Showing posts with label Class 12. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Class 12. Show all posts

Class 12 Physics: Top 100 Most Important Numericals for Board Exams & MHT-CET

Physics Exam Strategy: Formulas & Solved Numericals

Success in the HSC Board and MHT-CET Physics papers relies heavily on mastering numericals. With 36 Marks dedicated solely to numerical problems, we have compiled the most important formulas and a model solved example for every single chapter.

How to use this guide:

For each chapter below, first memorize the "Key Formulas" list. Then, study the "Solved Example" to understand how to apply the values, convert units, and write the final answer with proper units.

1. Rotational Dynamics
Key Formulas
  • Moment of Inertia: $I = \sum mr^2 = mk^2$.
  • Parallel Axis: $I_o = I_c + Mh^2$.
  • Perpendicular Axis: $I_z = I_x + I_y$.
  • Banking Angle: $\tan\theta = \frac{v^2}{rg}$.
  • Max Safe Speed: $v = \sqrt{\mu rg}$.
Solved Example Q. A racing car races around a circular track of radius 300 m. If coefficient of friction is 0.8, find max safe speed. ($g=9.8$)
Given: $r=300$, $\mu=0.8$
Formula: $v_{max} = \sqrt{\mu r g}$
Calc: $\sqrt{0.8 \times 300 \times 9.8} = \sqrt{2352}$
Ans: $v \approx 48.5$ m/s
2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Key Formulas
  • Pressure: $P = h\rho g$.
  • Surface Tension: $T = F/l$.
  • Surface Energy: $W = T(dA)$.
  • Excess Pressure (Bubble): $P_i - P_o = 4T/r$.
  • Terminal Velocity: $v = \frac{2r^2(\rho-\sigma)g}{9\eta}$.
Solved Example Q. Calculate work done in blowing a soap bubble from radius 2 cm to 4 cm. ($T=0.03$ N/m)
Given: Soap bubble has 2 surfaces.
$W = T \times 2 \times (A_2 - A_1)$
$W = 0.03 \times 8\pi [(0.04)^2 - (0.02)^2]$
Ans: $9.05 \times 10^{-4}$ J
[Image of surface tension molecular forces]
3. KTG & Radiation
Key Formulas
  • Ideal Gas Eq: $PV = nRT$.
  • RMS Speed: $v_{rms} = \sqrt{3RT/M_0}$.
  • Pressure: $P = \frac{1}{3}\rho v_{rms}^2$.
  • Stefan's Law: $Q/t = \sigma A T^4$.
Solved Example Q. Calculate RMS speed of Oxygen at 27°C. ($M_0 = 32$g, $R=8.314$)
$T = 27+273 = 300$ K
$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 \times 8.314 \times 300}{32 \times 10^{-3}}}$
$\sqrt{233831} \approx 483.5$
Ans: $483.56$ m/s
4. Thermodynamics
Key Formulas
  • First Law: $Q = \Delta U + W$.
  • Work (Isobaric): $W = P(V_2 - V_1)$.
  • Adiabatic Work: $W = \frac{nR(T_1-T_2)}{\gamma-1}$.
  • Efficiency: $\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$.
Solved Example Q. Carnot engine operates between 327°C and 27°C. Find efficiency.
$T_H = 600$ K, $T_C = 300$ K
$\eta = 1 - (300/600) = 1 - 0.5$
Ans: 50% Efficiency
5. Oscillations
Key Formulas
  • Diff Eq: $\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + \omega^2 x = 0$.
  • Velocity: $v = \omega \sqrt{A^2 - x^2}$.
  • Period: $T = 2\pi / \omega$.
  • Pendulum: $T = 2\pi \sqrt{L/g}$.
Solved Example Q. Period=2s, Amp=10cm. Find velocity at x=6cm.
$\omega = 2\pi/T = \pi$
$v = \pi \sqrt{10^2 - 6^2} = \pi \sqrt{64}$
$v = 3.142 \times 8$
Ans: $25.136$ cm/s
6. Superposition of Waves
Key Formulas
  • Wave Eq: $y = A\sin(kx - \omega t)$.
  • String Freq: $n = \frac{1}{2L}\sqrt{T/m}$.
  • Closed Pipe: $n, 3n, 5n...$
  • Beats: $N = |n_1 - n_2|$.
Solved Example Q. Frequencies 320 Hz and 324 Hz are sounded. Find beat period.
Beat Freq $N = 324 - 320 = 4$ Hz
Period $T = 1/N = 1/4$
Ans: 0.25 seconds
7. Wave Optics
Key Formulas
  • Snell's Law: $\mu_1 \sin i = \mu_2 \sin r$.
  • Fringe Width: $X = \lambda D / d$.
  • Brewster's Law: $\mu = \tan i_p$.
  • Malus' Law: $I = I_0 \cos^2\theta$.
Solved Example Q. YDSE: slits 1mm apart, screen 1m away, $\lambda = 5000$Å. Find fringe width.
$X = \frac{5 \times 10^{-7} \times 1}{10^{-3}}$
$X = 5 \times 10^{-4}$ m
Ans: 0.5 mm
8. Electrostatics
Key Formulas
  • Force: $F = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$.
  • Field: $E = F/q$.
  • Potential: $V = W/q$.
  • Capacitor Energy: $U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$.
Solved Example Q. Capacitor 4 $\mu$F connected to 200V. Find energy.
$U = \frac{1}{2} \times 4 \times 10^{-6} \times (200)^2$
$U = 2 \times 10^{-6} \times 40000$
Ans: 0.08 Joules
9. Current Electricity
Key Formulas
  • Ohm's Law: $V = IR$.
  • Kirchhoff's Laws: $\sum I=0, \sum V=0$.
  • Wheatstone: $R_1/R_2 = R_3/R_4$.
  • Potentiometer: $E_1/E_2 = L_1/L_2$.
Solved Example Q. Wire of $10\Omega$ is stretched to double its length. New resistance?
Volume constant shortcut: $R_{new} = n^2 R_{old}$.
$R_{new} = (2)^2 \times 10 = 40$.
Ans: 40 $\Omega$
10. Magnetic Effects
Key Formulas
  • Biot-Savart: $dB = \frac{\mu_0 I dl \sin\theta}{4\pi r^2}$.
  • Ampere's Law: $\oint B \cdot dl = \mu_0 I$.
  • Solenoid Field: $B = \mu_0 n I$.
  • Lorentz Force: $F = q(v \times B)$.
Solved Example Q. Solenoid length 50cm, 100 turns, 2A current. Find B at center.
$n = N/L = 100/0.5 = 200$ turns/m.
$B = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 200 \times 2$
Ans: $5.02 \times 10^{-4}$ T
11. Magnetism
Key Formulas
  • Orbital Moment: $m_{orb} = \frac{e v r}{2}$.
  • Axial Field: $B_a = \frac{\mu_0 2M}{4\pi r^3}$.
  • Equatorial: $B_{eq} = \frac{\mu_0 M}{4\pi r^3}$.
  • Torque: $\tau = m B \sin\theta$.
Solved Example Q. $M=5$ Am$^2$. Find axial B at 20 cm.
$B = 10^{-7} \times \frac{2 \times 5}{(0.2)^3}$
$B = 10^{-7} \times 1250$
Ans: $1.25 \times 10^{-4}$ T
12. Electromagnetic Induction
Key Formulas
  • Flux: $\phi = B A \cos\theta$.
  • Faraday's Law: $e = -d\phi/dt$.
  • Self Induction: $e = -L(dI/dt)$.
  • Transformer: $E_s/E_p = N_s/N_p$.
Solved Example Q. Flux changes from 5 Wb to 2 Wb in 0.1s. Find EMF.
$|e| = |(2-5)/0.1|$
$e = 3 / 0.1$
Ans: 30 Volts
13. AC Circuits
Key Formulas
  • RMS: $I_{rms} = I_0 / \sqrt{2}$.
  • Inductive Reactance: $X_L = \omega L$.
  • Capacitive Reactance: $X_C = 1/\omega C$.
  • Impedance: $Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$.
Solved Example Q. $V = 100 \sin(100 \pi t)$, $R=50\Omega$. Find $I_{rms}$.
$V_0 = 100 \Rightarrow I_0 = 100/50 = 2$A.
$I_{rms} = 2 / 1.414$
Ans: 1.414 A
[Image of LCR circuit diagram]
14. Dual Nature of Radiation
Key Formulas
  • Einstein Eq: $E = \phi_0 + K_{max}$.
  • Momentum: $p = h/\lambda$.
  • Cut-off wavelength: $\lambda_0 = hc/\phi_0$.
Solved Example Q. Work function 2.5 eV. Find threshold wavelength.
$\lambda_0 = \frac{12400}{2.5}$ (Shortcut in Å)
Or use basic units: $\lambda_0 = \frac{hc}{2.5 \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19}}$
Ans: ~4960 Å
15. Structure of Atoms
Key Formulas
  • Radius: $r_n \propto n^2$.
  • Energy: $E_n = -13.6/n^2$ eV.
  • Rydberg: $1/\lambda = R(1/n^2 - 1/m^2)$.
  • Decay: $N = N_0(1/2)^n$.
Solved Example Q. Half-life 3 days. Fraction remaining after 9 days?
$n = t/T = 9/3 = 3$ half lives.
Remains $= (1/2)^3$
Ans: 1/8
16. Semiconductors
Key Formulas
  • Current Gain: $\beta = I_c / I_b$.
  • Relation: $\alpha = \beta / (1+\beta)$.
  • Logic Gates: NAND ($Y=\overline{A \cdot B}$), NOR ($Y=\overline{A+B}$).
Solved Example Q. NAND Gate inputs A=1, B=1. Output?
AND is $1 \times 1 = 1$.
NAND inverts it to 0.
Ans: 0 (Low)

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Maharashtra Board Class 12 Question Paper 2026 PDF – Download Previous Year Papers with Solutions

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Question Paper 2026 is available here for download along with solution PDFs. Students appearing for the HSC Board Exams 2026 can download subject-wise Maharashtra Board 12th question papers with detailed solutions to understand the latest exam pattern and marking scheme. The Maharashtra HSC Class 12 examinations are conducted for a total of 100 marks, and students must secure a minimum of 35% marks to pass the exam.

In this article, Omtex Classes has updated Maharashtra Board 2026 today’s question papers, official answer keys, Maharashtra Board 2026 memory-based questions and subject-wise analysis to help you calculate your expected score and determine the difficulty level of your branch.

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Maharashtra Board Class 12 Exam Pattern 2026

Exam Component Details
Board Name Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (MSBSHSE)
Examination Maharashtra HSC Class 12 Board Exam 2026
Mode of Exam Offline (Pen and Paper Mode)
Duration 3 Hours
Total Marks 100 Marks
Passing Marks 35%
Question Types Objective, Short Answer, Long Answer
Medium of Paper English, Marathi, Hindi
Negative Marking No

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Question Paper 2026 Preparation Tips

  • Understand the Syllabus & Exam Pattern: Before starting your preparation, thoroughly review the syllabus and the weightage of each chapter as per the 2026 exam pattern.
  • Solve Previous Years' Papers: Practicing with question papers from 2024 and 2025 helps in understanding the difficulty level and the types of questions frequently asked.
  • Focus on Textbooks: Stick to the Maharashtra State Board textbooks as the majority of the questions are directly sourced from them.
  • Time Management: Simulate exam conditions by solving sample papers within the 3-hour limit to improve your writing speed and accuracy.
  • Revise Regularly: Create short notes for important formulas, grammar rules, and definitions to facilitate quick revision before the exam.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Commerce Maths and Statistics March 2025 Paper Solutions

Mathematics & Statistics (Commerce) - 2025 Board Paper Solution (Marathi Medium)

Paper Code: J-317 | Max Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hrs

विभाग - १ (SECTION - I)

प्र. १. (अ) खालील दिलेल्या प्रत्येक प्रश्नासाठी सर्वात योग्य पर्याय निवडा आणि लिहा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण) :

(i) जर \(p\): तो बुद्धिमान आहे, \(q\): तो बलवान आहे.
तर "तो बुद्धिमान किंवा बलवान आहे हे चुकीचे आहे" या विधानाचे प्रतीकात्मक रूप _____ आहे.

  • (अ) \(\sim p \lor \sim q\)
  • (ब) \(\sim (p \land q)\)
  • (क) \(\sim (p \lor q)\)
  • (ड) \(p \lor \sim q\)
उत्तर: (क) \(\sim (p \lor q)\)
स्पष्टीकरण: "बुद्धिमान किंवा बलवान" म्हणजे \(p \lor q\). "हे चुकीचे आहे" म्हणजे नकार. म्हणून \(\sim (p \lor q)\).

(ii) \(\int (x + \frac{1}{x})^3 dx =\)

  • (अ) \(\frac{1}{4}(x + \frac{1}{x})^4 + c\)
  • (ब) \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log x - \frac{1}{2x^2} + c\)
  • (क) \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log x + \frac{1}{x^2} + c\)
  • (ड) \((x - x^{-1})^3 + c\)
उत्तर: (ब)
उकल: विस्तार (Expand): \((x + x^{-1})^3 = x^3 + 3x + \frac{3}{x} + x^{-3}\).
समाकलन (Integration): \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log|x| + \frac{x^{-2}}{-2} + c\).

(iii) \(\int_{2}^{7} \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{9-x}} dx =\)

  • (अ) \(\frac{7}{2}\)
  • (ब) \(\frac{5}{2}\)
  • (क) 7
  • (ड) 2
उत्तर: (ब) \(\frac{5}{2}\)
उकल: गुणधर्म (Property) वापरून \(I = \frac{b-a}{2} = \frac{7-2}{2} = \frac{5}{2}\).

(iv) वक्र \(y = x^2\) आणि रेषा \(y = 4\) ने बंदिस्त क्षेत्राचे क्षेत्रफळ _____ आहे.

  • (अ) \(\frac{32}{3}\) चौ. एकक
  • (ब) \(\frac{64}{3}\) चौ. एकक
  • (क) \(\frac{16}{3}\) चौ. एकक
  • (ड) 64 चौ. एकक
उत्तर: (अ) \(\frac{32}{3}\) चौ. एकक
उकल: क्षेत्रफळ \(= 2 \int_{0}^{2} (4 - x^2) dx = 2 [4x - \frac{x^3}{3}]_0^2 = 2(8 - \frac{8}{3}) = \frac{32}{3}\).

(v) विकलनीय समीकरण \((\frac{d^2y}{dx^2})^2 + (\frac{dy}{dx})^2 = a^x\) चा क्रम आणि कोटी क्रमशः _____ आहे.

  • (अ) 1, 1
  • (ब) 1, 2
  • (क) 2, 2
  • (ड) 2, 1
उत्तर: (क) 2, 2 (क्रम Order = 2, कोटी Degree = 2)

(vi) विकलनीय समीकरण \(\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{y}{x} = x^3 - 3\) एकत्रीकरण घटक (I.F.) _____ आहे.

  • (अ) \(\log x\)
  • (ब) \(e^x\)
  • (क) \(\frac{1}{x}\)
  • (ड) \(x\)
उत्तर: (ड) \(x\)
उकल: I.F. \(= e^{\int \frac{1}{x} dx} = e^{\log x} = x\).

प्र. १. (ब) खालीलपैकी प्रत्येक विधान सत्य किंवा असत्य आहे ते सांगा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण):

(i) जर \(A\) एक सारणी आणि \(K\) एक स्थिरांक असेल तर \((KA)^T = K A^T\).

उत्तर: सत्य (True)

(ii) \(\int \log x dx = x \log x + x + c\).

उत्तर: असत्य (False) (योग्य उत्तर: \(x \log x - x + c\)).

(iii) \(bx + ay = ab\) पासून अनियंत्रित स्थिरांक काढून टाकून प्राप्त केलेले विकलन समीकरण \(\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = 0\) आहे.

उत्तर: सत्य (True)

प्र. १. (क) खालील दिलेल्या रिक्त जागा भरा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण):

(i) जर सरासरी महसूल \(R_A\) = 50 असेल आणि मागणीची लवचिकता \(\eta = 5\) असेल तर किरकोळ महसूल \(R_M\) _____ आहे.

उत्तर: 40
(\(R_M = R_A(1 - \frac{1}{\eta}) = 50(1 - \frac{1}{5}) = 40\))

(ii) \(\int e^x (\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{x^2}) dx = \) _____ \(+ c\)

उत्तर: \(\frac{e^x}{x}\)

(iii) जर \(f'(x) = x^2 + 5\) आणि \(f(0) = -1\) तर \(f(x) = \) _____.

उत्तर: \(\frac{x^3}{3} + 5x - 1\)

प्र. २. (अ) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ३ गुण):

(i) "जर त्रिकोण समभुज असेल तर तो समकोण असेल." ह्या विधानाचे विरुद्ध (converse), व्यस्त (inverse) आणि विपरीत (contrapositive) विधाने लिहा.

समजा \(p\): त्रिकोण समभुज आहे, \(q\): तो समकोण आहे.
मूळ विधान: \(p \rightarrow q\)
विरुद्ध (Converse) (\(q \rightarrow p\)): जर त्रिकोण समकोण असेल तर तो समभुज असतो.
व्यस्त (Inverse) (\(\sim p \rightarrow \sim q\)): जर त्रिकोण समभुज नसेल तर तो समकोण नसतो.
विपरीत (Contrapositive) (\(\sim q \rightarrow \sim p\)): जर त्रिकोण समकोण नसेल तर तो समभुज नसतो.

(ii) जर \(\left\{ 5 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} - 3 \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & -2 \\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \right\} \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x-1 \\ y+1 \\ 2z \end{bmatrix}\) तर \(x, y, z\) शोधा.

\(5A - 3B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 5 \\ 5 & 0 \\ 5 & 5 \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 3 \\ 9 & -6 \\ 3 & 9 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -6 & 2 \\ -4 & 6 \\ 2 & -4 \end{bmatrix}\)
गुणाकार करा \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\):
\(\begin{bmatrix} -6(2) + 2(1) \\ -4(2) + 6(1) \\ 2(2) + (-4)(1) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -10 \\ -2 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\)
तुलना करून:
\(x - 1 = -10 \Rightarrow x = -9\)
\(y + 1 = -2 \Rightarrow y = -3\)
\(2z = 0 \Rightarrow z = 0\)

(iii) सोडवा: \(\int \frac{1}{x(x^6+1)} dx\)

अंश आणि छेदाला \(x^5\) ने गुणून: \(\int \frac{x^5}{x^6(x^6+1)} dx\)
समजा \(x^6 = t \Rightarrow 6x^5 dx = dt\)
\(I = \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{dt}{t(t+1)} = \frac{1}{6} \int (\frac{1}{t} - \frac{1}{t+1}) dt\)
\(I = \frac{1}{6} (\log|t| - \log|t+1|) + c = \frac{1}{6} \log|\frac{x^6}{x^6+1}| + c\)

प्र. २. (ब) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
\(2x - y + z = 1\)
\(x + 2y + 3z = 8\)
\(3x + y - 4z = 1\)

Solution:
The given system of equations can be written in matrix form \(AX = B\), where
\(A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 1 & -4 \end{bmatrix}, \quad X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)

Step 1: Find determinant of A (\(|A|\))
\(|A| = 2(-8 - 3) - (-1)(-4 - 9) + 1(1 - 6)\)
\(|A| = 2(-11) + 1(-13) + 1(-5)\)
\(|A| = -22 - 13 - 5 = -40 \neq 0\)
Since \(|A| \neq 0\), \(A^{-1}\) exists.

Step 2: Find Matrix of Cofactors
\(A_{11} = -11, \quad A_{12} = 13, \quad A_{13} = -5\)
\(A_{21} = -3, \quad A_{22} = -11, \quad A_{23} = -5\)
\(A_{31} = -5, \quad A_{32} = -5, \quad A_{33} = 5\)

Cofactor Matrix \(C = \begin{bmatrix} -11 & 13 & -5 \\ -3 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(\text{adj } A = C^T = \begin{bmatrix} -11 & -3 & -5 \\ 13 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\)

Step 3: Find X using \(X = A^{-1}B\)
\(X = \frac{1}{|A|} (\text{adj } A) B\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11 & -3 & -5 \\ 13 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11(1) -3(8) -5(1) \\ 13(1) -11(8) -5(1) \\ -5(1) -5(8) + 5(1) \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11 - 24 - 5 \\ 13 - 88 - 5 \\ -5 - 40 + 5 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -40 \\ -80 \\ -40 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)

\(\therefore x = 1, y = 2, z = 1\)

(ii) जर एका व्यक्तीचा खर्च \(E_c\), त्याचे उत्पन्न \(I\) बरोबर असे दिलेले आहे की \(E_c = (0.0003)I^2 + (0.075)I\); जेव्हा \(I = 1000\) असेल तर MPC, MPS, APC आणि APS शोधा.

येथे \(I = 1000\).
APC \(= \frac{E_c}{I} = 0.0003I + 0.075\)
\(I=1000\) असताना: APC \(= 0.0003(1000) + 0.075 = 0.3 + 0.075 = 0.375\)
APS \(= 1 - APC = 1 - 0.375 = 0.625\)
MPC \(= \frac{dE_c}{dI} = 0.0006I + 0.075\)
\(I=1000\) असताना: MPC \(= 0.0006(1000) + 0.075 = 0.6 + 0.075 = 0.675\)
MPS \(= 1 - MPC = 1 - 0.675 = 0.325\)

(iii) सोडवा: \(\int_1^2 \frac{dx}{x^2+6x+5}\)

\(x^2+6x+5 = (x+5)(x+1)\).
Partial Fractions: \(\frac{1}{(x+1)(x+5)} = \frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{x+1} - \frac{1}{x+5})\)
\(I = \frac{1}{4} [\log|x+1| - \log|x+5|]_1^2 = \frac{1}{4} [\log(\frac{x+1}{x+5})]_1^2\)
वरची सीमा: \(\log(\frac{3}{7})\), खालची सीमा: \(\log(\frac{2}{6}) = \log(\frac{1}{3})\)
\(I = \frac{1}{4} (\log \frac{3}{7} - \log \frac{1}{3}) = \frac{1}{4} \log(\frac{9}{7})\).

प्र. ३. (अ) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ३ गुण):

(i) जर \(y = (x)^x + (a)^x\) तर \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) शोधा.

समजा \(u = x^x\) आणि \(v = a^x\).
\(u = x^x \Rightarrow \log u = x \log x \Rightarrow \frac{du}{dx} = x^x(1+\log x)\)
\(v = a^x \Rightarrow \frac{dv}{dx} = a^x \log a\)
\(\frac{dy}{dx} = x^x(1+\log x) + a^x \log a\)

(ii) अन्वस्त (parabola) \(y^2 = 25x\) आणि रेषा \(x = 5\) मधील बंदिस्त क्षेत्राचे क्षेत्रफळ शोधा.

अन्वस्त X-अक्षाभोवती सममित (symmetric) आहे.
क्षेत्रफळ \(= 2 \int_0^5 y dx = 2 \int_0^5 5\sqrt{x} dx = 10 \int_0^5 x^{1/2} dx\)
\(= 10 [\frac{x^{3/2}}{3/2}]_0^5 = \frac{20}{3} [5^{3/2}] = \frac{100\sqrt{5}}{3}\) चौ. एकक.

(iii) \(y = Ae^{3x} + Be^{-3x}\) संबंधातून अनियंत्रित स्थिरांक काढून टाकून विकलन समीकरण शोधा.

पहिले विकलन (Derivative): \(y' = 3Ae^{3x} - 3Be^{-3x}\)
दुसरे विकलन: \(y'' = 9Ae^{3x} + 9Be^{-3x} = 9(Ae^{3x} + Be^{-3x})\)
\(y'' = 9y \Rightarrow \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} - 9y = 0\)

प्र. ३. (ब) खालीलपैकी कोणताही एक उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) Using the truth table, verify \(p \lor (q \land r) = (p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\)

Solution:
We construct the truth table for the given logical statement.

\(p\) \(q\) \(r\) \(q \land r\) \(p \lor (q \land r)\)
(LHS)
\(p \lor q\) \(p \lor r\) \((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\)
(RHS)
T T T T T T T T
T T F F T T T T
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T T T
F T T T T T T T
F T F F F T F F
F F T F F F T F
F F F F F F F F

From the table, the entries in column 5 (LHS) and column 8 (RHS) are identical.
\(\therefore p \lor (q \land r) = (p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\) is verified.

(ii) जर \(x = \frac{4t}{1+t^2}, y = 3(\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2})\), तर दाखवा \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-9x}{4y}\).

समजा \(t = \tan \theta\). तर \(x = 2(2\sin \theta \cos \theta) = 2 \sin 2\theta\) आणि \(y = 3 \cos 2\theta\).
म्हणून \(\frac{x}{2} = \sin 2\theta\) आणि \(\frac{y}{3} = \cos 2\theta\).
वर्ग करून बेरीज केल्यास: \(\frac{x^2}{4} + \frac{y^2}{9} = 1\).
विकलन केल्यास: \(\frac{2x}{4} + \frac{2y}{9}\frac{dy}{dx} = 0\).
\(\frac{x}{2} = -\frac{2y}{9}\frac{dy}{dx} \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-9x}{4y}\).

प्र. ३. (क) खालीलपैकी कोणतीही एक कृति सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) संख्या 84 दोन भागांमध्ये अशा प्रकारे विभाजित करा जेणेकरून पहिला भाग आणि दुसऱ्या भागाच्या वर्गाचा गुणाकार जास्तीत जास्त असेल.

समजा पहिला भाग \(x\) असेल, तर दुसरा भाग \(84 - x\) असेल.
\(f(x) = x^2(84-x) = 84x^2 - x^3\) (दुसऱ्या भागाचा वर्ग घेण्याऐवजी प्रश्नाच्या संदर्भांनुसार सोडवल्यास: प्रश्नात "पहिला भाग आणि दुसऱ्या भागाचा वर्ग" म्हटले आहे, पण सामान्यतः अशा प्रश्नांमध्ये \(x \times (84-x)^2\) किंवा \(x^2(84-x)\) असू शकते. दिलेल्या स्टेप्समध्ये \(f'(x)=168x-3x^2\) आहे, याचा अर्थ \(f(x) = 84x^2 - x^3\) घेतले आहे, म्हणजे एका भागाचा वर्ग आणि दुसरा भाग).
\(f'(x) = 168x - 3x^2\)
कमाल मूल्यासाठी \(f'(x) = 0 \Rightarrow 3x(56-x) = 0\)
\(x = 0\) किंवा \(x = 56\)
\(f''(x) = 168 - 6x\)
जर \(x=56, f''(56) = 168 - 336 = -168 < 0\)
म्हणून \(x = 56\) वर फलन कमाल आहे.
84 चे दोन भाग 56 आणि 28 आहेत.

(ii) Solve the following differential equation
\((x^2 - yx^2)dy + (y^2 + xy^2)dx = 0\)

Solution:
Separating the variables, the given equation can be written as:
\(x^2(1-y)dy + y^2(1+x)dx = 0\)
Dividing by \(x^2y^2\),

\(\left[ \frac{1-y}{y^2} \right] dy + \left[ \frac{1+x}{x^2} \right] dx = 0\)

\(\therefore (y^{-2} - \frac{1}{y})dy + (x^{-2} + \frac{1}{x})dx = 0\)

\(\left[ y^{-2} \right] dy - \frac{1}{y}dy + x^{-2}dx + \left[ \frac{1}{x} \right] dx = 0\)

Integrating we get,
\(\int y^{-2}dy - \int \frac{1}{y}dy + \int x^{-2}dx + \int \frac{1}{x}dx = 0\)

\(\therefore \frac{y^{-1}}{-1} - \left[ \log y \right] + \frac{x^{-1}}{-1} + \left[ \log x \right] = c\)

\(-\frac{1}{y} - \frac{1}{x} + \log x - \log y = c\)

\(\log x - \log y = \left[ \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} \right] + c\)

is the required solution.

विभाग - २ (SECTION - II)

प्र. ४. (अ) खालील दिलेल्या प्रत्येक प्रश्नासाठी सर्वात योग्य पर्याय निवडा आणि लिहा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण):

(i) दलाल जो त्याच्या मालकाला हमी देतो की पक्ष मालाची विक्री किंमत देईल त्याला _____ असे म्हणतात.

  • (अ) लिलाव करणारा (Auctioneer)
  • (ब) आश्वासक दलाल (Del credere agent)
  • (क) घटक (Factor)
  • (ड) दलाल (Broker)
उत्तर: (ब) आश्वासक दलाल (Del credere agent)

(ii) सामान्य वार्षिकी मध्ये देणे किंवा पावत्या _____ होतात.

  • (अ) प्रत्येक कालावधीच्या सुरुवातीस
  • (ब) प्रत्येक कालावधीच्या अखेरीस
  • (क) प्रत्येक कालावधीच्या मध्यात
  • (ड) त्रैमासिक तत्त्वावर
उत्तर: (ब) प्रत्येक कालावधीच्या अखेरीस

(iii) चलित सरासरी (Moving averages) _____ ओळखण्यासाठी उपयुक्त आहेत.

  • (अ) हंगामी घटक
  • (ब) अनियमित घटक
  • (क) कल घटक (Trend component)
  • (ड) चक्रीय घटक
उत्तर: (क) कल घटक

(iv) जर \(P_{01}(L)=90\) आणि \(P_{01}(P)=40\) तर \(P_{01}(D-B)\) तर _____ आहे.

  • (अ) 65
  • (ब) 50
  • (क) 25
  • (ड) 130
उत्तर: (अ) 65 (L आणि P ची सरासरी: \(\frac{90+40}{2}\))

(v) सोपवणी समस्येचे उद्दिष्ट _____ नियुक्त करणे आहे.

  • (अ) जास्तीत जास्त किमतीत कामांची संख्या समान व्यक्तींची संख्या
  • (ब) कमीत कमी किमतीत कामांची संख्या समान व्यक्तींची संख्या
  • (क) फक्त खर्च वाढवण्यासाठी
  • (ड) फक्त खर्च कमी करण्यासाठी
उत्तर: (ड) फक्त खर्च कमी करण्यासाठी (Minimization objective).

(vi) दोन निष्पक्ष फासे फेकले जातात तेव्हा मिळणाऱ्या दोन संख्यांच्या बेरजेचे अपेक्षित मूल्य _____ असते.

  • (अ) 5
  • (ब) 6
  • (क) 7
  • (ड) 8
उत्तर: (क) 7

प्र. ४. (ब) खालील दिलेली विधाने सत्य किंवा असत्य आहेत ते सांगा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण):

(i) जर \(b_{yx} + b_{xy} = 1.30\) आणि \(r = 0.75\) तर दिलेली माहिती विसंगत आहे. उत्तर: सत्य (True).

(ii) चक्रीय भिन्नता वर्षातून अनेक वेळा येऊ शकते. उत्तर: असत्य (False).

(iii) जीवनावश्यक निर्देशांक क्रमांक पैशाची क्रयशक्ती मोजण्यासाठी वापरला जातो. उत्तर: सत्य (True).

प्र. ४. (क) खालील दिलेल्या रिक्त जागा भरा (प्रत्येकी १ गुण):

(i) बँकेची सवलत वजा केल्यावर हुंडी धारकास दिलेली रक्कम तात्काळ मूल्य (Cash Value) म्हणून ओळखली जाते.

(ii) वेळ मालिकेचा कल मोजण्याची सोपी पद्धत आलेख पद्धत (Graphical Method) आहे.

(iii) भारित एकत्रित पद्धतीनुसार प्रमाण निर्देशांक क्रमांक \(\frac{\sum q_1 w}{\sum q_0 w} \times 100\) द्वारे दिला जातो.

प्र. ५. (अ) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ३ गुण):

(i) खालील माहितीसाठी योग्य प्रतिगमन समीकरणाची गणना करा.
X: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 आणि Y: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.

मध्य (Means): \(\bar{X}=3, \bar{Y}=9\).
\(b_{yx} = \frac{\sum(X-\bar{X})(Y-\bar{Y})}{\sum(X-\bar{X})^2} = \frac{20}{10} = 2\).
Y चे X वरील समीकरण: \(Y - 9 = 2(X - 3) \Rightarrow Y = 2X + 3\).

(ii) L.P.P. तयार करा: कंपनी सिमेंट आणि वाळूच्या ठोस विटा बनवते...

समजा \(x\) = सिमेंटचे किलो, \(y\) = वाळूचे किलो.
Minimize \(Z = 20x + 6y\)
अटी:
\(x + y \ge 5\) (वजन)
\(x \ge 4\) (किमान सिमेंट)
\(y \le 2\) (कमाल वाळू)
\(x, y \ge 0\).

(iii) नि:पक्षपाती नाण्याच्या तीन नाणेफेकमध्ये छायाच्या संख्येचा मध्य (mean) शोधा.

\(n=3, p=0.5\). हे द्विपदी वितरण (Binomial Distribution) आहे.
मध्य \(E(X) = np = 3 \times 0.5 = 1.5\).

प्र. ५. (ब) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) 4-वर्षीय केंद्रिम चलित सरासरीचा (4-yearly centered moving average) वापर करून खालील माहितीसाठी कल मूल्ये (trend values) मिळवा:

वर्ष 1976197719781979198019811982198319841985
निर्देशांक 02332456710
उकल:
वर्ष (t) निर्देशांक (y) 4-वर्षीय बेरीज 2-गटांची बेरीज (Centered) कल मूल्य (Trend) = बेरीज/8
19760---
19772---
197838 (0+2+3+3)18 (8+10)2.25
1979310 (2+3+3+2)22 (10+12)2.75
1980212 (3+3+2+4)26 (12+14)3.25
1981414 (3+2+4+5)31 (14+17)3.875
1982517 (2+4+5+6)39 (17+22)4.875
1983622 (4+5+6+7)50 (22+28)6.25
1984728 (5+6+7+10)--
198510---

(ii) खालील कार्ये पूर्ण करण्यासाठी AB या क्रमाने एकूण व्यतीत वेळ कमी करणारा कार्याचा क्रम शोधा. एकूण व्यतीत वेळ आणि यंत्र B साठी निष्क्रिय वेळ शोधा:

कार्येIIIIIIIVVVIVII
यंत्र A716191014155
यंत्र B121414101657
उकल:
सर्वात लहान वेळ 5 आहे (कार्ये VII वर A आणि VI वर B).
कार्ये VII प्रथम आणि VI शेवटी येईल: VII ... VI
उर्वरित कार्यांमधून (I, II, III, IV, V), किमान वेळ 7 आहे (कार्य I, यंत्र A). म्हणून VII नंतर I येईल.
क्रम: VII - I ... VI
उर्वरित कार्यांमधून (II, III, IV, V), किमान वेळ 10 आहे (कार्य IV, दोन्ही यंत्रांवर). आपण ते I नंतर घेऊ.
क्रम: VII - I - IV ... VI
त्यानंतर किमान वेळ 14 आहे (कार्य V-A वर, II आणि III-B वर). V ला डावीकडे आणि II, III ला उजवीकडे घेऊ.
इष्टतम क्रम: VII - I - IV - V - II - III - VI

एकूण व्यतीत वेळ गणना:
कार्य यंत्र A यंत्र B
आतबाहेरआतबाहेर
VII05512 (5+7)
I512 (5+7)1224 (12+12)
IV1222 (12+10)2434 (24+10)
V2236 (22+14)3652 (36+16)
II3652 (36+16)5266 (52+14)
III5271 (52+19)7185 (71+14)
VI7186 (71+15)8691 (86+5)

एकूण व्यतीत वेळ (Total Elapsed Time): 91 तास/मिनिटे.
यंत्र B साठी निष्क्रिय वेळ (Idle Time):
(5 - 0) + (12 - 12) + (24 - 24) + (36 - 34) + (52 - 52) + (71 - 66) + (86 - 85)
= 5 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 1 = 13 तास/मिनिटे.

(iii) 52 पत्त्यांच्या चांगल्या फेरफार केलेल्या गड्डीमधून 5 पत्ते एकापाठोपाठ काढली जातात. (अ) पाचही पत्ते इस्पिक आहेत. (ब) फक्त 3 पत्ते इस्पिक आहेत. त्याची संभाव्यता शोधा.

उकल:
एकूण पत्ते \(n(S) = 52\). काढलेले पत्ते \(r = 5\).
एकूण प्रकार = \({}^{52}C_5\).
इस्पिक पत्त्यांची संख्या = 13, इतर पत्ते = 39.

(अ) पाचही पत्ते इस्पिक असण्याची संभाव्यता:
इस्पिकमधून 5 निवडणे = \({}^{13}C_5\).
\(P(A) = \frac{{}^{13}C_5}{{}^{52}C_5}\).

(ब) फक्त 3 पत्ते इस्पिक असण्याची संभाव्यता:
13 इस्पिकमधून 3 निवडणे आणि 39 इतर पत्त्यांमधून 2 निवडणे.
प्रकार = \({}^{13}C_3 \times {}^{39}C_2\).
\(P(B) = \frac{{}^{13}C_3 \times {}^{39}C_2}{{}^{52}C_5}\).

प्र. ६. (अ) खालीलपैकी कोणतेही दोन उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ३ गुण):

(i) विमा गणना.

मूल्य = 8,00,000. विमा उतरवलेली किंमत = 8,00,000 चे \(75\%\) = 6,00,000.
हप्ता (Premium) = 6,00,000 चे \(0.80\%\) = 4,800.
दलालाची दलाली = 4,800 चे \(9\%\) = 432.

(ii) खालील रेषीय उपयोजन समस्या (L.P.P.) आलेखीय पद्धतीने सोडवा. महत्तम \(z = 4x + 6y\).

रेषा: \(3x + 2y = 12\) (अक्ष बिंदू (4,0), (0,6)) आणि \(x + y = 4\) (अक्ष बिंदू (4,0), (0,4)).
शिरोबिंदू A(4,0), B(0,4), C(0,6) आहेत.
\(Z\) at A(4,0) = 16.
\(Z\) at B(0,4) = 24.
\(Z\) at C(0,6) = 36.
महत्तम मूल्य 36 आहे.

(iii) प्लायवुड पाटीवरील दोष यादृच्छिकपणे आढळतात आणि सरासरी एक दोष प्रति 50 चौरस फूट आहे. अशा पाटीची संभाव्यता शोधा ज्यामध्ये:
(अ) दोष नाही
(ब) किमान एक दोष आहे.
(वापरा \(e^{-1} = 0.3678\))

उकल:
हे पॉयझन वितरण (Poisson Distribution) आहे.
सरासरी \(m = 1\).
सूत्र: \(P(X=x) = \frac{e^{-m} m^x}{x!}\)

(अ) दोष नाही \((X=0)\):
\(P(X=0) = \frac{e^{-1} (1)^0}{0!} = \frac{0.3678 \times 1}{1} = 0.3678\).

(ब) किमान एक दोष आहे \((X \ge 1)\):
\(P(X \ge 1) = 1 - P(X=0)\)
\(P(X \ge 1) = 1 - 0.3678 = 0.6322\).

प्र. ६. (ब) खालीलपैकी कोणताही एक उपप्रश्न सोडवा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) दोन प्रतिगमन रेषांचे समीकरण \(10x - 4y = 80\) आणि \(10y - 9x = -40\) आहे. शोधा :
(अ) \(\bar{x}\) आणि \(\bar{y}\)
(ब) \(b_{yx}\) आणि \(b_{xy}\)
(क) \(r\)
(ड) जर \(var(Y) = 36\) तर \(var(X)\) मिळवा.

उकल:
(अ) मध्य \(\bar{x}\) आणि \(\bar{y}\) शोधणे:
दिलेली समीकरणे एकाच वेळी सोडवून (Intersection point is the mean):
(I) \(10x - 4y = 80 \Rightarrow 5x - 2y = 40\)
(II) \(-9x + 10y = -40\)
समीकरण (I) ला 5 ने गुणून: \(25x - 10y = 200\)
समीकरण (II) मिळवून: \(-9x + 10y = -40\)
बेरीज: \(16x = 160 \Rightarrow \bar{x} = 10\).
\(x\) ची किंमत (I) मध्ये ठेवून: \(5(10) - 2y = 40 \Rightarrow 50 - 40 = 2y \Rightarrow y = 5\).
म्हणून \(\bar{x} = 10\) आणि \(\bar{y} = 5\).

(ब) \(b_{yx}\) आणि \(b_{xy}\) शोधणे:
समजा \(10x - 4y = 80\) हे \(X\) चे \(Y\) वरील समीकरण आहे:
\(10x = 4y + 80 \Rightarrow x = 0.4y + 8\). म्हणून \(b_{xy} = 0.4\).
समजा \(10y - 9x = -40\) हे \(Y\) चे \(X\) वरील समीकरण आहे:
\(10y = 9x - 40 \Rightarrow y = 0.9x - 4\). म्हणून \(b_{yx} = 0.9\).
तपासणी: \(b_{xy} \times b_{yx} = 0.4 \times 0.9 = 0.36 < 1\). हे वैध आहे.
म्हणून \(b_{xy} = 0.4\) आणि \(b_{yx} = 0.9\).

(क) \(r\) शोधणे:
\(r = \pm\sqrt{b_{xy} \times b_{yx}} = \sqrt{0.36} = 0.6\).
(दोन्ही प्रतिगमन सहगुणक धन आहेत, म्हणून \(r\) धन आहे).
\(r = 0.6\).

(ड) \(var(X)\) शोधणे:
दिलेले \(var(Y) = 36 \Rightarrow \sigma_y = 6\).
सूत्र: \(b_{yx} = r \frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma_x}\)
\(0.9 = 0.6 \times \frac{6}{\sigma_x}\)
\(\sigma_x = \frac{3.6}{0.9} = 4\).
\(var(X) = \sigma_x^2 = 16\).

(ii) राहणीमान किंमत निर्देशांकाची किंमत 150 असल्यास \(x\) शोधा :

गट अन्न कपडे इंधन आणि विद्युत घरभाडे इतर
I 180 120 300 100 160
W 4 5 6 \(x\) 3
उकल:
सूत्र: \(\text{CLI} = \frac{\sum IW}{\sum W}\)
दिलेले \(\text{CLI} = 150\).
गणना सारणी:
\(\sum W = 4 + 5 + 6 + x + 3 = 18 + x\)
\(\sum IW = (180 \times 4) + (120 \times 5) + (300 \times 6) + (100 \times x) + (160 \times 3)\)
\(\sum IW = 720 + 600 + 1800 + 100x + 480\)
\(\sum IW = 3600 + 100x\)

किंमती सूत्रामध्ये ठेवून:
\(150 = \frac{3600 + 100x}{18 + x}\)
\(150(18 + x) = 3600 + 100x\)
\(2700 + 150x = 3600 + 100x\)
\(150x - 100x = 3600 - 2700\)
\(50x = 900\)
\(x = \frac{900}{50} = 18\).
उत्तर: \(x = 18\).

प्र. ६. (क) खालीलपैकी कोणतीही एक कृती पूर्ण करा (प्रत्येकी ४ गुण):

(i) हुंडी (Bill of Exchange) कृती.

\(BD = 18000 - 17568 = 432\).
\(n = \frac{432 \times 100}{18000 \times 12} = \frac{1}{5}\) वर्षे = 73 दिवस.
वटवल्याची तारीख: 25 ऑक्टोबर.
ऑक्टोबर(6) + नोव्हेंबर(30) + डिसेंबर(31) = 67 दिवस.
उर्वरित = \(73 - 67 = 6\) दिवस.
कायदेशीर देय तारीख = 6 जानेवारी 2018.

(ii) न्यूनतम करण्यासाठी खालील सोपवणी समस्या सोडवा (Activity):

IIIIIIIVV
11824192023
21921201822
32223202123
42018211919
51822232221
उकल :

पायरी - I : त्या रांगेतील प्रत्येक घटकातून प्रत्येक रांगेतील सर्वात लहान घटक वजा करा.
06124
13203
23013
20311
04543
पायरी - II : त्या स्तंभाच्या प्रत्येक घटकातून प्रत्येक स्तंभातील सर्वात लहान घटक वजा करा.
06124
13203
23012
20310
04542
पायरी - III : सर्व शून्य व्यापणाऱ्या किमान रेषा काढा.
येथे कमीत कमी रेषांची संख्या (4) < सारणीचा क्रम (5).

पायरी - IV : सर्वात लहान न व्यापलेला घटक 1 आहे, जो सर्व न व्यापलेल्या घटकांमधून वजा करून दोन रेषांच्या छेदनबिंदूवर असलेल्या सर्व घटकांमध्ये जोडायचा आहे.
05023
23203
33012
30310
03431
पायरी - V : सर्व शून्य व्यापणाऱ्या आवश्यक किमान रेषा काढा.
येथे कमीत कमी रेषांची संख्या \(\ne\) सारणीचा क्रम.

पायरी - VI : सर्वात लहान न व्यापलेला घटक (1) आहे, जो सर्व न व्यापलेल्या घटकांमधून वजा करून दोन रेषांच्या छेदन बिंदूवर असलेल्या सर्व घटकांमध्ये जोडायचा आहे.
आता कमीत कमी रेषांची संख्या = सारणीचा क्रम.
इष्टतम सोपवणी केली जाऊ शकते.

इष्टतम उकल:
\(1 \rightarrow\) I (मूल्य: 18)
\(2 \rightarrow\) IV (मूल्य: 18)
\(3 \rightarrow\) III (मूल्य: 20)
\(4 \rightarrow\) II (मूल्य: 18)
\(5 \rightarrow\) V (मूल्य: 21)

न्यूनतम मूल्य = 95
Question Paper Page No. 1 Question Paper Page No. 2 Question Paper Page No. 3 Question Paper Page No. 4 Question Paper Page No. 5 Question Paper Page No. 6 Question Paper Page No. 7 Question Paper Page No. 8 Question Paper Page No. 9 Question Paper Page No. 10 Question Paper Page No. 11 Question Paper Page No. 12 Question Paper Page No. 13 Question Paper Page No. 14 Question Paper Page No. 15

Maharashtra HSC Board English Question Paper Solution March 2024 (N 580) - Complete Answer Key

Section I: Language Study
Q.1 (A) A1. Do as directed (any four):
(1) Pick out the infinitive from the following sentence: Every child is free to grow.
Answer: to grow

(2) Write the collocations for the following:
ticket ...................................
Answer: ticket collector / railway ticket / movie ticket
................................... drizzle.
Answer: light drizzle / steady drizzle

(3) Punctuate the following sentence: dr kalam sat contemplating deeply
Answer: Dr. Kalam sat contemplating deeply.

(4) Write any two present participles in which the last letter is doubled.
Answer: running, sitting, swimming, cutting, putting (Any two)

(5) Find out any two hidden words of minimum four letters from the given word: reverberated.
Answer: ever, rate, date, tear, bear, rare, beat, treat, breed (Any two)
A2. Do as directed (any two):
(1) Identify the verb in the given sentence and state whether it’s finite or non-finite: He gave the reward to none.
Verb: gave
Type: Finite Verb

(2) Make two meaningful sentences to bring out the difference between the given two homophones: ware, wear
Answer:
  • Ware: The shop sells pottery and ceramic ware.
  • Wear: I like to wear comfortable clothes while traveling.

(3) Rewrite the sentence using ‘as soon as’: No sooner is the bill passed than it will become an act.
Answer: As soon as the bill is passed, it will become an act.
(B) Do as directed (any one):
(1) Use the given two words into one meaningful sentence: Rest; routine
Answer: After following a strict routine for months, I finally took some rest.
(2) Change the following sentence into a compound sentence: I awoke late next morning to find that Anil had already made the tea.
Answer: I awoke late next morning and found that Anil had already made the tea.

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Section II: Textual Passages
Q.2 (A) Read the following passage and do the given activities:
A1. Name the following with reference to the passage:
Activity Name
(i) The company started by the narrator and Woz. Apple
(ii) The second company started by the narrator. Next (or NeXT)
(iii) An amazing woman the narrator fell in love with. Laurene
(iv) World’s most successful animation studio. Pixar
A2. Complete the following web diagram:
Advice given by Steve Jobs
Don't lose faith
Love what you do
The theme of Jobs' second story
Love and Loss
A3. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct phrases in their proper form from the bracket: (to get fired, devastating, begin to dawn on)
(i) On committing persistent mistakes the employee ........................ from his post.
Answer: got fired
(ii) When the teacher explained the solution of the problems in Maths, it ....................... the students that the problems were easy.
Answer: began to dawn on
A4. Do as directed:
(i) Identify the tense of the underlined verb: If you haven’t found yet, keep looking.
Answer: Present Perfect Tense
(ii) "I found what I loved to do early in life." (Identify the main and subordinate clause.)
Main Clause: I found
Subordinate Clause: what I loved to do early in life (Noun Clause)
A5. ‘Failure is the key to success.’ Explain in your own words.
Sample Answer: Failure is often considered a stepping stone to success because it teaches us valuable lessons that success cannot. When we fail, we analyze our mistakes, build resilience, and strive to improve. As seen in Steve Jobs' life, getting fired from Apple led him to his most creative period, founding Pixar and Next. Thus, failure provides the experience necessary for future triumphs.

(B) Read the following passage and complete the activities:
B1. State whether the given statements are true or false:
(i) The age of the girl was six. False (She was about sixteen)
(ii) The boy on the bed was fast asleep. False (He was not asleep)
(iii) Pandit Ravi Shankar was a tabla maestro. False (He was a sitar maestro)
(iv) She had seen how the doctors had shaken their heads gravely. True
B2. Complete the following statements giving reasons:
(i) Anant was better than his sister in playing sitar because .................
Answer: he was already able to compose his own tunes to the astonishment of their Guru.
(ii) The girl was excited because ..............................
Answer: she read in the newspaper that Pandit Ravi Shankar was playing tomorrow at Shanmukhananda auditorium.
B3. Vocabulary:
(i) Find any two adverbs from the passage ending with ‘ly’
Answer: excitedly, gravely, endlessly, actually (Any two)
(ii) Find any two compound words from the passage.
Answer: newspaper, table-tennis, lifetime, self-reproach (Any two)
B4. Do as directed:
(i) “I’ve always wanted to hear him and see him,” he said. (Change into indirect speech).
Answer: He said that he had always wanted to hear him and see him.
(ii) His mother sprang to his side. (Add a question tag).
Answer: His mother sprang to his side, didn't she?
B5. Describe your experience of any musical concert that you have attended.
Sample Answer: I recently attended a live concert by A.R. Rahman in Mumbai. The atmosphere was electric with thousands of fans cheering. The lighting effects and the booming sound system created a mesmerizing experience. When he played his famous song "Jai Ho," the entire crowd sang along. It was an unforgettable night filled with energy and emotion.
Section III: Poetry
Q.3 (A) Read the following extract and do the given activities:
A1. Identify the stages in man’s life from the given description and complete the table:
Actions Stage
(i) Full of strange oaths Soldier
(ii) Creeping like a snail Schoolboy
(iii) Sighing like furnace Lover
(iv) Having fair round belly Justice (Judge)
A2. Write down the similarities between the first and the 7th (last) stage of man’s life:
Answer:
  1. Dependence: In both stages, man is helpless and dependent on others (nurse/caretaker).
  2. Physical State: Both stages lack teeth, taste, and general senses ("Sans teeth, sans eyes...").
  3. Unconsciousness: The infant is unaware of the world, and the old man enters "mere oblivion".
A3. Choose the correct alternative to identify the figure of speech used in the following line: "All the world’s a stage."
Answer: (b) Metaphor
(B) Poem Appreciation: The Height of the Ridiculous
Appreciation of the poem 'The Height of the Ridiculous'

Title: The Height of the Ridiculous

Poet: Oliver Wendell Holmes

Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows the rhyme scheme abcb.

Figures of Speech: The poem uses Hyperbole extensively (e.g., "I laughed as I would die", "waistband split"). It also uses Transferred Epithet ("sleepless eye") and Onomatopoeia ("chuckling", "roar").

Central Idea/Theme: The poem is a humorous narrative about the poet writing a poem so funny that it has physically dangerous effects on anyone who reads it. The theme revolves around the power of humor and the poet's mock regret, deciding never to be that funny again because it nearly killed his strong servant with laughter.

Section IV: Non-textual Passage
Q.4 (A) Read the following passage and complete the given activities:
A1. Complete the following web chart: Advantages of tourist destination in Kerala
Ayurvedic massages
Kathakali dance drama
Backwaters / Houseboats
Wildlife Sanctuaries / Nature
A2. Complete the following table:
City Speciality
(i) Kochi Oldest European church, Synagogue, Dutch Palace, Kathakali
(ii) Thekkady Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Plantations (cardamom, tea, coffee)
(iii) Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy temple, Napier museum, Puttan Mallika Palace, Kovalam beach
(iv) Alleppey Backwaters, Intricate network of canals
A3. Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’:
Column A Answer (Column B)
(i) Charm (c) magical spell (used here as attraction)
(ii) Craggy (d) steep
(iii) Reflect (a) throw back light or heat
(iv) Spellbinding (b) enthralling
*Note: In strict matching based on parts of speech: Charm (Noun) matches Magical Spell (Noun); Spellbinding (Adj) matches Enthralling (Adj).
A4. Do as directed:
(i) You can choose a place of your dreams. (Use the modal auxiliary showing compulsion)
Answer: You must choose a place of your dreams.
(ii) Kerala is the land of magic and ayurvedic massages. (Rewrite using ‘not only ... but also’)
Answer: Kerala is not only the land of magic but also ayurvedic massages.
A5. Why is tourism industry important for the Indian Economy to flourish?
Sample Answer: The tourism industry is vital for the Indian economy as it generates significant foreign exchange and revenue. It creates diverse employment opportunities, from hospitality to transportation. Furthermore, tourism promotes infrastructure development and helps preserve and showcase India's rich cultural heritage to the world.
(B) Summary Writing:
Kerala: A Traveler's Paradise

Kerala offers a diverse range of attractions for tourists, starting with the eclectic city of Kochi, known for its colonial history and Kathakali performances. Visitors can explore the capital, Thiruvananthapuram, with its temples and museums, or relax at Kovalam beach. The state is famous for its backwaters in Alleppey and the scenic beauty of Munnar's tea gardens. For nature lovers, Thekkady offers wildlife sanctuaries and spice plantations. Whether cruising the backwaters or enjoying ayurvedic massages, Kerala provides a unique and refreshing holiday experience.

Section V: Writing Skills
Q.5 (A) Letter Writing
A1. Formal Letter (To the Editor)

Soham Dargan
208, Swarnadham, Hira Colony,
Mumbai - 400052.

15th March, 2024

To,
The Editor,
The Times of India,
Mumbai - 400001.

Subject: Awareness about the role of sports in a student's life.

Sir,

Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw attention to the diminishing importance of sports in the daily lives of students today. In an era driven by academic competition, physical activities are often sidelined.

Sports and games are not mere recreational activities; they are essential for holistic development. Participating in sports enhances capability and efficiency. It serves as an excellent stress buster, removing mental exhaustion caused by long study hours. Scientifically, sports improve blood circulation throughout the body, which contributes significantly to both physical and mental well-being.

Schools and parents must encourage students to dedicate time to outdoor games to ensure they grow into healthy, capable individuals. I hope this letter helps spread awareness about this crucial topic.

Yours truly,
Soham Dargan

Q.6 (A) Information Transfer: Verbal to Non-Verbal
Process of Sugar Manufacturing
Harvesting Sugar Beet (Autumn/Winter)
↓
Washing the Sugar Beet
↓
Slicing into thin strips (Cossettes)
↓
Mixing with hot water (Extraction)
↓
Adding lime solution (Removing impurities)
↓
Filtering, Heating, and Seeding with crystals
↓
Washing, Drying, and Cooling the crystals
↓
Delivery to customers (Industrial/Retail)
(B) B1. Drafting a Speech
Speech: Nothing is more important than self-study

Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear friends,

A very good morning to all. Today, I stand before you to share my views on the topic, ‘Nothing is more important than self-study.’

While classroom teaching provides us with the foundation of knowledge, it is self-study that truly cements that knowledge. When we study on our own, we learn more efficiently because we can focus on areas where we are weak and skim through what we already know. Unlike a classroom setting where the pace is set by the teacher, self-study allows us to learn at our own pace.

Furthermore, self-study encourages curiosity. When we explore a topic ourselves, we tend to dig deeper, ask questions, and find answers, which leads to better retention. Most importantly, mastering a subject through one's own effort boosts a student's self-esteem and confidence. It makes us independent learners, a skill that is vital for success in higher education and life.

Therefore, I urge everyone to dedicate time daily to self-study. Thank you.

Section VI: Creative Writing
Q.7 (A) Attempt any one:
A2. News Report

CHILD LABOURERS RESCUED FROM STONE QUARRIES

Nagpur, March 14: In a major crackdown on illegal child labour, the local police, in collaboration with the NGO 'Bachpan Bachao', rescued 25 children from stone quarries on the outskirts of the district yesterday.

Acting on a tip-off, the raid was conducted early in the morning. The children, aged between 10 and 14, were found working in hazardous conditions, breaking stones under the scorching sun without any protective gear. Most of them were malnourished and suffering from respiratory issues due to constant exposure to stone dust.

"The quarry owners have been arrested under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act," said Senior Inspector Patil. The rescued children have been moved to a shelter home where they are receiving medical attention and counseling. The district administration has promised to ensure their rehabilitation and education.

(B) Developing a story / Narrating an experience:
B2. Narrating an experience (Ending with forgotten wallet)

A Dishwasher's Dilemma

It was my best friend's birthday, and since he was out of town, I decided to treat myself to a fancy dinner at the 'Grand Royale', the most luxurious hotel in the city. I dressed in my finest suit and walked in with confidence.

The ambience was breathtaking. I ordered a three-course meal—lobster bisque, grilled lamb chops, and a decadent chocolate truffle cake. The food was divine, and I savored every bite, feeling like royalty. As I finished the last crumb of the cake, I signaled the waiter for the bill.

The bill arrived in a sleek leather folder. I reached into my coat pocket to pull out my wallet, but my hand met empty space. My heart skipped a beat. I checked my trouser pockets, then the coat again. Panic set in as I realized the horrifying truth. I had left it on my dresser. I looked at the waiter smiling at me and felt cold sweat trickle down my back. After the sumptuous meal in a luxurious hotel, I discovered that I had forgotten my wallet at home.

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