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HSC Board Question Paper July 2025 OCM Solutions - Class 12 Commerce

Board Question Paper: July 2025 - Organisation of Commerce and Management | Solutions
HSC Board Exam Papers

BOARD QUESTION PAPER: JULY 2025

ORGANISATION OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT

Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 80
Note:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Figures to the right indicate full marks for the questions.
(iii) Figures to the left indicate question numbers.
(iv) Answer to every question must be started on a new page.
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Q.1. Objective Questions [20 Marks]

(A) Select the correct options and rewrite the sentences: (5)

1. ________ warehouses provide facilities for perishable commodities.
(a) Bonded    (b) Cold Storage    (c) Government
Answer: (b) Cold Storage
2. The process of contracting a business function to someone else is called as ________.
(a) outsourcing    (b) trading    (c) E-business
Answer: (a) outsourcing
3. The term 'Ethics' is derived from the ________ word 'Ethos', which means character.
(a) Latin    (b) French    (c) Greek
Answer: (c) Greek
4. The main objective of the consumer organization is to protect the interest of the ________.
(a) consumer    (b) trader    (c) producer
Answer: (a) consumer
5. The function of management starts with ________ function.
(a) organising    (b) planning    (c) coordinating
Answer: (b) planning

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2025)

(B) Give one word/phrase/term: (5)

1. The process that leads the employees towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Answer: Directing (or Leadership)
2. An art of exchanging ideas, facts, information, etc. from one person or entity to another.
Answer: Communication
3. The transaction which is done with the help of the internet.
Answer: E-commerce (or E-business)
4. The right of a consumer which is about safety and protection to his life and health.
Answer: Right to Safety
5. Giving of distinct name to one's product.
Answer: Branding

12th OCM Board Papers (March & July 2024)

(C) State whether the following statements are true or false: (5)

1. Business ethics is a code of conduct.
Answer: True
2. Co-operation is not necessary for smooth flow of organizational activities.
Answer: False
3. Air transport is the cheapest mode of transport.
Answer: False
4. Consumer Protection Act is not required in India.
Answer: False
5. The term 'market' is derived from the Latin word 'Mercatus.'
Answer: True

12th OCM Board Papers (February & July 2023)

(D) Find the odd one: (5)

1. Principle of authority and responsibility, Motion study, Principle of division of work, Principle of discipline.
Answer: Motion study
(Motion Study is a technique of Scientific Management by Taylor, others are Fayol's Principles).
2. Primary credit co-operative society, State co-operative bank, District co-operative bank, Exchange bank.
Answer: Exchange bank
(Others are part of the Co-operative credit structure).
3. Debit card, Credit card, Aadhaar card, ATM card.
Answer: Aadhaar card
(Others are financial/payment cards).
4. Job security, Health and safety measures, Good working condition, Reasonable profit.
Answer: Reasonable profit
(Others are responsibilities towards employees, Reasonable profit is a business objective/result).
5. Stock Exchange, Foreign Exchange, Bullion Market, Manufactured goods market.
Answer: Manufactured goods market
(Others are financial markets, this is a commodity market).

12th OCM Board Papers (2014 - 2022)

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  • OCM - March 2022 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
  • OCM - July 2022 English Medium: View | Answer Key
  • OCM - March 2020 English Medium: View
  • OCM - March 2020 Marathi Medium: View | Answer Key
  • OCM - March 2019: View
  • OCM - July 2018: View
  • OCM - March 2018: View
  • OCM - July 2017: View
  • OCM - March 2017: View
  • OCM - July 2016: View
  • OCM - March 2016: View
  • OCM - July 2015: View
  • OCM - March 2015: View
  • OCM - October 2014: View
  • OCM - March 2014: View

Q.2. Explain the following terms / concepts (Any FOUR): [8 Marks]

1. Time Study
It is a technique of scientific management involving the observation and recording of the time taken by an employee to complete a given task. It helps in fixing the standard time required to do a particular work.
2. Staffing
Staffing is the function of management which involves recruiting, selecting, developing, training, and compensating the workforce. It pertains to the human resources of the organization.
3. Warehousing
Warehousing refers to the act of storing goods in a warehouse. It involves holding and preserving goods in huge quantities from the time of their production until they are needed for consumption.
4. Directing
Directing is a managerial function that refers to instructing, guiding, communicating, inspiring, motivating, and supervising the employees to achieve organizational goals.
5. Lok Adalat
Lok Adalat (People's Court) is an effective mechanism for settling disputes through compromise and conciliation. It provides a quick, economical, and hassle-free redressal of grievances.
6. Transport
Transport is the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another. It creates place utility by bridging the gap between the place of production and the place of consumption.

Q.3. Study the following cases / situations and express your opinion (Any TWO): [6 Marks]

1. Mr. Anil is a businessman. He has his own factories in Pune and Nashik. He lives in Pune with his wife and two daughters aged 5 and 8 years old.

  1. Can Mr. Anil take a life insurance policy for his wife and two daughters?
  2. Can Mr. Anil take a marine insurance policy for his factories?
  3. Which type of insurance should Mr. Anil take for protecting his factories from loss due to fire?
Solution:
  1. Yes, Mr. Anil can take a life insurance policy for his wife and two daughters as he has an insurable interest in their lives.
  2. No, Marine insurance is generally for ships and cargo. For factories located on land (Pune and Nashik), Fire or General property insurance is applicable, not Marine hull insurance.
  3. Mr. Anil should take a Fire Insurance policy to protect his factories from loss due to fire.

2. Sagar purchased watch from Titan shop and his friend Anjali purchased watch from online shopping site.

  1. Who has purchased from traditional way?
  2. Who has purchased from e-business?
  3. Which business involves high risk?
Solution:
  1. Sagar has purchased from the traditional way (physical retail shop).
  2. Anjali has purchased from e-business (online shopping).
  3. Online business (purchased by Anjali) generally involves higher risk regarding security, privacy, and product quality verification compared to physical verification in traditional business.

3. Balwant Co. Ltd. is providing facilities for their female staff like daycare center for kids and work-from-home facility. Even management takes their suggestions while taking the decisions though they are members of trade union.

  1. By doing this they are following social responsibilities towards which interest groups?
  2. Write any one facility provided by the company to their employees.
  3. What kind of responsibilities employer follows in above case?
Solution:
  1. They are following social responsibilities towards Employees.
  2. Daycare center for kids OR Work-from-home facility.
  3. The employer follows responsibilities such as providing good working conditions, welfare facilities, and participating in management (involving employees in decision making).

Q.4. Distinguish between the following (Any THREE): [12 Marks]

1. Planning and Organizing

Points Planning Organizing
Meaning It is the process of deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do, and who is to do it. It is the process of identifying, grouping the work to be performed, and establishing relationships.
Order It is the first function of management. It follows the planning function.
Nature It is continuous in nature but deals with the future. It deals with the arrangement of resources.

2. Life Insurance and Fire Insurance

Points Life Insurance Fire Insurance
Subject Matter The subject matter is human life. The subject matter is physical property or assets.
Term It is a long-term contract (e.g., 10, 20 years). It is usually a short-term contract (usually 1 year).
Indemnity It is not a contract of indemnity (life cannot be valued). It is a contract of indemnity (loss is compensated).

3. E-business and E-commerce

Points E-business E-commerce
Scope It is a broader concept including all business activities aimed at profit. It is a narrower concept, a subset of E-business.
Activities Includes buying, selling, production, inventory management, etc. Mainly involves buying and selling of goods/services online.
Coverage Covers internal processes and external relations. Covers only the commercial transactions facing the customer.

4. District Commission and State Commission

Points District Commission State Commission
Level It operates at the District level. It operates at the State level.
Monetary Jurisdiction Cases where the value of goods/services does not exceed ₹1 Crore (as per new CPA 2019 rules often cited). Cases exceeding ₹1 Crore but not exceeding ₹10 Crores.
Appeal Appeal against its order lies with the State Commission. Appeal against its order lies with the National Commission.

Q.5. Answer in brief (Any TWO): [8 Marks]

1. Explain any four needs of consumer protection.
  • Consumer Ignorance: Consumers are often unaware of their rights and reliefs available to them. Protection is needed to educate them.
  • Unorganized Consumers: Consumers are scattered and not organized. They need protection against powerful business lobbies.
  • Spurious Goods: To protect consumers from harmful, duplicate, or substandard products.
  • Misleading Advertising: To protect consumers from false claims and deceptive advertisements made by sellers.
2. Explain the types of market on the basis of area covered and volume of transaction.
A) On basis of Area:
  • Local Market: Buying and selling limited to a specific locality.
  • National Market: Trade covers the entire country.
  • International Market: Trade across national borders.
B) On basis of Volume:
  • Wholesale Market: Goods purchased and sold in bulk quantities.
  • Retail Market: Goods sold in small quantities directly to consumers.
3. Explain any four functions of a warehouse.
  • Storage: The basic function is to store surplus goods until they are needed.
  • Price Stabilization: By regulating supply (storing when supply is high, releasing when demand is high), it stabilizes prices.
  • Risk Bearing: The warehouse keeper takes responsibility for the safety of goods, protecting them from theft, fire, etc.
  • Financing: Owners can obtain loans from banks by pledging the warehouse receipt as security.

Q.6. Justify the following statements (Any TWO): [8 Marks]

1. Principles of management are flexible in nature.
Justification:
  • Management principles are not rigid laws like scientific principles (e.g., gravity).
  • They can be modified and applied differently according to the changing business environment.
  • Managers have the discretion to apply them based on the specific situation, size, and nature of the organization.
  • Therefore, they are considered flexible guidelines rather than static rules.
2. Controlling is the last function of management.
Justification:
  • Management process starts with Planning and technically ends with Controlling.
  • Controlling involves comparing actual performance with the standards set during the planning stage.
  • It identifies deviations and takes corrective actions.
  • Without previous functions like Planning, Organizing, Staffing, and Directing, there is nothing to control. Hence, it is the last step in the functional cycle.
3. Business ethics can be considered as a tool for social development.
Justification:
  • Business ethics ensure fair treatment of employees, customers, and society.
  • Ethical businesses pay taxes honestly, which aids national development.
  • They avoid pollution and produce safe products, improving the quality of life.
  • By avoiding exploitation and ensuring fair trade, they contribute to social justice and stability.
4. Consumers have many responsibilities.
Justification:
  • Rights and responsibilities go hand in hand. While consumers have rights, they must act responsibly.
  • They must be critical and aware of the quality and price before buying (Consumer Awareness).
  • They should demand cash memos/invoices as proof of purchase.
  • They should file complaints against genuine grievances and not be passive.
  • They should respect the environment and avoid waste.

Q.7. Attempt the following (Any TWO): [10 Marks]

1. Explain any five principles of management of Henry Fayol.
  1. Division of Work: Work should be divided into small tasks to encourage specialization and efficiency.
  2. Authority and Responsibility: Managers must have authority to give orders, but authority comes with responsibility for the results.
  3. Discipline: Obedience to organizational rules and employment agreements is essential for smooth functioning.
  4. Unity of Command: An employee should receive orders from only one superior to avoid confusion.
  5. Unity of Direction: All units seeking the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.
2. Explain characteristics of an Entrepreneur.
  1. Intellectual Capabilities: An entrepreneur is a creative thinker with good intelligence and the ability to analyze situations.
  2. Future Vision: They have good foresight about future market trends and external business environments.
  3. Hard Work: Entrepreneurs are ready to work long hours and put in significant effort, especially in the initial stages.
  4. Technical Knowledge: They possess or acquire the necessary technical understanding of their product and process.
  5. Communication Skills: They must be able to communicate effectively with customers, suppliers, employees, and investors.
3. Explain importance of Marketing to the society.
  1. Increases Standard of Living: Marketing provides a wide variety of goods and services, improving the quality of life.
  2. Provides Employment: It creates jobs in areas like advertising, sales, distribution, and transport.
  3. Decreases Distribution Costs: Efficient marketing channels reduce the cost of moving goods, potentially lowering prices.
  4. Consumer Awareness: It educates society about new products, usage, and safety through advertising.
  5. Managing Consumer Expectations: It helps businesses understand and meet the changing needs of society.

Q.8. Answer the following question in detail (Any ONE): [8 Marks]

1. What is marketing? Explain 7 Ps of Marketing Mix.

Definition: Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others.

The 7 Ps of Marketing Mix:

  1. Product: The goods or services offered to the target market. It involves design, quality, features, packaging, and branding.
  2. Price: The amount of money customers pay to obtain the product. It involves pricing strategies, discounts, and payment terms.
  3. Place: The distribution channels used to make the product available to the consumer (e.g., shops, online, warehouses).
  4. Promotion: Activities that communicate the product's merits and persuade customers to buy (e.g., advertising, sales promotion, PR).
  5. People: All human actors who play a part in service delivery, namely the firm's personnel, the customer, and other customers.
  6. Process: The actual procedures, mechanisms, and flow of activities by which the service is delivered (e.g., efficient checkout process).
  7. Physical Evidence: The environment in which the service is delivered and where the firm and customer interact, and any tangible components that facilitate performance or communication (e.g., ambiance of a hotel, decor).
2. What is Bank? Explain different types of Banks.

Definition: A bank is a financial institution authorized to receive deposits and make loans. It deals in money and credit.

Types of Banks:

  1. Central Bank: The apex bank of a country (e.g., RBI in India). It regulates the banking system and issues currency.
  2. Commercial Banks: Banks that accept deposits and lend money mainly to businesses and individuals (e.g., SBI, HDFC).
  3. Co-operative Banks: Registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. They operate on the principle of mutual help (e.g., Saraswat Bank).
  4. Development Banks: Provide medium and long-term finance for industrial development (e.g., IFCI, SIDBI).
  5. Exchange Banks: Specialize in financing foreign trade and foreign exchange transactions.
  6. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): Established to cater to the credit needs of the rural sector and small farmers.
  7. Savings Banks: Aim to mobilize small savings from the public (e.g., Post Office Savings Bank).
  8. Investment Banks: Provide financial and advisory assistance to their customers, often facilitating mergers and issuing securities.
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