grants the following rights:

1. Right to Safety: The right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property.
2. Right to Information: The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard, and price of goods.
3. Right to Choose: The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices.
4. Right to be Heard: The right to be heard and to be assured that consumer's interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums.

3. Explain any four responsibilities of business towards government.

Business responsibilities towards the government include:

1. Timely Payment of Taxes: Businesses must pay taxes (GST, Income Tax) honestly and on time.
2. Observing Rules and Regulations: They must strictly follow the laws of the land regarding licensing, environment, and labor.
3. Earning Foreign Exchange: Businesses should aim to export goods to earn valuable foreign exchange for the country.
4. Political Stability: Businesses should not support anti-government activities or corrupt political practices.

Q.6 Justify the following statements (Any TWO):

1. Principle of equity is important.

Justification:

• According to Henry Fayol, the principle of equity implies that managers should be fair as well as friendly to the subordinates.
• There should be no discrimination between employees based on caste, religion, or gender.
• Equal treatment ensures loyalty and devotion among employees.
• It helps in maintaining cordial relations between management and workers, leading to higher efficiency.

2. The Consumer Protection Act was passed in the interest of consumers.

Justification:

• Consumers are often unorganized and exploited by unfair trade practices like adulteration, black marketing, and misleading advertisements.
• The Act was passed to protect the rights of consumers and provide a speedy mechanism for the redressal of their grievances.
• It establishes a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery (District, State, National commissions) to provide simple and inexpensive justice.
• Therefore, it is rightly said that the Act acts as a safeguard for consumer interests.

3. Market is 'a place where businessmen transact.'

Justification:

• The term 'Market' is derived from the Latin word 'Mercatus' which means 'to trade' or 'a place where business is transacted'.
• In a general sense, a market is a specific place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services.
• It facilitates the transfer of ownership of goods for money or money's worth.
• Therefore, conceptually, a market acts as the location or mechanism for business transactions.

4. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.

Justification:

• Air transport utilizes aircraft to move passengers and cargo over long distances in the shortest possible time.
• It has no physical barriers like roads or mountains to slow it down.
• It is particularly essential for emergency services and transporting perishable goods quickly.
• Compared to Road, Rail, or Water transport, the speed of Air transport is significantly higher, making it the fastest mode.

Q.7 Attempt the following (Any TWO):

1. Explain importance of marketing to the consumers.

Marketing is important to consumers because:

1. Promotes Product Awareness: Marketing helps consumers know about different products and services available in the market.
2. Provides Quality Products: Competitive marketing ensures that businesses strive to offer better quality products to satisfy consumers.
3. Variety of Products: Marketing brings goods from all over the world to the local market, offering consumers a wide choice.
4. Price Stability: Effective marketing helps in balancing demand and supply, which contributes to price stability.
5. Regular Supply of Goods: Efficient distribution channels ensure that consumers get goods when and where they want them.

2. Explain any five functions of entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur performs the following key functions:

1. Innovation: An entrepreneur introduces new combinations of means of production, new products, or new markets.
2. Determination of Objectives: He/she determines the primary and secondary objectives of the enterprise.
3. Development of Market: The entrepreneur studies the market environment and finds ways to market the products effectively.
4. New Technology: He/she adopts new technology to improve production processes and reduce costs.
5. Good Relations: An entrepreneur must maintain healthy relations with employees, suppliers, and customers for smooth business operations.

3. Explain principles of scientific management.

F.W. Taylor proposed the following principles of Scientific Management:

1. Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Decisions should be based on scientific analysis and facts, not on trial and error or personal judgment.
2. Harmony, Not Discord: There should be complete harmony between management and workers; conflict should be replaced by cooperation.
3. Mental Revolution: Both management and workers should change their attitude towards each other and work towards a common goal.
4. Cooperation, Not Individualism: Emphasis should be on teamwork and mutual trust rather than individual competition.
5. Development of Employees: Workers should be trained and developed to their greatest efficiency and prosperity.

Q.8 What is Warehousing? Explain its types.
OR
Define planning and explain the importance of planning.

Option 1: What is Warehousing? Explain its types.

Meaning: Warehousing refers to the storage of goods and consists of all those activities which are connected with the storage and preserving of goods. It creates time utility by bridging the gap between production and consumption.

Types of Warehouses:

1. Private Warehouses: Owned and operated by big manufacturers and merchants to fulfill their own storage needs.
2. Public Warehouses: Specialized business establishments that provide storage facilities to the general public for a certain charge. They work under a license from the government.
3. Bonded Warehouses: Licensed by the government to accept imported goods for storage until the payment of customs duty. The goods are under the control of customs authorities.
4. Duty Paid Warehouses: Where imported goods are stored after the payment of duty but before they are transported to the market.
5. Government Warehouses: Owned, managed, and controlled by Central or State governments or public corporations (e.g., FCI, CWC).
6. Co-operative Warehouses: Owned and managed by co-operative societies for the benefit of their members (e.g., farmers).
7. Cold Storage Warehouses: Provide facilities for perishable commodities like fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

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Option 2: Define planning and explain the importance of planning.

Definition: According to Koontz and O'Donnell, "Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to go."

Importance of Planning:

1. Helps to set clear objectives: Planning is concerned with setting objectives, targets, and goals. It helps the organization to clearly define what needs to be achieved.
2. Provides path of action: It ensures that the goals or objectives are clearly stated. It acts as a guide for deciding what action should be taken and in which direction.
3. Planning improves performance: It helps managers to improve future performances of employees by establishing objectives and selecting a course of action.
4. Minimizes the risk: Planning is based on forecasting techniques. It looks into the future and anticipates changes, helping to deal with risks and uncertainties.
5. Planning leads to optimum utilization of resources: It helps in proper allocation of resources (physical and financial) and reduces wastage.
6. Helps in decision making: There are various alternatives available to achieve goals. Planning helps management to select the best alternative.
7. Facilitates Control: Planning sets standards of performance. Actual performance is compared with standards, and deviations are corrected. Thus, planning is the basis of control.