Showing posts with label March 2025. Show all posts
Showing posts with label March 2025. Show all posts

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Commerce Maths and Statistics March 2025 Paper Solutions

Mathematics & Statistics (Commerce) - 2025 Board Paper Solution (Marathi Medium)

Paper Code: J-317 | Max Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hrs

рд╡िрднाрдЧ - рез (SECTION - I)

рдк्рд░. рез. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиाрд╕ाрдаी рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рдиिрд╡рдбा рдЖрдгि рд▓िрд╣ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг) :

(i) рдЬрд░ \(p\): рддो рдмुрдж्рдзिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े, \(q\): рддो рдмрд▓рд╡ाрди рдЖрд╣े.
рддрд░ "рддो рдмुрдж्рдзिрдоाрди рдХिंрд╡ा рдмрд▓рд╡ाрди рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рдЪुрдХीрдЪे рдЖрд╣े" рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрдЪे рдк्рд░рддीрдХाрдд्рдордХ рд░ूрдк _____ рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) \(\sim p \lor \sim q\)
  • (рдм) \(\sim (p \land q)\)
  • (рдХ) \(\sim (p \lor q)\)
  • (рдб) \(p \lor \sim q\)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) \(\sim (p \lor q)\)
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: "рдмुрдж्рдзिрдоाрди рдХिंрд╡ा рдмрд▓рд╡ाрди" рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे \(p \lor q\). "рд╣े рдЪुрдХीрдЪे рдЖрд╣े" рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдирдХाрд░. рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(\sim (p \lor q)\).

(ii) \(\int (x + \frac{1}{x})^3 dx =\)

  • (рдЕ) \(\frac{1}{4}(x + \frac{1}{x})^4 + c\)
  • (рдм) \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log x - \frac{1}{2x^2} + c\)
  • (рдХ) \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log x + \frac{1}{x^2} + c\)
  • (рдб) \((x - x^{-1})^3 + c\)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм)
рдЙрдХрд▓: рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ (Expand): \((x + x^{-1})^3 = x^3 + 3x + \frac{3}{x} + x^{-3}\).
рд╕рдоाрдХрд▓рди (Integration): \(\frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 3\log|x| + \frac{x^{-2}}{-2} + c\).

(iii) \(\int_{2}^{7} \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{9-x}} dx =\)

  • (рдЕ) \(\frac{7}{2}\)
  • (рдм) \(\frac{5}{2}\)
  • (рдХ) 7
  • (рдб) 2
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) \(\frac{5}{2}\)
рдЙрдХрд▓: рдЧुрдгрдзрд░्рдо (Property) рд╡ाрдкрд░ूрди \(I = \frac{b-a}{2} = \frac{7-2}{2} = \frac{5}{2}\).

(iv) рд╡рдХ्рд░ \(y = x^2\) рдЖрдгि рд░ेрд╖ा \(y = 4\) рдиे рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ _____ рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) \(\frac{32}{3}\) рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ
  • (рдм) \(\frac{64}{3}\) рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ
  • (рдХ) \(\frac{16}{3}\) рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ
  • (рдб) 64 рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) \(\frac{32}{3}\) рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ
рдЙрдХрд▓: рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ \(= 2 \int_{0}^{2} (4 - x^2) dx = 2 [4x - \frac{x^3}{3}]_0^2 = 2(8 - \frac{8}{3}) = \frac{32}{3}\).

(v) рд╡िрдХрд▓рдиीрдп рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг \((\frac{d^2y}{dx^2})^2 + (\frac{dy}{dx})^2 = a^x\) рдЪा рдХ्рд░рдо рдЖрдгि рдХोрдЯी рдХ्рд░рдорд╢ः _____ рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) 1, 1
  • (рдм) 1, 2
  • (рдХ) 2, 2
  • (рдб) 2, 1
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) 2, 2 (рдХ्рд░рдо Order = 2, рдХोрдЯी Degree = 2)

(vi) рд╡िрдХрд▓рдиीрдп рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг \(\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{y}{x} = x^3 - 3\) рдПрдХрдд्рд░ीрдХрд░рдг рдШрдЯрдХ (I.F.) _____ рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) \(\log x\)
  • (рдм) \(e^x\)
  • (рдХ) \(\frac{1}{x}\)
  • (рдб) \(x\)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) \(x\)
рдЙрдХрд▓: I.F. \(= e^{\int \frac{1}{x} dx} = e^{\log x} = x\).

рдк्рд░. рез. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рд╡िрдзाрди рд╕рдд्рдп рдХिंрд╡ा рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣े рддे рд╕ांрдЧा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдЬрд░ \(A\) рдПрдХ рд╕ाрд░рдгी рдЖрдгि \(K\) рдПрдХ рд╕्рдеिрд░ांрдХ рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ \((KA)^T = K A^T\).

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕рдд्рдп (True)

(ii) \(\int \log x dx = x \log x + x + c\).

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп (False) (рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдЙрдд्рддрд░: \(x \log x - x + c\)).

(iii) \(bx + ay = ab\) рдкाрд╕ूрди рдЕрдиिрдпंрдд्рд░िрдд рд╕्рдеिрд░ांрдХ рдХाрдвूрди рдЯाрдХूрди рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХेрд▓ेрд▓े рд╡िрдХрд▓рди рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг \(\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = 0\) рдЖрд╣े.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕рдд्рдп (True)

рдк्рд░. рез. (рдХ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд░िрдХ्рдд рдЬाрдЧा рднрд░ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдЬрд░ рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी рдорд╣рд╕ूрд▓ \(R_A\) = 50 рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рдЖрдгि рдоाрдЧрдгीрдЪी рд▓рд╡рдЪिрдХрддा \(\eta = 5\) рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдХिрд░рдХोрд│ рдорд╣рд╕ूрд▓ \(R_M\) _____ рдЖрд╣े.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: 40
(\(R_M = R_A(1 - \frac{1}{\eta}) = 50(1 - \frac{1}{5}) = 40\))

(ii) \(\int e^x (\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{x^2}) dx = \) _____ \(+ c\)

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: \(\frac{e^x}{x}\)

(iii) рдЬрд░ \(f'(x) = x^2 + 5\) рдЖрдгि \(f(0) = -1\) рддрд░ \(f(x) = \) _____.

рдЙрдд्рддрд░: \(\frac{x^3}{3} + 5x - 1\)

рдк्рд░. реи. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рей рдЧुрдг):

(i) "рдЬрд░ рдд्рд░िрдХोрдг рд╕рдорднुрдЬ рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рддो рд╕рдордХोрдг рдЕрд╕ेрд▓." рд╣्рдпा рд╡िрдзाрдиाрдЪे рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз (converse), рд╡्рдпрд╕्рдд (inverse) рдЖрдгि рд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд (contrapositive) рд╡िрдзाрдиे рд▓िрд╣ा.

рд╕рдордЬा \(p\): рдд्рд░िрдХोрдг рд╕рдорднुрдЬ рдЖрд╣े, \(q\): рддो рд╕рдордХोрдг рдЖрд╣े.
рдоूрд│ рд╡िрдзाрди: \(p \rightarrow q\)
рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз (Converse) (\(q \rightarrow p\)): рдЬрд░ рдд्рд░िрдХोрдг рд╕рдордХोрдг рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рддो рд╕рдорднुрдЬ рдЕрд╕рддो.
рд╡्рдпрд╕्рдд (Inverse) (\(\sim p \rightarrow \sim q\)): рдЬрд░ рдд्рд░िрдХोрдг рд╕рдорднुрдЬ рдирд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рддो рд╕рдордХोрдг рдирд╕рддो.
рд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд (Contrapositive) (\(\sim q \rightarrow \sim p\)): рдЬрд░ рдд्рд░िрдХोрдг рд╕рдордХोрдг рдирд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рддो рд╕рдорднुрдЬ рдирд╕рддो.

(ii) рдЬрд░ \(\left\{ 5 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} - 3 \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & -2 \\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \right\} \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x-1 \\ y+1 \\ 2z \end{bmatrix}\) рддрд░ \(x, y, z\) рд╢ोрдзा.

\(5A - 3B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 5 \\ 5 & 0 \\ 5 & 5 \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 3 \\ 9 & -6 \\ 3 & 9 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -6 & 2 \\ -4 & 6 \\ 2 & -4 \end{bmatrix}\)
рдЧुрдгाрдХाрд░ рдХрд░ा \(\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\):
\(\begin{bmatrix} -6(2) + 2(1) \\ -4(2) + 6(1) \\ 2(2) + (-4)(1) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -10 \\ -2 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\)
рддुрд▓рдиा рдХрд░ूрди:
\(x - 1 = -10 \Rightarrow x = -9\)
\(y + 1 = -2 \Rightarrow y = -3\)
\(2z = 0 \Rightarrow z = 0\)

(iii) рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा: \(\int \frac{1}{x(x^6+1)} dx\)

рдЕंрд╢ рдЖрдгि рдЫेрджाрд▓ा \(x^5\) рдиे рдЧुрдгूрди: \(\int \frac{x^5}{x^6(x^6+1)} dx\)
рд╕рдордЬा \(x^6 = t \Rightarrow 6x^5 dx = dt\)
\(I = \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{dt}{t(t+1)} = \frac{1}{6} \int (\frac{1}{t} - \frac{1}{t+1}) dt\)
\(I = \frac{1}{6} (\log|t| - \log|t+1|) + c = \frac{1}{6} \log|\frac{x^6}{x^6+1}| + c\)

рдк्рд░. реи. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) Solve the following equations by the method of inversion:
\(2x - y + z = 1\)
\(x + 2y + 3z = 8\)
\(3x + y - 4z = 1\)

Solution:
The given system of equations can be written in matrix form \(AX = B\), where
\(A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 1 & -4 \end{bmatrix}, \quad X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}, \quad B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)

Step 1: Find determinant of A (\(|A|\))
\(|A| = 2(-8 - 3) - (-1)(-4 - 9) + 1(1 - 6)\)
\(|A| = 2(-11) + 1(-13) + 1(-5)\)
\(|A| = -22 - 13 - 5 = -40 \neq 0\)
Since \(|A| \neq 0\), \(A^{-1}\) exists.

Step 2: Find Matrix of Cofactors
\(A_{11} = -11, \quad A_{12} = 13, \quad A_{13} = -5\)
\(A_{21} = -3, \quad A_{22} = -11, \quad A_{23} = -5\)
\(A_{31} = -5, \quad A_{32} = -5, \quad A_{33} = 5\)

Cofactor Matrix \(C = \begin{bmatrix} -11 & 13 & -5 \\ -3 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(\text{adj } A = C^T = \begin{bmatrix} -11 & -3 & -5 \\ 13 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\)

Step 3: Find X using \(X = A^{-1}B\)
\(X = \frac{1}{|A|} (\text{adj } A) B\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11 & -3 & -5 \\ 13 & -11 & -5 \\ -5 & -5 & 5 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11(1) -3(8) -5(1) \\ 13(1) -11(8) -5(1) \\ -5(1) -5(8) + 5(1) \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -11 - 24 - 5 \\ 13 - 88 - 5 \\ -5 - 40 + 5 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(X = \frac{1}{-40} \begin{bmatrix} -40 \\ -80 \\ -40 \end{bmatrix}\)
\(\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\)

\(\therefore x = 1, y = 2, z = 1\)

(ii) рдЬрд░ рдПрдХा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рдЦрд░्рдЪ \(E_c\), рдд्рдпाрдЪे рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди \(I\) рдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдЕрд╕े рджिрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े рдХी \(E_c = (0.0003)I^2 + (0.075)I\); рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा \(I = 1000\) рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ MPC, MPS, APC рдЖрдгि APS рд╢ोрдзा.

рдпेрдеे \(I = 1000\).
APC \(= \frac{E_c}{I} = 0.0003I + 0.075\)
\(I=1000\) рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा: APC \(= 0.0003(1000) + 0.075 = 0.3 + 0.075 = 0.375\)
APS \(= 1 - APC = 1 - 0.375 = 0.625\)
MPC \(= \frac{dE_c}{dI} = 0.0006I + 0.075\)
\(I=1000\) рдЕрд╕рддाрдиा: MPC \(= 0.0006(1000) + 0.075 = 0.6 + 0.075 = 0.675\)
MPS \(= 1 - MPC = 1 - 0.675 = 0.325\)

(iii) рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा: \(\int_1^2 \frac{dx}{x^2+6x+5}\)

\(x^2+6x+5 = (x+5)(x+1)\).
Partial Fractions: \(\frac{1}{(x+1)(x+5)} = \frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{x+1} - \frac{1}{x+5})\)
\(I = \frac{1}{4} [\log|x+1| - \log|x+5|]_1^2 = \frac{1}{4} [\log(\frac{x+1}{x+5})]_1^2\)
рд╡рд░рдЪी рд╕ीрдоा: \(\log(\frac{3}{7})\), рдЦाрд▓рдЪी рд╕ीрдоा: \(\log(\frac{2}{6}) = \log(\frac{1}{3})\)
\(I = \frac{1}{4} (\log \frac{3}{7} - \log \frac{1}{3}) = \frac{1}{4} \log(\frac{9}{7})\).

рдк्рд░. рей. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рей рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдЬрд░ \(y = (x)^x + (a)^x\) рддрд░ \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) рд╢ोрдзा.

рд╕рдордЬा \(u = x^x\) рдЖрдгि \(v = a^x\).
\(u = x^x \Rightarrow \log u = x \log x \Rightarrow \frac{du}{dx} = x^x(1+\log x)\)
\(v = a^x \Rightarrow \frac{dv}{dx} = a^x \log a\)
\(\frac{dy}{dx} = x^x(1+\log x) + a^x \log a\)

(ii) рдЕрди्рд╡рд╕्рдд (parabola) \(y^2 = 25x\) рдЖрдгि рд░ेрд╖ा \(x = 5\) рдордзीрд▓ рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ рд╢ोрдзा.

рдЕрди्рд╡рд╕्рдд X-рдЕрдХ्рд╖ाрднोрд╡рддी рд╕рдордоिрдд (symmetric) рдЖрд╣े.
рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ \(= 2 \int_0^5 y dx = 2 \int_0^5 5\sqrt{x} dx = 10 \int_0^5 x^{1/2} dx\)
\(= 10 [\frac{x^{3/2}}{3/2}]_0^5 = \frac{20}{3} [5^{3/2}] = \frac{100\sqrt{5}}{3}\) рдЪौ. рдПрдХрдХ.

(iii) \(y = Ae^{3x} + Be^{-3x}\) рд╕ंрдмंрдзाрддूрди рдЕрдиिрдпंрдд्рд░िрдд рд╕्рдеिрд░ांрдХ рдХाрдвूрди рдЯाрдХूрди рд╡िрдХрд▓рди рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рд╢ोрдзा.

рдкрд╣िрд▓े рд╡िрдХрд▓рди (Derivative): \(y' = 3Ae^{3x} - 3Be^{-3x}\)
рджुрд╕рд░े рд╡िрдХрд▓рди: \(y'' = 9Ae^{3x} + 9Be^{-3x} = 9(Ae^{3x} + Be^{-3x})\)
\(y'' = 9y \Rightarrow \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} - 9y = 0\)

рдк्рд░. рей. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддाрд╣ी рдПрдХ рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) Using the truth table, verify \(p \lor (q \land r) = (p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\)

Solution:
We construct the truth table for the given logical statement.

\(p\) \(q\) \(r\) \(q \land r\) \(p \lor (q \land r)\)
(LHS)
\(p \lor q\) \(p \lor r\) \((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\)
(RHS)
T T T T T T T T
T T F F T T T T
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T T T
F T T T T T T T
F T F F F T F F
F F T F F F T F
F F F F F F F F

From the table, the entries in column 5 (LHS) and column 8 (RHS) are identical.
\(\therefore p \lor (q \land r) = (p \lor q) \land (p \lor r)\) is verified.

(ii) рдЬрд░ \(x = \frac{4t}{1+t^2}, y = 3(\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2})\), рддрд░ рджाрдЦрд╡ा \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-9x}{4y}\).

рд╕рдордЬा \(t = \tan \theta\). рддрд░ \(x = 2(2\sin \theta \cos \theta) = 2 \sin 2\theta\) рдЖрдгि \(y = 3 \cos 2\theta\).
рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(\frac{x}{2} = \sin 2\theta\) рдЖрдгि \(\frac{y}{3} = \cos 2\theta\).
рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдХрд░ूрди рдмेрд░ीрдЬ рдХेрд▓्рдпाрд╕: \(\frac{x^2}{4} + \frac{y^2}{9} = 1\).
рд╡िрдХрд▓рди рдХेрд▓्рдпाрд╕: \(\frac{2x}{4} + \frac{2y}{9}\frac{dy}{dx} = 0\).
\(\frac{x}{2} = -\frac{2y}{9}\frac{dy}{dx} \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-9x}{4y}\).

рдк्рд░. рей. (рдХ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддीрд╣ी рдПрдХ рдХृрддि рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा 84 рджोрди рднाрдЧांрдордз्рдпे рдЕрд╢ा рдк्рд░рдХाрд░े рд╡िрднाрдЬिрдд рдХрд░ा рдЬेрдгेрдХрд░ूрди рдкрд╣िрд▓ा рднाрдЧ рдЖрдгि рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рднाрдЧाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдЪा рдЧुрдгाрдХाрд░ рдЬाрд╕्рддीрдд рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдЕрд╕ेрд▓.

рд╕рдордЬा рдкрд╣िрд▓ा рднाрдЧ \(x\) рдЕрд╕ेрд▓, рддрд░ рджुрд╕рд░ा рднाрдЧ \(84 - x\) рдЕрд╕ेрд▓.
\(f(x) = x^2(84-x) = 84x^2 - x^3\) (рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рднाрдЧाрдЪा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдШेрдг्рдпाрдРрд╡рдЬी рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрджрд░्рднांрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рд╕ोрдбрд╡рд▓्рдпाрд╕: рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиाрдд "рдкрд╣िрд▓ा рднाрдЧ рдЖрдгि рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рднाрдЧाрдЪा рд╡рд░्рдЧ" рдо्рд╣рдЯрд▓े рдЖрд╣े, рдкрдг рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпрддः рдЕрд╢ा рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиांрдордз्рдпे \(x \times (84-x)^2\) рдХिंрд╡ा \(x^2(84-x)\) рдЕрд╕ू рд╢рдХрддे. рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕्рдЯेрдк्рд╕рдордз्рдпे \(f'(x)=168x-3x^2\) рдЖрд╣े, рдпाрдЪा рдЕрд░्рде \(f(x) = 84x^2 - x^3\) рдШेрддрд▓े рдЖрд╣े, рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдПрдХा рднाрдЧाрдЪा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдЖрдгि рджुрд╕рд░ा рднाрдЧ).
\(f'(x) = 168x - 3x^2\)
рдХрдоाрд▓ рдоूрд▓्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी \(f'(x) = 0 \Rightarrow 3x(56-x) = 0\)
\(x = 0\) рдХिंрд╡ा \(x = 56\)
\(f''(x) = 168 - 6x\)
рдЬрд░ \(x=56, f''(56) = 168 - 336 = -168 < 0\)
рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(x = 56\) рд╡рд░ рдлрд▓рди рдХрдоाрд▓ рдЖрд╣े.
84 рдЪे рджोрди рднाрдЧ 56 рдЖрдгि 28 рдЖрд╣ेрдд.

(ii) Solve the following differential equation
\((x^2 - yx^2)dy + (y^2 + xy^2)dx = 0\)

Solution:
Separating the variables, the given equation can be written as:
\(x^2(1-y)dy + y^2(1+x)dx = 0\)
Dividing by \(x^2y^2\),

\(\left[ \frac{1-y}{y^2} \right] dy + \left[ \frac{1+x}{x^2} \right] dx = 0\)

\(\therefore (y^{-2} - \frac{1}{y})dy + (x^{-2} + \frac{1}{x})dx = 0\)

\(\left[ y^{-2} \right] dy - \frac{1}{y}dy + x^{-2}dx + \left[ \frac{1}{x} \right] dx = 0\)

Integrating we get,
\(\int y^{-2}dy - \int \frac{1}{y}dy + \int x^{-2}dx + \int \frac{1}{x}dx = 0\)

\(\therefore \frac{y^{-1}}{-1} - \left[ \log y \right] + \frac{x^{-1}}{-1} + \left[ \log x \right] = c\)

\(-\frac{1}{y} - \frac{1}{x} + \log x - \log y = c\)

\(\log x - \log y = \left[ \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} \right] + c\)

is the required solution.

рд╡िрднाрдЧ - реи (SECTION - II)

рдк्рд░. рек. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиाрд╕ाрдаी рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдкрд░्рдпाрдп рдиिрд╡рдбा рдЖрдгि рд▓िрд╣ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг):

(i) рджрд▓ाрд▓ рдЬो рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдоाрд▓рдХाрд▓ा рд╣рдоी рджेрддो рдХी рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдоाрд▓ाрдЪी рд╡िрдХ्рд░ी рдХिंрдордд рджेрдИрд▓ рдд्рдпाрд▓ा _____ рдЕрд╕े рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд.

  • (рдЕ) рд▓िрд▓ाрд╡ рдХрд░рдгाрд░ा (Auctioneer)
  • (рдм) рдЖрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕рдХ рджрд▓ाрд▓ (Del credere agent)
  • (рдХ) рдШрдЯрдХ (Factor)
  • (рдб) рджрд▓ाрд▓ (Broker)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рдЖрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕рдХ рджрд▓ाрд▓ (Del credere agent)

(ii) рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рд╡ाрд░्рд╖िрдХी рдордз्рдпे рджेрдгे рдХिंрд╡ा рдкाрд╡рдд्рдпा _____ рд╣ोрддाрдд.

  • (рдЕ) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрд╕
  • (рдм) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдЦेрд░ीрд╕
  • (рдХ) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрдЪ्рдпा рдордз्рдпाрдд
  • (рдб) рдд्рд░ैрдоाрд╕िрдХ рддрдд्рдд्рд╡ाрд╡рд░
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдХाрд▓ाрд╡рдзीрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдЦेрд░ीрд╕

(iii) рдЪрд▓िрдд рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी (Moving averages) _____ рдУрд│рдЦрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд.

  • (рдЕ) рд╣ंрдЧाрдоी рдШрдЯрдХ
  • (рдм) рдЕрдиिрдпрдоिрдд рдШрдЯрдХ
  • (рдХ) рдХрд▓ рдШрдЯрдХ (Trend component)
  • (рдб) рдЪрдХ्рд░ीрдп рдШрдЯрдХ
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) рдХрд▓ рдШрдЯрдХ

(iv) рдЬрд░ \(P_{01}(L)=90\) рдЖрдгि \(P_{01}(P)=40\) рддрд░ \(P_{01}(D-B)\) рддрд░ _____ рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) 65
  • (рдм) 50
  • (рдХ) 25
  • (рдб) 130
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) 65 (L рдЖрдгि P рдЪी рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी: \(\frac{90+40}{2}\))

(v) рд╕ोрдкрд╡рдгी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпेрдЪे рдЙрдж्рджिрд╖्рдЯ _____ рдиिрдпुрдХ्рдд рдХрд░рдгे рдЖрд╣े.

  • (рдЕ) рдЬाрд╕्рддीрдд рдЬाрд╕्рдд рдХिрдорддीрдд рдХाрдоांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рд╕рдоाрди рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддींрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा
  • (рдм) рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рдХिрдорддीрдд рдХाрдоांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рд╕рдоाрди рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддींрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा
  • (рдХ) рдлрдХ्рдд рдЦрд░्рдЪ рд╡ाрдврд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी
  • (рдб) рдлрдХ्рдд рдЦрд░्рдЪ рдХрдоी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) рдлрдХ्рдд рдЦрд░्рдЪ рдХрдоी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी (Minimization objective).

(vi) рджोрди рдиिрд╖्рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдлाрд╕े рдлेрдХрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоिрд│рдгाрд▒्рдпा рджोрди рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдмेрд░рдЬेрдЪे рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖िрдд рдоूрд▓्рдп _____ рдЕрд╕рддे.

  • (рдЕ) 5
  • (рдм) 6
  • (рдХ) 7
  • (рдб) 8
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) 7

рдк्рд░. рек. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╡िрдзाрдиे рд╕рдд्рдп рдХिंрд╡ा рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрд╣ेрдд рддे рд╕ांрдЧा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдЬрд░ \(b_{yx} + b_{xy} = 1.30\) рдЖрдгि \(r = 0.75\) рддрд░ рджिрд▓ेрд▓ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рд╡िрд╕ंрдЧрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕рдд्рдп (True).

(ii) рдЪрдХ्рд░ीрдп рднिрди्рдирддा рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрддूрди рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╡ेрд│ा рдпेрдК рд╢рдХрддे. рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рдЕрд╕рдд्рдп (False).

(iii) рдЬीрд╡рдиाрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдХ्рд░рдоांрдХ рдкैрд╢ाрдЪी рдХ्рд░рдпрд╢рдХ्рддी рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдЙрдд्рддрд░: рд╕рдд्рдп (True).

рдк्рд░. рек. (рдХ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рджिрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд░िрдХ्рдд рдЬाрдЧा рднрд░ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рез рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдмँрдХेрдЪी рд╕рд╡рд▓рдд рд╡рдЬा рдХेрд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░ рд╣ुंрдбी рдзाрд░рдХाрд╕ рджिрд▓ेрд▓ी рд░рдХ्рдХрдо рддाрдд्рдХाрд│ рдоूрд▓्рдп (Cash Value) рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдУрд│рдЦрд▓ी рдЬाрддे.

(ii) рд╡ेрд│ рдоाрд▓िрдХेрдЪा рдХрд▓ рдоोрдЬрдг्рдпाрдЪी рд╕ोрдкी рдкрдж्рдзрдд рдЖрд▓ेрдЦ рдкрдж्рдзрдд (Graphical Method) рдЖрд╣े.

(iii) рднाрд░िрдд рдПрдХрдд्рд░िрдд рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдк्рд░рдоाрдг рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ рдХ्рд░рдоांрдХ \(\frac{\sum q_1 w}{\sum q_0 w} \times 100\) рдж्рд╡ाрд░े рджिрд▓ा рдЬाрддो.

рдк्рд░. рел. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рей рдЧुрдг):

(i) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдоाрд╣िрддीрд╕ाрдаी рдпोрдЧ्рдп рдк्рд░рддिрдЧрдорди рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдгाрдЪी рдЧрдгрдиा рдХрд░ा.
X: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 рдЖрдгि Y: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.

рдордз्рдп (Means): \(\bar{X}=3, \bar{Y}=9\).
\(b_{yx} = \frac{\sum(X-\bar{X})(Y-\bar{Y})}{\sum(X-\bar{X})^2} = \frac{20}{10} = 2\).
Y рдЪे X рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг: \(Y - 9 = 2(X - 3) \Rightarrow Y = 2X + 3\).

(ii) L.P.P. рддрдпाрд░ рдХрд░ा: рдХंрдкрдиी рд╕िрдоेंрдЯ рдЖрдгि рд╡ाрд│ूрдЪ्рдпा рдаोрд╕ рд╡िрдЯा рдмрдирд╡рддे...

рд╕рдордЬा \(x\) = рд╕िрдоेंрдЯрдЪे рдХिрд▓ो, \(y\) = рд╡ाрд│ूрдЪे рдХिрд▓ो.
Minimize \(Z = 20x + 6y\)
рдЕрдЯी:
\(x + y \ge 5\) (рд╡рдЬрди)
\(x \ge 4\) (рдХिрдоाрди рд╕िрдоेंрдЯ)
\(y \le 2\) (рдХрдоाрд▓ рд╡ाрд│ू)
\(x, y \ge 0\).

(iii) рдиि:рдкрдХ्рд╖рдкाрддी рдиाрдг्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рддीрди рдиाрдгेрдлेрдХрдордз्рдпे рдЫाрдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдЪा рдордз्рдп (mean) рд╢ोрдзा.

\(n=3, p=0.5\). рд╣े рдж्рд╡िрдкрджी рд╡िрддрд░рдг (Binomial Distribution) рдЖрд╣े.
рдордз्рдп \(E(X) = np = 3 \times 0.5 = 1.5\).

рдк्рд░. рел. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) 4-рд╡рд░्рд╖ीрдп рдХेंрдж्рд░िрдо рдЪрд▓िрдд рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ीрдЪा (4-yearly centered moving average) рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХрд░ूрди рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдоाрд╣िрддीрд╕ाрдаी рдХрд▓ рдоूрд▓्рдпे (trend values) рдоिрд│рд╡ा:

рд╡рд░्рд╖ 1976197719781979198019811982198319841985
рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ 02332456710
рдЙрдХрд▓:
рд╡рд░्рд╖ (t) рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХ (y) 4-рд╡рд░्рд╖ीрдп рдмेрд░ीрдЬ 2-рдЧрдЯांрдЪी рдмेрд░ीрдЬ (Centered) рдХрд▓ рдоूрд▓्рдп (Trend) = рдмेрд░ीрдЬ/8
19760---
19772---
197838 (0+2+3+3)18 (8+10)2.25
1979310 (2+3+3+2)22 (10+12)2.75
1980212 (3+3+2+4)26 (12+14)3.25
1981414 (3+2+4+5)31 (14+17)3.875
1982517 (2+4+5+6)39 (17+22)4.875
1983622 (4+5+6+7)50 (22+28)6.25
1984728 (5+6+7+10)--
198510---

(ii) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдХाрд░्рдпे рдкूрд░्рдг рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी AB рдпा рдХ्рд░рдоाрдиे рдПрдХूрдг рд╡्рдпрддीрдд рд╡ेрд│ рдХрдоी рдХрд░рдгाрд░ा рдХाрд░्рдпाрдЪा рдХ्рд░рдо рд╢ोрдзा. рдПрдХूрдг рд╡्рдпрддीрдд рд╡ेрд│ рдЖрдгि рдпंрдд्рд░ B рд╕ाрдаी рдиिрд╖्рдХ्рд░िрдп рд╡ेрд│ рд╢ोрдзा:

рдХाрд░्рдпेIIIIIIIVVVIVII
рдпंрдд्рд░ A716191014155
рдпंрдд्рд░ B121414101657
рдЙрдХрд▓:
рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рд╡ेрд│ 5 рдЖрд╣े (рдХाрд░्рдпे VII рд╡рд░ A рдЖрдгि VI рд╡рд░ B).
рдХाрд░्рдпे VII рдк्рд░рдердо рдЖрдгि VI рд╢ेрд╡рдЯी рдпेрдИрд▓: VII ... VI
рдЙрд░्рд╡рд░िрдд рдХाрд░्рдпांрдордзूрди (I, II, III, IV, V), рдХिрдоाрди рд╡ेрд│ 7 рдЖрд╣े (рдХाрд░्рдп I, рдпंрдд्рд░ A). рдо्рд╣рдгूрди VII рдиंрддрд░ I рдпेрдИрд▓.
рдХ्рд░рдо: VII - I ... VI
рдЙрд░्рд╡рд░िрдд рдХाрд░्рдпांрдордзूрди (II, III, IV, V), рдХिрдоाрди рд╡ेрд│ 10 рдЖрд╣े (рдХाрд░्рдп IV, рджोрди्рд╣ी рдпंрдд्рд░ांрд╡рд░). рдЖрдкрдг рддे I рдиंрддрд░ рдШेрдК.
рдХ्рд░рдо: VII - I - IV ... VI
рдд्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдХिрдоाрди рд╡ेрд│ 14 рдЖрд╣े (рдХाрд░्рдп V-A рд╡рд░, II рдЖрдгि III-B рд╡рд░). V рд▓ा рдбाрд╡ीрдХрдбे рдЖрдгि II, III рд▓ा рдЙрдЬрд╡ीрдХрдбे рдШेрдК.
рдЗрд╖्рдЯрддрдо рдХ्рд░рдо: VII - I - IV - V - II - III - VI

рдПрдХूрдг рд╡्рдпрддीрдд рд╡ेрд│ рдЧрдгрдиा:
рдХाрд░्рдп рдпंрдд्рд░ A рдпंрдд्рд░ B
рдЖрддрдмाрд╣ेрд░рдЖрддрдмाрд╣ेрд░
VII05512 (5+7)
I512 (5+7)1224 (12+12)
IV1222 (12+10)2434 (24+10)
V2236 (22+14)3652 (36+16)
II3652 (36+16)5266 (52+14)
III5271 (52+19)7185 (71+14)
VI7186 (71+15)8691 (86+5)

рдПрдХूрдг рд╡्рдпрддीрдд рд╡ेрд│ (Total Elapsed Time): 91 рддाрд╕/рдоिрдиिрдЯे.
рдпंрдд्рд░ B рд╕ाрдаी рдиिрд╖्рдХ्рд░िрдп рд╡ेрд│ (Idle Time):
(5 - 0) + (12 - 12) + (24 - 24) + (36 - 34) + (52 - 52) + (71 - 66) + (86 - 85)
= 5 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 1 = 13 рддाрд╕/рдоिрдиिрдЯे.

(iii) 52 рдкрдд्рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдЪांрдЧрд▓्рдпा рдлेрд░рдлाрд░ рдХेрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдЧрдб्рдбीрдордзूрди 5 рдкрдд्рддे рдПрдХाрдкाрдаोрдкाрда рдХाрдврд▓ी рдЬाрддाрдд. (рдЕ) рдкाрдЪрд╣ी рдкрдд्рддे рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. (рдм) рдлрдХ्рдд 3 рдкрдд्рддे рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдд्рдпाрдЪी рд╕ंрднाрд╡्рдпрддा рд╢ोрдзा.

рдЙрдХрд▓:
рдПрдХूрдг рдкрдд्рддे \(n(S) = 52\). рдХाрдврд▓ेрд▓े рдкрдд्рддे \(r = 5\).
рдПрдХूрдг рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ = \({}^{52}C_5\).
рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХ рдкрдд्рдд्рдпांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा = 13, рдЗрддрд░ рдкрдд्рддे = 39.

(рдЕ) рдкाрдЪрд╣ी рдкрдд्рддे рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХ рдЕрд╕рдг्рдпाрдЪी рд╕ंрднाрд╡्рдпрддा:
рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХрдордзूрди 5 рдиिрд╡рдбрдгे = \({}^{13}C_5\).
\(P(A) = \frac{{}^{13}C_5}{{}^{52}C_5}\).

(рдм) рдлрдХ्рдд 3 рдкрдд्рддे рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХ рдЕрд╕рдг्рдпाрдЪी рд╕ंрднाрд╡्рдпрддा:
13 рдЗрд╕्рдкिрдХрдордзूрди 3 рдиिрд╡рдбрдгे рдЖрдгि 39 рдЗрддрд░ рдкрдд्рдд्рдпांрдордзूрди 2 рдиिрд╡рдбрдгे.
рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ = \({}^{13}C_3 \times {}^{39}C_2\).
\(P(B) = \frac{{}^{13}C_3 \times {}^{39}C_2}{{}^{52}C_5}\).

рдк्рд░. рем. (рдЕ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддेрд╣ी рджोрди рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рей рдЧुрдг):

(i) рд╡िрдоा рдЧрдгрдиा.

рдоूрд▓्рдп = 8,00,000. рд╡िрдоा рдЙрддрд░рд╡рд▓ेрд▓ी рдХिंрдордд = 8,00,000 рдЪे \(75\%\) = 6,00,000.
рд╣рдк्рддा (Premium) = 6,00,000 рдЪे \(0.80\%\) = 4,800.
рджрд▓ाрд▓ाрдЪी рджрд▓ाрд▓ी = 4,800 рдЪे \(9\%\) = 432.

(ii) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рд░ेрд╖ीрдп рдЙрдкрдпोрдЬрди рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा (L.P.P.) рдЖрд▓ेрдЦीрдп рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा. рдорд╣рдд्рддрдо \(z = 4x + 6y\).

рд░ेрд╖ा: \(3x + 2y = 12\) (рдЕрдХ्рд╖ рдмिंрджू (4,0), (0,6)) рдЖрдгि \(x + y = 4\) (рдЕрдХ्рд╖ рдмिंрджू (4,0), (0,4)).
рд╢िрд░ोрдмिंрджू A(4,0), B(0,4), C(0,6) рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
\(Z\) at A(4,0) = 16.
\(Z\) at B(0,4) = 24.
\(Z\) at C(0,6) = 36.
рдорд╣рдд्рддрдо рдоूрд▓्рдп 36 рдЖрд╣े.

(iii) рдк्рд▓ाрдпрд╡ुрдб рдкाрдЯीрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рджोрд╖ рдпाрджृрдЪ्рдЫिрдХрдкрдгे рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд рдЖрдгि рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी рдПрдХ рджोрд╖ рдк्рд░рддि 50 рдЪौрд░рд╕ рдлूрдЯ рдЖрд╣े. рдЕрд╢ा рдкाрдЯीрдЪी рд╕ंрднाрд╡्рдпрддा рд╢ोрдзा рдЬ्рдпाрдордз्рдпे:
(рдЕ) рджोрд╖ рдиाрд╣ी
(рдм) рдХिрдоाрди рдПрдХ рджोрд╖ рдЖрд╣े.
(рд╡ाрдкрд░ा \(e^{-1} = 0.3678\))

рдЙрдХрд▓:
рд╣े рдкॉрдпрдЭрди рд╡िрддрд░рдг (Poisson Distribution) рдЖрд╣े.
рд╕рд░ाрд╕рд░ी \(m = 1\).
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \(P(X=x) = \frac{e^{-m} m^x}{x!}\)

(рдЕ) рджोрд╖ рдиाрд╣ी \((X=0)\):
\(P(X=0) = \frac{e^{-1} (1)^0}{0!} = \frac{0.3678 \times 1}{1} = 0.3678\).

(рдм) рдХिрдоाрди рдПрдХ рджोрд╖ рдЖрд╣े \((X \ge 1)\):
\(P(X \ge 1) = 1 - P(X=0)\)
\(P(X \ge 1) = 1 - 0.3678 = 0.6322\).

рдк्рд░. рем. (рдм) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддाрд╣ी рдПрдХ рдЙрдкрдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) рджोрди рдк्рд░рддिрдЧрдорди рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪे рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг \(10x - 4y = 80\) рдЖрдгि \(10y - 9x = -40\) рдЖрд╣े. рд╢ोрдзा :
(рдЕ) \(\bar{x}\) рдЖрдгि \(\bar{y}\)
(рдм) \(b_{yx}\) рдЖрдгि \(b_{xy}\)
(рдХ) \(r\)
(рдб) рдЬрд░ \(var(Y) = 36\) рддрд░ \(var(X)\) рдоिрд│рд╡ा.

рдЙрдХрд▓:
(рдЕ) рдордз्рдп \(\bar{x}\) рдЖрдгि \(\bar{y}\) рд╢ोрдзрдгे:
рджिрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдгे рдПрдХाрдЪ рд╡ेрд│ी рд╕ोрдбрд╡ूрди (Intersection point is the mean):
(I) \(10x - 4y = 80 \Rightarrow 5x - 2y = 40\)
(II) \(-9x + 10y = -40\)
рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг (I) рд▓ा 5 рдиे рдЧुрдгूрди: \(25x - 10y = 200\)
рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг (II) рдоिрд│рд╡ूрди: \(-9x + 10y = -40\)
рдмेрд░ीрдЬ: \(16x = 160 \Rightarrow \bar{x} = 10\).
\(x\) рдЪी рдХिंрдордд (I) рдордз्рдпे рдаेрд╡ूрди: \(5(10) - 2y = 40 \Rightarrow 50 - 40 = 2y \Rightarrow y = 5\).
рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(\bar{x} = 10\) рдЖрдгि \(\bar{y} = 5\).

(рдм) \(b_{yx}\) рдЖрдгि \(b_{xy}\) рд╢ोрдзрдгे:
рд╕рдордЬा \(10x - 4y = 80\) рд╣े \(X\) рдЪे \(Y\) рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдЖрд╣े:
\(10x = 4y + 80 \Rightarrow x = 0.4y + 8\). рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(b_{xy} = 0.4\).
рд╕рдордЬा \(10y - 9x = -40\) рд╣े \(Y\) рдЪे \(X\) рд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдЖрд╣े:
\(10y = 9x - 40 \Rightarrow y = 0.9x - 4\). рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(b_{yx} = 0.9\).
рддрдкाрд╕рдгी: \(b_{xy} \times b_{yx} = 0.4 \times 0.9 = 0.36 < 1\). рд╣े рд╡ैрдз рдЖрд╣े.
рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(b_{xy} = 0.4\) рдЖрдгि \(b_{yx} = 0.9\).

(рдХ) \(r\) рд╢ोрдзрдгे:
\(r = \pm\sqrt{b_{xy} \times b_{yx}} = \sqrt{0.36} = 0.6\).
(рджोрди्рд╣ी рдк्рд░рддिрдЧрдорди рд╕рд╣рдЧुрдгрдХ рдзрди рдЖрд╣ेрдд, рдо्рд╣рдгूрди \(r\) рдзрди рдЖрд╣े).
\(r = 0.6\).

(рдб) \(var(X)\) рд╢ोрдзрдгे:
рджिрд▓ेрд▓े \(var(Y) = 36 \Rightarrow \sigma_y = 6\).
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \(b_{yx} = r \frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma_x}\)
\(0.9 = 0.6 \times \frac{6}{\sigma_x}\)
\(\sigma_x = \frac{3.6}{0.9} = 4\).
\(var(X) = \sigma_x^2 = 16\).

(ii) рд░ाрд╣рдгीрдоाрди рдХिंрдордд рдиिрд░्рджेрд╢ांрдХाрдЪी рдХिंрдордд 150 рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрд╕ \(x\) рд╢ोрдзा :

рдЧрдЯ рдЕрди्рди рдХрдкрдбे рдЗंрдзрди рдЖрдгि рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдШрд░рднाрдбे рдЗрддрд░
I 180 120 300 100 160
W 4 5 6 \(x\) 3
рдЙрдХрд▓:
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \(\text{CLI} = \frac{\sum IW}{\sum W}\)
рджिрд▓ेрд▓े \(\text{CLI} = 150\).
рдЧрдгрдиा рд╕ाрд░рдгी:
\(\sum W = 4 + 5 + 6 + x + 3 = 18 + x\)
\(\sum IW = (180 \times 4) + (120 \times 5) + (300 \times 6) + (100 \times x) + (160 \times 3)\)
\(\sum IW = 720 + 600 + 1800 + 100x + 480\)
\(\sum IW = 3600 + 100x\)

рдХिंрдорддी рд╕ूрдд्рд░ाрдордз्рдпे рдаेрд╡ूрди:
\(150 = \frac{3600 + 100x}{18 + x}\)
\(150(18 + x) = 3600 + 100x\)
\(2700 + 150x = 3600 + 100x\)
\(150x - 100x = 3600 - 2700\)
\(50x = 900\)
\(x = \frac{900}{50} = 18\).
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: \(x = 18\).

рдк्рд░. рем. (рдХ) рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓рдкैрдХी рдХोрдгрддीрд╣ी рдПрдХ рдХृрддी рдкूрд░्рдг рдХрд░ा (рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХी рек рдЧुрдг):

(i) рд╣ुंрдбी (Bill of Exchange) рдХृрддी.

\(BD = 18000 - 17568 = 432\).
\(n = \frac{432 \times 100}{18000 \times 12} = \frac{1}{5}\) рд╡рд░्рд╖े = 73 рджिрд╡рд╕.
рд╡рдЯрд╡рд▓्рдпाрдЪी рддाрд░ीрдЦ: 25 рдСрдХ्рдЯोрдмрд░.
рдСрдХ्рдЯोрдмрд░(6) + рдиोрд╡्рд╣ेंрдмрд░(30) + рдбिрд╕ेंрдмрд░(31) = 67 рджिрд╡рд╕.
рдЙрд░्рд╡рд░िрдд = \(73 - 67 = 6\) рджिрд╡рд╕.
рдХाрдпрджेрд╢ीрд░ рджेрдп рддाрд░ीрдЦ = 6 рдЬाрдиेрд╡ाрд░ी 2018.

(ii) рди्рдпूрдирддрдо рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рд╕ोрдкрд╡рдгी рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рд╕ोрдбрд╡ा (Activity):

IIIIIIIVV
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21921201822
32223202123
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51822232221
рдЙрдХрд▓ :

рдкाрдпрд░ी - I : рдд्рдпा рд░ांрдЧेрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдШрдЯрдХाрддूрди рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рд░ांрдЧेрддीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рдШрдЯрдХ рд╡рдЬा рдХрд░ा.
06124
13203
23013
20311
04543
рдкाрдпрд░ी - II : рдд्рдпा рд╕्рддंрднाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдШрдЯрдХाрддूрди рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рд╕्рддंрднाрддीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рдШрдЯрдХ рд╡рдЬा рдХрд░ा.
06124
13203
23012
20310
04542
рдкाрдпрд░ी - III : рд╕рд░्рд╡ рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╡्рдпाрдкрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдХिрдоाрди рд░ेрд╖ा рдХाрдвा.
рдпेрдеे рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा (4) < рд╕ाрд░рдгीрдЪा рдХ्рд░рдо (5).

рдкाрдпрд░ी - IV : рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рди рд╡्рдпाрдкрд▓ेрд▓ा рдШрдЯрдХ 1 рдЖрд╣े, рдЬो рд╕рд░्рд╡ рди рд╡्рдпाрдкрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдШрдЯрдХांрдордзूрди рд╡рдЬा рдХрд░ूрди рджोрди рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪ्рдпा рдЫेрджрдирдмिंрджूрд╡рд░ рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдШрдЯрдХांрдордз्рдпे рдЬोрдбाрдпрдЪा рдЖрд╣े.
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23203
33012
30310
03431
рдкाрдпрд░ी - V : рд╕рд░्рд╡ рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╡्рдпाрдкрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдХिрдоाрди рд░ेрд╖ा рдХाрдвा.
рдпेрдеे рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा \(\ne\) рд╕ाрд░рдгीрдЪा рдХ्рд░рдо.

рдкाрдпрд░ी - VI : рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд▓рд╣ाрди рди рд╡्рдпाрдкрд▓ेрд▓ा рдШрдЯрдХ (1) рдЖрд╣े, рдЬो рд╕рд░्рд╡ рди рд╡्рдпाрдкрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдШрдЯрдХांрдордзूрди рд╡рдЬा рдХрд░ूрди рджोрди рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪ्рдпा рдЫेрджрди рдмिंрджूрд╡рд░ рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдШрдЯрдХांрдордз्рдпे рдЬोрдбाрдпрдЪा рдЖрд╣े.
рдЖрддा рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рд░ेрд╖ांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा = рд╕ाрд░рдгीрдЪा рдХ्рд░рдо.
рдЗрд╖्рдЯрддрдо рд╕ोрдкрд╡рдгी рдХेрд▓ी рдЬाрдК рд╢рдХрддे.

рдЗрд╖्рдЯрддрдо рдЙрдХрд▓:
\(1 \rightarrow\) I (рдоूрд▓्рдп: 18)
\(2 \rightarrow\) IV (рдоूрд▓्рдп: 18)
\(3 \rightarrow\) III (рдоूрд▓्рдп: 20)
\(4 \rightarrow\) II (рдоूрд▓्рдп: 18)
\(5 \rightarrow\) V (рдоूрд▓्рдп: 21)

рди्рдпूрдирддрдо рдоूрд▓्рдп = 95
Question Paper Page No. 1 Question Paper Page No. 2 Question Paper Page No. 3 Question Paper Page No. 4 Question Paper Page No. 5 Question Paper Page No. 6 Question Paper Page No. 7 Question Paper Page No. 8 Question Paper Page No. 9 Question Paper Page No. 10 Question Paper Page No. 11 Question Paper Page No. 12 Question Paper Page No. 13 Question Paper Page No. 14 Question Paper Page No. 15

10th Science and Technology Part 1 Board Paper March 2025 Solution

Question 1 (A) Choose the correct alternative

(i) Alkaline earth metals have valency 2. This means that their position in the modern periodic table is in _______.
  • (A) Group 2
  • (B) Group 16
  • (C) Period 2
  • (D) d-block
Answer: (A) Group 2
(ii) The reaction in which ions in the reactants are exchanged to form a precipitate is called as _______ reaction.
  • (A) Combination
  • (B) Decomposition
  • (C) Displacement
  • (D) Double Displacement
Answer: (D) Double Displacement
(iii) _______ is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb.
  • (A) Nichrome
  • (B) Copper
  • (C) Tungsten
  • (D) Aluminium
Answer: (C) Tungsten
(iv) Light changes its direction when going from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. This process is called _______.
  • (A) Reflection
  • (B) Dispersion
  • (C) Scattering
  • (D) Refraction
Answer: (D) Refraction
(v) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat is an example of _______ reaction.
  • (A) Exothermic
  • (B) Electrolysis
  • (C) Decomposition
  • (D) Endothermic
Answer: (A) Exothermic

Question 1 (B) Answer the following questions

(i) State whether true or false: A redox reaction takes place during cellular respiration.
Answer: True.
(ii) Find the odd one out: Loudspeaker, microphone, electric motor, magnet.
Answer: Magnet. (Others are devices that convert energy using electromagnetism; a magnet is a static material/component).
(iii) What is the reason for twinkling of stars?
Answer: The twinkling of stars is due to the atmospheric refraction of starlight. As the density of the atmosphere changes continuously, the refractive index changes, causing the position and brightness of the star to fluctuate.
(iv) Match the columns: Simple microscope
Answer: Simple microscope — (c) used for watch repair.
(v) Name the behaviour of water between its temperature from \(0^{\circ}C\) to \(4^{\circ}C\).
Answer: Anomalous behaviour of water (Anomalous expansion).

Question 2 (A) Give scientific reasons (any two)

(i) While going from left to right within a period, the size of atom decreases.
Reason: While going from left to right in a period, the atomic number increases, meaning the positive charge on the nucleus increases. However, the electrons are added to the same outermost shell. The increased nuclear attraction pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, thereby decreasing the size of the atom.
(ii) For electric power transmission, copper or aluminium wire is used.
Reason: Copper and aluminium are very good conductors of electricity with low resistivity. They minimize the loss of energy in the form of heat during transmission. Additionally, they are ductile and relatively abundant (especially Aluminium), making them suitable for wires.
(iii) In some countries, ethanol is used as an additive to increase the efficiency of petrol.
Reason: Ethanol is a clean-burning fuel. When mixed with petrol, it provides oxygen that helps the fuel burn more completely, reducing harmful emissions like carbon monoxide. It also reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

Question 2 (B) Answer the following (any three)

(i) Name and state the principle used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance.
Answer:
Name: Principle of Heat Exchange.
Statement: If a system of two objects is isolated from the environment, heat energy lost by the hot object is equal to heat energy gained by the cold object.
(ii) What is done to prevent rusting of iron door of your house?
Answer: The iron door is painted. The layer of paint prevents the direct contact of iron with the moisture and oxygen in the air, thereby preventing rusting. Alternatively, processes like galvanization could be used before manufacturing.
(iii) Distinguish between mass and weight.
Mass: It is the amount of matter present in the object. It is a scalar quantity and remains constant everywhere.
Weight: It is the gravitational force acting on the object. It is a vector quantity and changes from place to place.
(iv) The 'rocket' is a type of fire cracker used in Diwali. (a) Name the launcher. (b) Name the law on which its working is based.
(a) Launcher: A bottle or a hollow pipe is used as a support/launcher.
(b) Law: Newton's Third Law of Motion (Every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
(v) What is meant by decomposition reaction? Write the chemical reaction of decomposition of sugar on heating.
Definition: The chemical reaction in which two or more products are formed from a single reactant is called a decomposition reaction.
Reaction: $$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} \xrightarrow{\Delta} 12C + 11H_2O$$ (Sugar decomposes into Carbon and Water vapor).

Question 3. Answer the following (any five)

(i) An iron ball of mass 3 kg is released from a height of 125 m and falls freely to the ground. Assuming that the value of g is 10 m/s², calculate : (a) Time taken by the ball to reach the ground. (b) Velocity of the ball on reaching the ground.
Given:
Mass ($m$) = 3 kg
Distance ($s$) = 125 m
Initial velocity ($u$) = 0 (released freely)
Gravity ($g$) = 10 m/s²

(a) Time taken ($t$):
Using Newton's second equation of motion:
$$s = ut + \frac{1}{2}gt^2$$ $$125 = 0 \times t + \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times t^2$$ $$125 = 5t^2$$ $$t^2 = \frac{125}{5} = 25$$ $$t = 5 \text{ seconds}$$
(b) Velocity ($v$):
Using Newton's first equation of motion:
$$v = u + gt$$ $$v = 0 + 10 \times 5$$ $$v = 50 \text{ m/s}$$
(ii) Write the name and symbol of the element from the description: (a) The most electronegative atom. (b) The atom having smallest atomic mass. (c) The noble gas with the smallest atomic radius.
(a) Fluorine (F)
(b) Hydrogen (H)
(c) Helium (He)
(iii) (a) What happens when copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid? What is the colour of the gas released during the reaction? (b) Write its balanced chemical equation. (c) Write the names of reactants and products.
(a) When copper reacts with concentrated nitric acid, reddish-brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide gas are released.
(b) Equation: $$Cu + 4HNO_3 (conc.) \rightarrow Cu(NO_3)_2 + 2NO_2 \uparrow + 2H_2O$$ (c) Reactants: Copper, Nitric Acid. Products: Copper Nitrate, Nitrogen Dioxide, Water.
(iv) Name the following diagrams and explain the concept behind them: [Fleming's Left and Right Hand Rules Diagrams]
Fleming's Left and Right Hand Rules Diagrams
(a) Fleming's Left-Hand Rule: Used for Electric Motors. It states that if the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the left hand are stretched perpendicular to each other, and if the index finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger in the direction of the current, then the thumb points in the direction of the force on the conductor.

(b) Fleming's Right-Hand Rule: Used for Electric Generators (Induction). It states that if the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the right hand are stretched perpendicular to each other, with the thumb showing the direction of motion of the conductor and the index finger the direction of the magnetic field, then the middle finger shows the direction of the induced current.
(v) Answer the following with respect to the 'Formation of Rainbow': (a) Draw a neat diagram. (b) Name any two natural processes involved. (c) What does a small droplet of water act as?
(a) Diagram: [Student should draw a water droplet showing sunlight entering, refracting, dispersing into colors, internally reflecting, and refracting out].
Draw a neat diagram :'Formation of Rainbow' (b) Processes: Refraction, Dispersion, and Total Internal Reflection.
(c) A small droplet of water acts as a small Prism.
(vi) Name the following: (a) The two metals which can be cut with knife. (b) A sound is produced when certain metals are struck. Name this property. (c) The non-metallic substance which is a good conductor of electricity.
(a) Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K).
(b) Sonority.
(c) Graphite (Allotrope of Carbon).
(vii) Answer the following questions with the help of the given diagram (Electroplating): (a) Name the process. (b) How does this process take place? (c) Give two examples in which this process is used.
Electroplating
(a) Process: Electroplating.
(b) Working: When electricity is passed through the solution, silver ions ($Ag^+$) from the anode (Silver plate) dissolve into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of silver ions from the solution get deposited on the cathode (Aluminium spoon).
(c) Examples: Gold plating on imitation jewelry, Silver plating on cutlery, Zinc plating on iron (galvanization) to prevent rust.
(viii) Complete the following table:
Type of satellite Function of the satellite Indian satellite series & launch vehicle
(a) Navigation Satellite Fix the location of any place on the earth's surface IRNSS
Launcher: PSLV
(b) Weather satellite Study and prediction of weather INSAT / GSAT
Launcher: GSLV
(c) Earth Observation Satellite Management of natural resources IRS
Launcher: PSLV

Question 4. Answer any one of the following

(i) (a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of human eye. (b) What is the minimum distance of distinct vision for a normal human eye? (c) Name the capacity of the eye lens to change its focal length as per need. (d) Name the defect of eye vision in which the focussing power of eye lens decreases with age.
(a) Diagram: [Student should draw the human eye, labelling Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Crystalline Lens, Ciliary Muscles, Retina, and Optic Nerve].
eat labelled diagram of human eye (b) Distance: 25 cm.
(c) Capacity: Power of Accommodation.
(d) Defect: Presbyopia.
(ii) Atomic number of chlorine is 17. (a) Write the electronic configuration of chlorine. (b) What is the number of electrons in the valence shell of chlorine? (c) Write the molecular formula of chlorine. (d) Name the type of bond in the formation of chlorine molecule. (e) Draw the electron dot structure of a chlorine molecule.
(a) Electronic Configuration: 2, 8, 7.
(b) Valence electrons: 7.
(c) Molecular Formula: Cl2.
(d) Bond Type: Covalent Bond (Single Covalent Bond).
(e) Electron Dot Structure:
Each Chlorine atom contributes 1 electron to share a pair.
$$: \ddot{Cl} \cdot \cdot \ddot{Cl} : \rightarrow : \ddot{Cl} - \ddot{Cl} :$$
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10th English Public Exam March 2025 Answer Key

10th English Public Examination - 2025

Tentative Answer Key

Marks: 100

PART - I (Section A) $$14 \times 1 = 14$$
Q.No Category Answer Option & Text
1 Synonyms (Indigenously) (c) naturally
2 Synonyms (plaintively) (a) sadly
3 Synonyms (unperturbed) (b) undisturbed
4 Antonyms (whet) (a) blunt
5 Antonyms (gruffly) (b) happily
6 Antonyms (inclusion) (c) exclusion
7 Singular/Plural (radius) radii
8 Prefix/Suffix (nutrition) malnutrition
9 Abbreviation (HDMI) (c) High Definition Multimedia Interface
10 Phrasal Verb (a) get along with
11 Compound Word (traffic) (c) jam
12 Preposition (b) of
13 Tense (a) locked
14 Preposition (b) from
PART - II (Section 1 - Prose) $$3 \times 2 = 6$$
15. The piece of fish offered by the mother seagull to the hungry young seagull and the natural's bird's instinct prompted it to fly finally.
16. The special features of INSV Tarini are:
  • It encouraged use of environment friendly non-conventional renewable energy resources such as the wind.
  • It collected and updated meteorological, ocean and wave data on regular basis for accurate weather forecast by India Meteorological Department (IMD).
  • It also collected data for monitoring marine pollution on high seas.
17. Aditya offered Sanyal one hundred and fifty rupees. It was the price of the medal, which Sanyal received in school for recitation.
18. The doctor warned Tom that he was in danger of losing his mind by thinking about precious stones always.
PART - II (Section 2 - Poetry) $$2 \times 2 = 4$$
19.
a) The poet expects everyone to walk with a smile and a song when something goes wrong.
b) When things go wrong, we should not worry.
20.
a) 'It' refers to the tree beside the house on Elm street.
b) The leaves of the tree never grows. The tree neither grows tall nor gets smaller. So, the tree is a mystery.
21.
a) 'I' refers to Cricket.
b) The nature of the cricket was lazy and silly.
22.
a) No, the house does not remain the same every day. It begins to fade each day.
b) Nobody knows what happens inside the house. So the poetess considers the house to be a mystery.
PART - II (Section 3 - Grammar) $$3 \times 2 = 6$$
23. Banu says that she is enjoying her holidays.
24. The enemy has been defeated by our army.
25. "Have you come from Holmes?" he asked.
26. In spite of being sick, she attends the rehearsal.
27. a) The mountain road is full of Dangers.
b) The sea can get really tough when winds are picking up.
PART - II (Section 4 - Road Map) 2 Marks
28.
  • Go straight from the market.
  • Turn left.
  • Walk on the main road.
  • Walk past library.
  • Turn right.
  • Walk on the north road and turn left.
  • Walk for a while.
  • Finally you will reach the Pharmacy on your left.
PART - III (Prose Paragraphs) $$2 \times 5 = 10$$
29. His First Flight - Liam O'Flaherty
About the Author: Born: 28th August 1896 (Irish, Ireland)
Occupation: Novelist
Famous Works: Member of the Communist Party of Ireland, Irish novelist, Short story writer.
Quote: "The moments you doubt whether you can fly, You cease for ever to be able to do it"

The young seagull was afraid of flying. His parents strove their level best to teach the young seagull to fly but in vain. The parents, brothers and sister thought a plan to teach him to fly. They flew away to another rock and left him alone. They did not give him anything to eat. He stood there on one leg and closed his eyes. He was very hungry. He searched for food everywhere. He even chewed the dried pieces of the eggshells. He saw his mother tearing a piece of fish.

'Ga, ga, ga', he cried, begging her to bring him over some food. 'Gawl-ool-ah', she screamed back mockingly.

He begged his mother to give him food. The mother seagull motivates the young one enough to get him to learn flying. So the mother flew with the piece of fish to the young seagull. When she reached over him, she became motionless in the air. She did not get down on the rock. She wanted to give the young seagull an incentive to fly. The seagull bent forward and jumped at the fish. The young seagull realizes the importance of belief and faith. He was much frightened. But he began to flap his wings to save himself. 'His first flight' is a parable. The seagulls convey the message of self-confidence, motivation and self-reliance. The story conveys, "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You can't fly unless you let yourself."

30. The Night the Ghost got in - James Grover Thurber

Characters: The narrator's family, Mr. Bodwell, Joe, Reporter, Herman.
Theme: Chaos in the house.

James Grover Thurber was an American cartoonist, best known for his cartoon and short stories. This lesson clearly tells that too much of imagination will mislead the situation.

The narrator says that on the night of November 17, 1915 the ghost got into their house. The time was quarter past one o'clock. All of sudden the author heard footsteps. They were the steps of man walking around the dining-table. The steps went round and round the table. The board creaked when it was trod upon. The author thought that if might be a burglar. He roused Herman. The steps started up the stairs. Filled with fear the author and his brother slammed the door shut. The noise of slamming roused the mother. She suspected that there were burglars inside. She wanted to call the police. But the phone was downstairs. So, She opened the windows and threw a shoe into the bedroom window of the neighbours. The window pane shattered down. The noise roused Bodwell and his wife annoyed them. Mr. Bodwell was furious with her. He called the police, thinking that there was a burglar in their house.

The police who came there started ransacking the entire house. The police broke the door open and entered the house. Their flashlights gleamed up and down. They flashed the light everywhere. They couldn't see anything. They opened the doors, yanked the drawers, opened the windows and pulled down the furniture. Then they heard a creaking in the attic. Grandfather was turning over in bed. The cops (police) used into the attic without words or warning. Grandfather mistook the policemen to be General Meade's men. He thought that they were deserters from the army. So he grabbed at a handgun and shot at a policeman. At once everyone retreated from the place. The police started ransacking the house once again. They took leave when the author promised to bring the gun to the station the next day. The police left the house empty handed finally. Next morning, grandfather told that he came to the dining room for water, the previous night. These are the incidents that caused the confusion in the house.

"Imagination will often carry us to worlds that never were"

31. Tech Bloomers

Empowering the disabled with technology. This lesson is about the use of technology in empowering the disabled to do their day to day chores of life, like travelling, communicating, learning, doing business and living in comfort. Alisha and David's life has changed with the use of technology. "Technology is a boon to the disabled', because it made to a lot of difference in their life. According to the 2011 Census, 2.21 percent of India's population is disabled. Then she can print them out. Kim who is an Assistive Technologist helps students to use technology in different ways. They are struggling with challenges of access, acceptance and inclusion.

"I have cerebral palsy and I can't physically type as fast as I think or anywhere near. But right now, that's what I'm doing. I bet you're wondering how!"

Technology has made her achieve things only she dreamt of. She can do Maths GSCE herself without being dependent on a computer. Technology has opened up the world to her. Twenty-one-year-old David was born with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy. He says that technology is very important because it enables him to communicate and be independent. For verbal communication, he uses a Liberator Communication Device, which he controls with eye movements. He has an ACTIV controller also in the headrest of his chair in his bedroom, which means he can control his TV, Blu Ray and music players. They are able to manage their daily activities with the aid of technology. Hence technology is a boon to the disabled. Thus Technology makes our life easier. It impacts the environment, people and the society as a whole. Newer Technology allows differently abled learners with their peers as well as contributes fruitfully to the collaborative process of learning.

"For most of us technology makes things easier, For a person with disability it makes things possible"

32. The Last Lesson - Alphonse Daudet

"Language and culture - true identity of a nation."

'The Last Lesson' was written by Alphonse Daudet. The story is narrated by a French boy Franz. He was lazy and liked to play. He disliked studying French. After overpowering the districts of Alsace and Lorraine in France, Berlin had ordered that German should be taught in schools instead of French. It was the last French class of the teacher M. Hamel who had been there for 40 years. When Franz reached the school he saw a crowd gathered around the bulletin-board. Though he reached the school little late he was surprised to note that the school was very quiet. Franz took his seat and noticed that M. Hamel had clothes for special occasion. The atmosphere of the classroom was strange. As a mark of respect for his hard work, the village men also attended his last class.

The teacher was full of grief and nostalgia. They were sad that they did not learn French, their mother tongue in their childhood. Franz was shocked to know it was his last French lesson. But he did not learn French. He was suddenly remorseful over wasting so much time playing outdoors rather than studying. He stood up to recite but stumbled on the first words. M. Hamel did not scold Franz for not knowing the rule. He told the crowd that each day they had been putting off learning until the next day. The teacher then proceeded to the French grammar lesson, reading from a book to the students.

Franz understood everything M. Hamel said with extraordinary clarity. He thought that he had never listened so carefully to the teacher before. When the trumpets of the Prussians were finally blown, M. Hamel stood up, but could not speak out of grief and wrote "Vive La France" (Long Live France).

PART - III (Section 2 - Poetry) $$2 \times 5 = 10$$
33. LIFE - Henry Van Dyke
About the Poet: Henry Van Dyke
Specialty: American author, Poet, Educator and Clergyman.
Quote: "Life is not a race, it is a journey enjoy it"

In this poem, life is described not as an entity, but as an experience. Here, the poet desires to lead his future life with optimism and he is ever willing to do something. One should live with courage and dedication. Life should be lived without hurry and with a clear sense of purpose that drives the mind and soul. The poet encourages us to let go of all that has been lost in the past as well as the uncertainty the future holds. He tells us to embrace the present with the happiness which nourishes the young and the old. From what the future veils; but with a whole And happy heart, that pays its toll To Youth and Age, and travels on with cheer.

Happiness gives us nourishment on this journey with a smile on our face. Whatever situation life throws at us, it is the journey that should be joyous, for it teaches us to grow and live. Our imagination should have the innocence and fearlessness of childhood. We should seek out new friendships, new adventures and new experiences which enrich us. He encourages us to have faith and determination in our hearts, as we take on this beautiful journey. We should have eternal hope that our story ends joyfully. This poem shows the poet's optimistic view of life through his personal experiences.

"BE AN OPTIMIST, DON'T BE A PESSIMIST"

34. NO MEN ARE FOREIGN - James Falconer Kirkup

James Falconer Kirkup reminds us that all the people who belongs to the earth are similar and share the brotherhood of men. The central theme of the poem is about the oneness of mankind. Though there are many countries, races, colour, languages, castes, and creeds all are human beings. We occupy the same land and die in the same land. Hands work hard, eyes witness the same life. We are all fed by peaceful harvests. Attacking others who are neighbours in the same planet is nothing but harming oneself. Hence no land are foreign, no men is a stranger.

"Remember they have eyes like ours that wake Or sleep and strength that can be won. By love. In every land is common life That all can recognize and understand"

The poem "No men are foreign" has greater relevance in today's world. Now a days people like to segregate themselves from others. They create borders and erect fences to separate one country from the other. Anyone who crosses the line is branded as a spy or intruder. He is shot dead without mercy. Love has vanished from human heart. Even at slight provocation people take up arms. It leads to battles and wars that affect the world. In this context the poet wants us to treat everyone as a fellow human being. We should remember that we may live in different countries. But we feel like others, work like others and read like others. Hatred should give way to love and affection. We can put an end to war if we consider everyone as our brethren. In today's world each country wants to fight with the other for the sake of its own benefit. They hate each other to flaunt their superiority and social status. Even men hate each other for silly reasons forgetting that we are all brothers and sisters. So this poem is very relevant to today's world.

"Every human is like all other humans, some other humans and no other human".

35. a) Rhyming words: cold - scold, meet - street
b) Rhyming scheme: aabb
c) Personification / Epithet
d) Summer - Scold
36. Machines aren't perfect after all and Nature always wins over. Machines aren't miraculous creations. They are nothing more than the creations of the human brain.
PART - III (Section 3 - Supplementary) $$1 \times 5 = 5$$
37. Little Hero of Holland
  • Little Peter was asked to take cakes for his blind friend by his mother.
  • While returning, he hears water trickling from the dikes.
  • Peter realizes the danger of flooding.
  • Peter stops the angry waters with his finger the entire night and saves the village.
  • Peter becomes the Little Hero of Holland.
38. Zigzag
a) It was Zigzag's voice, clear and commanding.
b) Bored and Grumpy.
c) African Doctor.
d) Dr. Krishnan's clinic transformed into a calm.
e) Slept or snored.
PART - III (Section 4 - Writing Skills)
Q.No Topic Mark Distribution
39 Advertisement Outline: 1
Title: 1
Picture: 1
Captions: 1
Address: 1
40 Letter Writing From/To: 1
Date/Salutation: 1
Body of letter: 2
Subscription/Superscription: 1
41 Notice Writing Title: 1
Date/Name: 1
Content: 3
42 Picture Comprehension Any five relevant sentences without mistakes: 5 marks
43 Note Making / Summary Note Making: Title (1), Points (4)
Summary: Title (1), Rough copy (2), Fair copy (2)
44. Error Correction
a) Rice is the staple food of Asians.
b) As Sathya was old, he walked slow.
c) Slow and steady wins the race.
d) I will be fifteen next April.
e) Learning a language is always useful.
PART - III (Section 5 - Memory Poem) 5 Marks
45. She's a lioness; don't mess with her.
She'll not spare you if you're a prankster.
Don't ever try to saw her pride, her self-respect.
She knows how to thaw you, saw you - so beware!
She's today's woman. Today's woman, dear.
PART - IV
46. a) The Story of Mulan

Introduction: This is the classic story of Mulan based on the legend of Hua Mulan. A legend is a story from long ago that is believed to be true, or mostly true. It is about a brave girl, Mulan, who had saved China.

Lovable daughter Mulan: Many years ago, China was in the middle of a great war. The Emperor announced that one man from each Chinese family must leave his family to join the army. Mulan was strong, loyal and patriotic. She surrendered her life to her motherland, China. When she heard the order of the Emperor, she immediately volunteered to fight for her country despite her father being sick. Though she knew that women were not allowed, she joined the army in disguise, simply ignoring the risks involved. She knew that if the soldiers came to know that she was a woman she would be put to death.

Her Patriotism: Ignoring all the risks, she dared to join the army. It was her patriotism that drove her to that extent. She was really a strong character. Besides, she was also smart and brave right from the beginning. She was also a good leader who led the entire troop to victory and thus ended the war in China forever. After a few years, she was given the post of General of the entire army. After some days, a very bad fever swept through the army. Mulan, the General was also affected by this fever. When the doctor came out Mulan's tent, he told the truth to the soldiers.

Her Valour: Even though she was sick, she fought and ended the long war victoriously. Admiring her valour and bravery, the Emperor was willing to appoint her as the royal advisor. She humbly refused to stay in the palace and expressed her wish to return to her village. She returned to her village to see her father and brother.

Conclusion: Thus Mulan showed that she was lovable to her family and proved her patriotism towards her country. Mulan, a multifaceted personality showed her love for her country by fighting bravely.
Moral: "Liberty is the birth of life to nation"

46. b) A DAY IN 2889 OF AN AMERICAN JOURNALIST - Jules Verne

Introduction: 'A day in 2889 of an American Journalist' written in 1889 by Jules Verne, gives us a glimpse of the futuristic world in which people rely on machines for almost everything. The story is set on July 25 of 2889.

Phonotelephote and the Mechanized dressing room: Francis Bennett, director of the Earth Herald, the world's most leading newspaper, had woken up with a bad temper. He felt a little lonely in the absence of his wife. His wife had been away in France for the past eight days. He switched on his phonotelephote and hearing his wife's voice, he put on a smile. His mechanized dressing room dressed him from top to toe.

Astronomy - the trending topic: In his office, he inquired the astronomical reporters about the latest news. He wished to feed the public with interesting astronomical news. He was excited to bring out the interesting discoveries made in the new plant Gandini to the public. Inordinate advertisements were projected on clouds by a thousand projectors from a gallery. Bennett was one of the subscribers to the society for supplying food to the home. He got his lunch from there through a network of pneumatic tubes.

Innovative petitions: Then Bennett travelled to Niagara for his accumulator works. 'Where are we going, Sir?' asked the aero-coachman. 'Let's see. I've got time...' Francis Bennett replied. 'Take me to my accumulator works at Niagara.' He took an aero-car with an aero coachman who was waiting near his window. The aero-car is capable of gaining speed of about four hundred miles an hour. After his return, he listened to many petitions. He supported the idea of an inventor who thought of reducing the final three elements into one and another idea of moving the town of Saff to the shore using rails.

Conclusion: At-last Bennett learned about his wife's plan to return. Finally he decided to take a bath. Thus the story ends. The innovations in this story seem to be a magic. Unbelievable everything is made possible in the future with the help of technology.
Moral: "Technology is a useful servant but a Dangerous Master"

47. a) Comprehension
i) American President Theodore Roosevelt, also known as teddy, participated in a bear-hunting trip in Mississippi.
ii) Michtom place the stuffed bears in the front window of his shop.
iii) Political cartoons starring like Teddy and the bear.
iv) Michtom is the shop owner. He created plush, stuffed bears and placed them in the front window of his shop.
47. b) General Comprehension
i) Choosing our career is hard to decided.
ii) Dancer, Doctor, Teacher, Cricket.
iii) Sunday, Thursday.
iv) Any suitable answer like Teacher, Doctor, Lawyer, Cricketer...
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HSC Physics (Hindi Medium) Board Question Paper Solution 2025 - Fully Solved

Physics (54) Board Question Paper Solution (Hindi Medium)

HSC 2025 Maharashtra Board Exam - Fully Solved J-290

рд╡िрднाрдЧ – рдЕ (Section A)
рдк्рд░. рез. рджिрдП рдЧрдП рдмрд╣ुрд╡िрдХрд▓्рдкीрдп рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рд╡िрдХрд▓्рдкों рдоें рд╕े рд╕рд╣ी рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдЪुрдирдХрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдП : [резреж]
(i) рдЬрдм рджो рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓िрдпों (system) рдоें рд╕े рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдХिрд╕ी рддीрд╕рд░ी рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рд╕े рддाрдкीрдп рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (thermal equilibrium) рдоें рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै, рддो рд╡े рд╕рднी рдПрдХ рджूрд╕рд░े рд╕े рднी рддाрдкीрдп рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдоें рд╣ोрддी рд╣ैं। рдпрд╣ рд╡िрдзाрди (statement) рджрд░्рд╢ाрддा рд╣ै ⸻
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) рдКрд╖्рдоाрдЧрддिрдХी (thermodynamics) рдХा рд╢ूрди्рдп рдиिрдпрдо (Zeroth law)
(ii) рдмрд░рдиौрд▓ी рдХे рдк्рд░рдоेрдп (Bernoulli’s theorem) рдоें рдиिрдо्рди рдоें рд╕े рдХ्рдпा рдЕрдЪрд░ (constant) рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै?
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) рдКрд░्рдЬा (energy)
(iii) рдиिрдо्рди рдоें рд╕े рдХौрдирд╕ा рдкрджाрд░्рде (material) рдЕंрддрд╕्рддाрдкрдирд╢ीрд▓ рдкрджाрд░्рде (diathermanous substance) рд╣ोрдЧा?
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) рдХाँрдЪ (glass)
(iv) рдХिрд╕ी рдмिंрджु рдЖрд╡ेрд╢ (point charge) рд╕े ‘r’ рджूрд░ी рдкрд░ рдХा рд╡िрдж्рдпुрддीрдп рд╡िрднрд╡ ‘V’ (electric potential) рдпрд╣ ⸻ рдХे рд╕рдоाрдиुрдкाрддी (directly proportional) рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдХ) \( \frac{1}{r} \)
(v) рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдоें рд╕े рдХौрди рд╕ा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рд╡िрднрд╡рдоाрдкी (potentiometer) рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдХрд░ рд╕ेрд▓ рдХे рдЖंрддрд░िрдХ рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз (internal resistance) рдХो рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рд╕рд╣ी рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рджрд░्рд╢ाрддा рд╣ै?
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) \( r = R\left(\frac{E}{V} - 1\right) \)
(vi) рдПрдХ рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди, рдПрдХ рдк्рд░ोрдЯॉрди, рдПрдХ \(\alpha\)-рдХрдг рдФрд░ рдПрдХ рд╣ाрдЗрдб्рд░ोрдЬрди рдкрд░рдоाрдгु (hydrogen atom) рдпрд╣ рд╕рднी рд╕рдоाрди рдЧрддिрдЬ рдКрд░्рдЬा (same kinetic energy) рд╕े рдЧрддि рдХрд░ рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं, рддो рдбी-рдм्рд░ॉрдЧ्рд▓ी (de-Broglie) рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд ⸻ рдХी рддрд░ंрдЧ рд▓ंрдмाрдИ рд╕рдмрд╕े рдорд╣рдд्рддрдо рд▓ंрдмाрдИ (longest) рд╣ोрдЧी।
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди (electron)
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: \( \lambda = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2mK}} \). рдпрд╣ाँ K рд╕рдоाрди рд╣ै, рдЕрддः рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдж्рд░рд╡्рдпрдоाрди (m) рд╕рдмрд╕े рдХрдо рд╣ोрдЧा, рдЙрд╕рдХी рддрд░ंрдЧрджैрд░्рдз्рдп рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╣ोрдЧी। рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди рдХा рдж्рд░рд╡्рдпрдоाрди рд╕рдмрд╕े рдХрдо рд╣ै।
(vii) рджोрдиों рдиिрд╡ेрд╢ (input) рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ (high) рд╣ोрдиे рдкрд░ рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рдиिрд░्рдЧрдо (output), рджेрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ा рдж्рд╡ाрд░ (gate) –
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдм) AND рдж्рд╡ाрд░
(viii) рдпрджि рдПрдХ рдЫрдд рдХे рдлैрди (рдкंрдЦे) рдХा рдШूрд░्рдгीрдп рдЧрддि рдоें рдЕрдЪрд░ рдмрд▓ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг (constant torque) 2 Nm рдХे рд╕ाрде рдХोрдгीрдп рдЪाрд▓ (angular speed) \(2\pi\) rad/s рд╣ै, рддो рдЙрд╕рдХी рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХी рд╢्рд░ेрдгी (power rating) ⸻ рд╣ोрдЧी।
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) \(4\pi\) W
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рд╢рдХ्рддि \( P = \tau \omega = 2 \times 2\pi = 4\pi \) W.
(ix) рдПрдХ 2 m рд▓ंрдмाрдИ рдХा рддाрд░ рджो рдкाрд╢े (loops) рд╕े рдХंрдкрди (vibrate) рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рддो рдЗрд╕рдХे рдиिрд╕्рдкंрдж (node) рдФрд░ рд╕ंрд▓рдЧ्рди рдк्рд░рд╕्рдкंрдж (adjacent antinode) рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХी рджूрд░ी (distance) ⸻ рд╣ोрдЧी।
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдЕ) 0.5 m
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: рддाрд░ рдХी рд▓ंрдмाрдИ \( L = 2 \) m рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ 2 рд▓ूрдк्рд╕ рдоें рдХंрдкрди рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рдЕрддः \( \lambda = L = 2 \) m. рдиोрдб рдФрд░ рдПंрдЯीрдиोрдб рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХी рджूрд░ी \( \lambda/4 = 2/4 = 0.5 \) m.
(x) рдПрдХ рдкрд░िрдгाрдоिрдд्рд░ (transformer) рдкрд░ाрд╡рд░्рддिрдд рд╡ि.рд╡ा. рдмрд▓ (alternating e.m.f.) 220V рд╕े 880V рддрдХ рдмрдв़ाрддा рд╣ै। рдпрджि рдк्рд░ाрдердоिрдХ рдХुंрдбрд▓ी (primary coil) рдХे рдлेрд░ों рдХी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा 1000 рд╣ै рддो рдж्рд╡िрддीрдпрдХ рдХुंрдбрд▓ी рдХे рдлेрд░ों рдХी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा ⸻ рд╣ोрдЧी।
рдЙрдд्рддрд░: (рдб) 4000
рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯीрдХрд░рдг: \( \frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p} \Rightarrow \frac{880}{220} = \frac{N_s}{1000} \Rightarrow 4 = \frac{N_s}{1000} \Rightarrow N_s = 4000 \).

HSC Physics Board Papers with Solution

рдк्рд░. реи. рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдП : [рео]
(i) рдХौрди рд╕े рддाрдк рдкрд░ рдж्рд░рд╡ рдХा рдкृрд╖्рда рддрдиाрд╡ (surface tension) рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╣ोрдЧा?
рдХ्рд░ांрддिрдХ рддाрдк (Critical temperature) рдкрд░ рдж्рд░рд╡ рдХा рдкृрд╖्рда рддрдиाрд╡ рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।
(ii) рдкрд░िрднाрд╖ा рджीрдЬिрдП : рд╕्рд╡рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг (self inductance)
рдХिрд╕ी рдХुंрдбрд▓ी рдоें рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा рдоें рдкрд░िрд╡рд░्рддрди рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рдЙрд╕ी рдХुंрдбрд▓ी рдоें рдк्рд░ेрд░िрдд рд╡ि.рд╡ा. рдмрд▓ (e.m.f.) рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рд╣ोрдиे рдХी рдШрдЯрдиा рдХो рд╕्рд╡рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं।
(iii) рдЬрдм рдЧрддिрд╢ीрд▓ рдЖрд╡ेрд╢ рдХा рд╡ेрдЧ рдпрд╣ рдмाрд╣्рдп рд╕рдоाрди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ (external uniform magnetic field) рдХे рд▓ंрдмрд╡рдд् рд╣ो рддो рдмाрд╣्рдп рд╕рдоाрди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХा рдХाрд░्рдп (work done) рдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрдЧा?
рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рдХाрд░्рдп рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╣ोрдЧा। (рдХ्рдпोंрдХि рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдмрд▓ рд╣рдоेрд╢ा рд╡िрд╕्рдеाрдкрди рдХे рд▓ंрдмрд╡рдд рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै)।
(iv) рдКрд╖्рдоाрдЧрддिрдХी рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी (thermodynamic system) рдХा рдЕрд░्рде рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?
рдКрд╖्рдоाрдЧрддिрдХी рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рдЕрдгुрдУं (рдж्рд░рд╡्рдп рдпा рд╡िрдХिрд░рдг) рдХा рдПрдХ рд╕рдоूрд╣ рд╣ै рдЬो рдПрдХ рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рд╕ीрдоा рдХे рднीрддрд░ рд╕ीрдоिрдд рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдкрд░िрд╡ेрд╢ рд╕े рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।
(v) рд╢ैрдеिрд▓्рдп рдкाрд╢ (hysteresis loop) рдХे рдЕंрджрд░ рдЬрдм H = 0 рд╣ोрдЧा рддो B рдХे рдоाрди рдХो рдХ्рдпा рдХрд╣ा рдЬाрдПрдЧा?
рдЗрд╕े рдзाрд░рдгрд╢ीрд▓рддा (Retentivity) рдпा рдЕрд╡рд╢ेрд╖ рдЪुंрдмрдХрдд्рд╡ рдХрд╣ा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।
(vi) рдЭुрдХाрд╡ рдХोрдг (angle of banking) рдХा рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рджीрдЬिрдП।
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( \tan \theta = \frac{v^2}{rg} \) рдпा \( \theta = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{v^2}{rg}\right) \).
(vii) рдПрдХ рдЖрд╡ेрд╢िрдд рд╕рдорддрд▓ рд╢ीрдЯ рдХी рд╕рддрд╣ рдХे рдкाрд╕ рдХे рдмिंрджु рдХी рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХी рддीрд╡्рд░рддा (electric field intensity) рдХा рдоाрди рдЙрд╕рдХे рдордз्рдп рдмिंрджु (mid-point) рд╕े рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП। [ \(\sigma = 8.85 \mu C/m^2\) ]
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( E = \frac{\sigma}{2\epsilon_0} \)
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( \sigma = 8.85 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C/m}^2 \), \( \epsilon_0 = 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \)
рдЧрдгрдиा: \( E = \frac{8.85 \times 10^{-6}}{2 \times 8.85 \times 10^{-12}} = \frac{10^6}{2} = 5 \times 10^5 \, \text{N/C} \) (рдпा V/m).
(viii) рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рддाрдк рджрдмाрд╡ (S.T.P.) рдкрд░ 1 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рдЧैрд╕ рдЧрддिрдЬ рдКрд░्рдЬा рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: рдЧрддिрдЬ рдКрд░्рдЬा \( = \frac{3}{2} PV \)
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( P = 1.013 \times 10^5 \, \text{N/m}^2 \) (STP рдкрд░), \( V = 1 \text{ Litre} = 10^{-3} \, \text{m}^3 \).
рдЧрдгрдиा: \( E = 1.5 \times 1.013 \times 10^5 \times 10^{-3} \approx 151.95 \) J.
рд╡िрднाрдЧ – рдм (Section B)

рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдоें рд╕े рдХिрди्рд╣ीं рдЖрда рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдП : [резрем]

рдк्рд░. рей. рд╕ंрдиाрджी (harmonics) рдФрд░ рдЕрдзिрд╕्рд╡рд░ (overtones) рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рд╕ंрдиाрджी (Harmonics): 'рд╕ंрдиाрджी' рд╢рдм्рдж рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдоूрд▓ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХी рд╕рднी рдкूрд░्рдгांрдХ рдЧुрдгрдЬ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддिрдпों рдХो рджрд░्рд╢ाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдоूрд▓ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि рдХो рдк्рд░рдердо рд╕ंрдиाрджी, \(2n\) рдХो рдж्рд╡िрддीрдп рд╕ंрдиाрджी, рдЖрджि рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं।

рдЕрдзिрд╕्рд╡рд░ (Overtones): рдоूрд▓ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि рд╕े рдЕрдзिрдХ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддिрдпाँ рдЬो рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡ рдоें рдз्рд╡рдиि рдоें рдоौрдЬूрдж рд╣ोрддी рд╣ैं, рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдЕрдзिрд╕्рд╡рд░ рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं। рдоूрд▓ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि рдХे рдаीрдХ рдмाрдж рд╡ाрд▓ी рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि рдХो рдк्рд░рдердо рдЕрдзिрд╕्рд╡рд░, рдЙрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж рд╡ाрд▓ी рдХो рдж्рд╡िрддीрдп рдЕрдзिрд╕्рд╡рд░ рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं।
рдк्рд░. рек. рдПрдХ рд╕рдоाрди рд░ेрдЦीрдп рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣ (streamline flow) рдХे рд▓िрдП рди्рдпूрдЯрди рдХे рд╢ाрди्рдпрддा (viscosity) рд╕ंрдмंрдзी рдиिрдпрдо рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдХрд░рдХे рд╢ाрди्рдпрддा рдЧुрдгांрдХ (coefficient of viscosity) рдХा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рди्рдпूрдЯрди рдХे рд╢ाрди्рдпрддा рдиिрдпрдо рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рдж्рд░рд╡ рдХी рджो рдкрд░рддों рдХे рдмीрдЪ рд▓рдЧрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ा рд╢ाрди्рдпрддा рдмрд▓ (viscous force) \( F \) рд╕рдоाрдиुрдкाрддी рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै:
рез. рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рд╕рддрд╣ рдХे рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд▓ \( A \) рдХे।
реи. рд╡ेрдЧ рдк्рд░рд╡рдгрддा (velocity gradient) \( \frac{dv}{dx} \) рдХे।
рдЕрддः, \( F \propto A \frac{dv}{dx} \Rightarrow F = \eta A \frac{dv}{dx} \).
рдЬрд╣ाँ \( \eta \) рдПрдХ рдиिрдпрддांрдХ рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕े рд╢ाрди्рдпрддा рдЧुрдгांрдХ рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं।
рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг: \( \eta = \frac{F}{A (dv/dx)} \).
рдк्рд░. рел. рдПрдХ рддाрд░ рдХे рд╡ृрдд्рддाрдХाрд░ рдЪाрдк рдоें рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг (magnetic induction) рдХा рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рджीрдЬिрдП। рдЕрддः рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा рд╡ाрд╣рдХ рд╡ृрдд्рддाрдХाрд░ рдкाрд╢े рдХे рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдкрд░ рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг рдХा рдоाрди рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдЪाрдк рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{4\pi r} \theta \), рдЬрд╣ाँ \( \theta \) рдЪाрдк рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдкрд░ рдЕंрддрд░िрдд рдХोрдг рд╣ै (рд░ेрдбिрдпрди рдоें)।

рд╡ृрдд्рддाрдХाрд░ рдкाрд╢े (loop) рдХे рд▓िрдП: рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдкрд░ рдЕंрддрд░िрдд рдХोрдг \( \theta = 2\pi \) рд░ेрдбिрдпрди рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।
рдоाрди рд░рдЦрдиे рдкрд░:
\( B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{4\pi r} (2\pi) = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2r} \).
рдк्рд░. рем. рдХोрдгीрдп рд╕ंрд╡ेрдЧ рдЕрд╡िрдиाрд╢рддा рдХा рдиिрдпрдо (law of conservation of angular momentum) рджेрдХрд░ рд╕िрдж्рдз рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдиिрдпрдо: рдпрджि рдХिрд╕ी рдШूрд░्рдгрди рдХрд░рддी рд╡рд╕्рддु рдкрд░ рдХाрд░्рдп рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓ा рдкрд░िрдгाрдоी рдмाрд╣्рдп рдмрд▓ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг (external torque) рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╣ो, рддो рдЙрд╕ рд╡рд╕्рддु рдХा рдХोрдгीрдп рд╕ंрд╡ेрдЧ рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд (рд╕्рдеिрд░) рд░рд╣рддा рд╣ै।

рд╕िрдж्рдзрддा:
рд╣рдо рдЬाрдирддे рд╣ैं рдХि рдмрд▓ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг \( \vec{\tau} = \frac{d\vec{L}}{dt} \).
рдпрджि \( \vec{\tau}_{ext} = 0 \), рддो \( \frac{d\vec{L}}{dt} = 0 \).
рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЕрд░्рде рд╣ै \( \vec{L} = \text{рд╕्рдеिрд░ांрдХ (constant)} \).
рдЕрддः \( I\omega = \text{рд╕्рдеिрд░ांрдХ} \).
рдк्рд░. рен. рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдЙрдд्рд╕рд░्рдЬрди рдбाрдпोрдб (light emitting diode) (LED) рдХे рдХोрдИ рдЪाрд░ рд▓ाрдн рд▓िрдЦिрдП।
рез. рдХрдо рдмिрдЬрд▓ी рдХी рдЦрдкрдд (рдКрд░्рдЬा рдХुрд╢рд▓)।
реи. рд▓ंрдмा рдЬीрд╡рдирдХाрд▓।
рей. рддेрдЬी рд╕े рдЪाрд▓ू/рдмंрдж (fast switching) рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा।
рек. рдордЬрдмूрдд рдФрд░ рдЯिрдХाрдК (рдХोрдИ рдлिрд▓ाрдоेंрдЯ рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрддा)।
рел. рдкрд░्рдпाрд╡рд░рдг рдХे рдЕрдиुрдХूрд▓ (рдкाрд░ा рд░рд╣िрдд)।
рдк्рд░. рео. 127°C рддाрдкрдоाрди рдкрд░ 200 cm² рд╕рддрд╣ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд▓ рд╡ाрд▓ी рдПрдХ рдкूрд░्рдгрддः рдХाрд▓ी рд╡рд╕्рддु (perfectly black body) рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा 1 рдоिрдирдЯ рдоें рд╡िрдХिрд░िрдд рдКрд░्рдЬा (radiated energy) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै:
рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд▓ \( A = 200 \text{ cm}^2 = 200 \times 10^{-4} \text{ m}^2 \)
рд╕рдордп \( t = 1 \text{ min} = 60 \text{ s} \)
рддाрдкрдоाрди \( T = 127 + 273 = 400 \text{ K} \)
рд╕्рдЯीрдлрди рдиिрдпрддांрдХ \( \sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \text{ W/m}^2\text{K}^4 \)

рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( Q = \sigma A t T^4 \)
рдЧрдгрдиा:
\( Q = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \times (200 \times 10^{-4}) \times 60 \times (400)^4 \)
\( Q = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \times 2 \times 10^{-2} \times 60 \times 256 \times 10^8 \)
\( Q = 5.67 \times 1.2 \times 256 \times 10^0 \)
\( Q = 1741.8 \text{ J} \approx 1.74 \times 10^3 \text{ J} \).
рдк्рд░. реп. рджो рдХुंрдбрд▓िрдпों рдХा рд╕्рд╡рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг (self inductance) рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ 60 mH рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рджूрд╕рд░े рд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рд╣ैं। рдпрджि рдЬोрдб़ рдХा рдЧुрдгांрдХ (coefficient of coupling) 0.75 рд╣ो, рддो рджोрдиों рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХे рдЕрди्рдпोрди्рдп рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг (mutual inductance) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( L_1 = 60 \text{ mH}, L_2 = 60 \text{ mH}, k = 0.75 \)
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( M = k \sqrt{L_1 L_2} \)
рдЧрдгрдиा:
\( M = 0.75 \sqrt{60 \times 60} \)
\( M = 0.75 \times 60 \)
\( M = 45 \text{ mH} \).
рдк्рд░. резреж. рдПрдХ LCR рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдкрд░िрдкрде рдоें рдпрджि рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз (resistance), рдк्рд░ेрд░рдг рдк्рд░рддिрдШाрдд (inductive reactance), рдПрд╡ं рдзाрд░िрддा (capacitive) рдк्рд░рддिрдШाрдд 3\(\Omega\), 8\(\Omega\) рдФрд░ 4\(\Omega\) рдХ्рд░рдорд╢ः рд╣ैं рддो рд╡िрднрд╡ (voltage) рдФрд░ рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХे рдХрд▓ांрддрд░ (phase difference) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( R = 3\Omega, X_L = 8\Omega, X_C = 4\Omega \)
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( \tan \phi = \frac{X_L - X_C}{R} \)
рдЧрдгрдиा:
\( \tan \phi = \frac{8 - 4}{3} = \frac{4}{3} \)
\( \phi = \tan^{-1}(1.333) \approx 53.13^\circ \) рдпा \( 53^\circ 8' \).
рдк्рд░. резрез. рд╡िрднрд╡рдоाрдкी (potentiometer) рдХे рд╡ोрд▓्рдЯрдоीрдЯрд░ рдХी рддुрд▓рдиा рдоें рд╣ोрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рд▓ाрдн рд▓िрдЦिрдП।
рез. рд╡िрднрд╡рдоाрдкी рд╕ेрд▓ рдХा рд╡ि.рд╡ा. рдмрд▓ (emf) рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕рдЯीрдХ рдоाрдкрддा рд╣ै рдХ्рдпोंрдХि рдпрд╣ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдмिंрджु (null point) рдкрд░ рд╕ेрд▓ рд╕े рдХोрдИ рдзाрд░ा рдирд╣ीं рд▓ेрддा (рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рд╡ोрд▓्рдЯрдоीрдЯрд░ рдХी рддрд░рд╣ рдХाрд░्рдп рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै)।
реи. рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рд╕ेрд▓ рдХे рдЖंрддрд░िрдХ рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз рдХो рдоाрдкрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।
рей. рдпрд╣ рд╡ोрд▓्рдЯрдоीрдЯрд░ рдХी рддुрд▓рдиा рдоें рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╕ंрд╡ेрджрдирд╢ीрд▓ рд╣ै।
рек. рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рджो рд╕ेрд▓ों рдХे рд╡ि.рд╡ा. рдмрд▓ों рдХी рддुрд▓рдиा рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।
рдк्рд░. резреи. рдкूрд░्рдгрддрд░ंрдЧ рджिрд╖्рдЯрдХाрд░ी (full wave rectifier) рдХी рд╕्рд╡рдЪ्рдЫ рдЖрдХृрддि рдмрдиाрдХрд░ рдиाрдоांрдХिрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
(рдЫाрдд्рд░ों рдХो рдПрдХ рд╕рд░्рдХिрдЯ рдЖрд░ेрдЦ рдмрдиाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП рдЬिрд╕рдоें рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд╣ों: рдПрдХ рд╕ेंрдЯрд░-рдЯैрдк рдЯ्рд░ांрд╕рдлाрд░्рдорд░, рдж्рд╡िрддीрдпрдХ рдХुंрдбрд▓ी рд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рджो рдбाрдпोрдб D1 рдФрд░ D2, рдФрд░ рдПрдХ рд▓ोрдб рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз \( R_L \) рдЬो рд╕ेंрдЯрд░ рдЯैрдк рдФрд░ рдбाрдпोрдб рдХे рдХॉрдорди рдХैрдеोрдб рдмिंрджु рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдЬुрдб़ा рд╣ो।)
[рдЖрд░ेрдЦ рд╕्рдеाрди: рдкूрд░्рдг рддрд░ंрдЧ рджिрд╖्рдЯрдХाрд░ी]
рдк्рд░. резрей. рдПрдХ 0.8 рдХिрд▓ोрдЧ्рд░ाрдо рдж्рд░рд╡्рдпрдоाрди рдХा рдкिрдг्рдб рд░ेрдЦीрдп рд╕.рдЖ.рдЧ. (linear S.H.M.) рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै। рдЬрдм рдЙрд╕рдХा рд╡िрд╕्рдеाрдкрди рдордз्рдпрдоा рд╕्рдеिрддि рд╕े 4 cm рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै рддрдм рд╡рд╣ 0.4N рдХे рдкुрдирд░्рд╕्рдеाрдкी рдмрд▓ (restoring force) рдХा рдЕрдиुрднрд╡ рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै। рдмрд▓ рдЕрдЪрд░ांрдХ (force constant) рдФрд░ рд╕.рдЖ.рдЧ. рдХा рдЖрд╡рд░्рдд рдХाрд▓ (period of S.H.M.) рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( m = 0.8 \text{ kg} \), \( F = 0.4 \text{ N} \), \( x = 4 \text{ cm} = 0.04 \text{ m} \).
рез. рдмрд▓ рдЕрдЪрд░ांрдХ (k):
\( F = kx \Rightarrow k = \frac{F}{x} = \frac{0.4}{0.04} = 10 \text{ N/m} \).
реи. рдЖрд╡рд░्рдд рдХाрд▓ (T):
\( T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}} = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{0.8}{10}} = 2\pi \sqrt{0.08} \)
\( T \approx 2 \times 3.142 \times 0.2828 \approx 1.78 \text{ s} \).
рдк्рд░. резрек. 0.5 рдоोрд▓ рдХी рдЧैрд╕ 300 K рд╕рдорддुрд▓्рдп рддाрдк рдкрд░ рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднिрдХ рдЖрдпрддрди 2.0 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рд╕े рдЕंрддिрдо рдЖрдпрддрди 6.0 рд▓ीрдЯрд░ рддрдХ рдк्рд░рд╕рд░рдг (expand) рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै рддो рдЧैрд╕ рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рдХाрд░्рдп (work done) рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( n = 0.5 \), \( T = 300 \text{ K} \), \( V_1 = 2 \text{ L}, V_2 = 6 \text{ L} \), \( R = 8.319 \text{ J/mol K} \).
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( W = 2.303 nRT \log_{10}\left(\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right) \)
рдЧрдгрдиा:
\( W = 2.303 \times 0.5 \times 8.319 \times 300 \times \log_{10}(3) \)
\( W = 2.303 \times 1247.85 \times 0.4771 \)
\( W \approx 1371 \text{ J} \).
рд╡िрднाрдЧ – рдХ (Section C)

рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдоें рд╕े рдХिрди्рд╣ीं рдЖрда рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХो рд╣рд▓ рдХीрдЬिрдП : [реирек]

рдк्рд░. резрел. рдПрдХ рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдЫрдб़ (bar magnet) рдПрдХ рд╕рдоाрди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рдХंрдкрди рдХрд░рддे рд╕рдордп рд╕.рдЖ.рдЧ. (S.H.M.) рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै рддो рдЙрд╕рдХे рдЖрд╡рд░्рдд рдХाрд▓ (period) рдХा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдПрдХ рд╕рдоाрди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ \( B \) рдоें рд▓рдЯрдХी рд╣ुрдИ \( \mu \) рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг рдФрд░ \( I \) рдЬрдб़рдд्рд╡ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг рд╡ाрд▓ी рдЪुंрдмрдХ рдкрд░ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░ें।
рдпрджि рдЗрд╕े \( \theta \) рдХोрдг рд╕े рд╡िрд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдП, рддो рдкुрдирд░्рд╕्рдеाрдкी рдмрд▓ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг \( \tau = -\mu B \sin \theta \).
рдЫोрдЯे рдХोрдг рдХे рд▓िрдП, \( \sin \theta \approx \theta \), рдЕрддः \( \tau = -\mu B \theta \).
рд╣рдо рдЬाрдирддे рд╣ैं \( \tau = I \alpha = I \frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2} \).
рдЕрддः \( \alpha = -\left(\frac{\mu B}{I}\right) \theta \).
рдпрд╣ S.H.M рдХी рд╢рд░्рдд рд╣ै рдЬрд╣ाँ \( \omega^2 = \frac{\mu B}{I} \).
рдЖрд╡рд░्рдд рдХाрд▓ \( T = \frac{2\pi}{\omega} = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{I}{\mu B}} \).
рдк्рд░. резрем. рдПрдХ рдКрд╖्рдоाрдЧрддिрдХीрдп рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी (thermodynamic system) рдоें рдиिрдо्рди рдХी рдкрд░िрднाрд╖ा рджीрдЬिрдП : (a) рдпांрдд्рд░िрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (b) рд░ाрд╕ाрдпрдиिрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (c) рддाрдкीрдп рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди
(a) рдпांрдд्рд░िрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (Mechanical equilibrium): рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рдпांрдд्рд░िрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдоें рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै рдпрджि рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рдХे рднीрддрд░ рдФрд░ рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рддрдеा рдкрд░िрд╡ेрд╢ рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдХोрдИ рдЕрд╕ंрддुрд▓िрдд рдмрд▓ рди рд╣ो (рджाрдм рдкूрд░े рд╕рдордп рд╕्рдеिрд░ рд░рд╣рддा рд╣ै)।
(b) рд░ाрд╕ाрдпрдиिрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (Chemical equilibrium): рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рд░ाрд╕ाрдпрдиिрдХ рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдоें рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै рдпрджि рдХोрдИ рд░ाрд╕ाрдпрдиिрдХ рдк्рд░рддिрдХ्рд░िрдпा рдирд╣ीं рд╣ो рд░рд╣ी рд╣ो рдФрд░ рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рдХे рдПрдХ рднाрдЧ рд╕े рджूрд╕рд░े рднाрдЧ рдоें рдкрджाрд░्рде рдХा рдХोрдИ рд╕्рдеाрдиांрддрд░рдг рди рд╣ो рд░рд╣ा рд╣ो।
(c) рддाрдкीрдп рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди (Thermal equilibrium): рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рддाрдкीрдп рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдоें рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै рдпрджि рдЗрд╕рдХा рддाрдкрдоाрди рд╣рд░ рдЬрдЧрд╣ рд╕рдоाрди рд╣ो рдФрд░ рд╕рдордп рдХे рд╕ाрде рди рдмрджрд▓े।
рдк्рд░. резрен. рдм्рд░ूрд╕्рдЯрд░ рдХा рдиिрдпрдо (Brewster’s law) рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै? рдм्рд░ूрд╕्рдЯрд░ рдХे рдХोрдг (angle) рдХा рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдм्рд░ूрд╕्рдЯрд░ рдХा рдиिрдпрдо: "рдз्рд░ुрд╡рдг рдХोрдг (Brewster's angle) рдХी рд╕्рдкрд░्рд╢рдЬ्рдпा (tangent) рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрдд्рдордХ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рдХे рдЕрдкрд╡рд░्рддрдиांрдХ рдХे рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै।"
рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рд╡्рдпुрдд्рдкрдд्рддि:
рдЬрдм рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдз्рд░ुрд╡рдг рдХोрдг \( i_p \) рдкрд░ рдЖрдкрддिрдд рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै, рддो рдкрд░ाрд╡рд░्рддिрдд рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрд╡рд░्рддिрдд рдХिрд░рдгें рдПрдХ-рджूрд╕рд░े рдХे рд▓ंрдмрд╡рдд рд╣ोрддी рд╣ैं।
рдЕрддः \( r + 90^\circ + i_p = 180^\circ \Rightarrow r = 90^\circ - i_p \).
рд╕्рдиेрд▓ рдХे рдиिрдпрдо рд╕े: \( \mu = \frac{\sin i_p}{\sin r} = \frac{\sin i_p}{\sin(90^\circ - i_p)} \).
\( \mu = \frac{\sin i_p}{\cos i_p} = \tan i_p \).
рдк्рд░. резрео. рд░ेрдбिрдпोрдзрд░्рдоी рдХ्рд╖рдп (radioactive decay) рдХे рдиिрдпрдо рдХा рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП। рдмैрдХ्рд╡ेрд░рд▓ (Becquerel) (Bq) рдХी рдкрд░िрднाрд╖ा рджीрдЬिрдП।
рд╕ूрдд्рд░ рд╡्рдпुрдд्рдкрдд्рддि: рд╡िрдШрдЯрди рдХी рджрд░ рдЙрд╕ рд╕рдордп рдЙрдкрд╕्рдеिрдд рдиाрднिрдХों рдХी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдХे рд╕рдоाрдиुрдкाрддी рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै।
\( \frac{dN}{dt} \propto -N \Rightarrow \frac{dN}{dt} = -\lambda N \).
рд╕рдоाрдХрд▓рди рдХрд░рдиे рдкрд░: \( N = N_0 e^{-\lambda t} \).

рдПрдХ рдмैрдХ्рд╡ेрд░рд▓ (1 Bq): рдпрд╣ рд░ेрдбिрдпोрдзрд░्рдоिрддा рдХी рдЗрдХाрдИ рд╣ै। рдпрджि рдХिрд╕ी рд░ेрдбिрдпोрдзрд░्рдоी рдкрджाрд░्рде рдоें рдк्рд░рддि рд╕ेрдХंрдб рдПрдХ рд╡िрдШрдЯрди (one disintegration per second) рд╣ो рд░рд╣ा рд╣ो, рддो рдЙрд╕рдХी рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдпрддा 1 рдмैрдХ्рд╡ेрд░рд▓ рдХрд╣рд▓ाрддी рд╣ै।
рдк्рд░. резреп. рдХिрд░рдЪॉрдл рдХा рдКрд╖्рдоा рд╡िрдХिрд░рдг рдХा рдиिрдпрдо (Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiation) рджेрдХрд░ рдЙрд╕े рд╕िрдж्рдз рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдиिрдпрдо: "рдХिрд╕ी рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рддाрдкрдоाрди рдкрд░, рдХिрд╕ी рд╡рд╕्рддु рдХा рдЕрд╡рд╢ोрд╖рдг рдЧुрдгांрдХ (coefficient of absorption) рдЙрд╕рдХे рдЙрдд्рд╕рд░्рдЬрди рдЧुрдгांрдХ (emissivity) рдХे рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।" рдЕрд░्рдеाрдд \( a = e \).
рд╕िрдж्рдзрддा: рдПрдХ рд╕рдоाрди рддाрдкрдоाрди рдХे рдШेрд░े рдоें рдПрдХ рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рд╡рд╕्рддु A рдФрд░ рдПрдХ рдм्рд▓ैрдХ рдмॉрдбी B рдкрд░ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░ें।
рд╕ंрддुрд▓рди рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдоें, рдЙрдд्рд╕рд░्рдЬिрдд рдКрд░्рдЬा = рдЕрд╡рд╢ोрд╖िрдд рдКрд░्рдЬा।
рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдп рд╡рд╕्рддु рдХे рд▓िрдП: \( R = a Q \).
рдм्рд▓ैрдХ рдмॉрдбी рдХे рд▓िрдП: \( R_b = Q \) (рдХ्рдпोंрдХि \( a=1 \))。
рдЕрддः \( R = a R_b \Rightarrow \frac{R}{R_b} = a \).
рд▓ेрдХिрди рдкрд░िрднाрд╖ा рд╕े \( \frac{R}{R_b} = e \) (рдЙрдд्рд╕рд░्рдЬрди рдЧुрдгांрдХ)।
рдЕрддः \( a = e \).
рдк्рд░. реиреж. рдк्рд░ाрдпोрдЧिрдХ (practical) рд╡िрдзि рд╕े рдЕंрддः рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрди (end correction) рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП : (i) рдЬрдм рдирд▓ी рдХे рджोрдиों рд╕िрд░े рдЦुрд▓े рд╣ों। (ii) рдЬрдм рдирд▓ी рдХा рдПрдХ рд╕िрд░ा рдмंрдж рд╣ो।
(i) рджोрдиों рд╕िрд░े рдЦुрд▓े рд╣ोрдиे рдкрд░:
\( v = 2n_1(l_1 + 2e) \) рдФрд░ \( v = 2n_2(l_2 + 2e) \).
рд╣рд▓ рдХрд░рдиे рдкрд░: \( e = \frac{n_2 l_2 - n_1 l_1}{2(n_1 - n_2)} \).

(ii) рдПрдХ рд╕िрд░ा рдмंрдж рд╣ोрдиे рдкрд░:
\( v = 4n_1(l_1 + e) \) рдФрд░ \( v = 4n_2(l_2 + e) \).
рд╣рд▓ рдХрд░рдиे рдкрд░: \( e = \frac{n_2 l_2 - n_1 l_1}{n_1 - n_2} \).
рдк्рд░. реирез. рдПрдХ рдЫрдб़ рдЪाрд▓рдХ (conducting bar) рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдХोрдгीрдп рдЧрддि рд╕े рдЗрд╕рдХे рдПрдХ рд╕िрд░े рдХी рдзुрд░ी рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рдШूрд░्рдгрди рдХрд░ рд░рд╣ा рд╣ै। рдШूрд░्рдгрди рдХा рдк्рд░рддрд▓ рдПрдХ рд╕рдоाрди рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рд▓ंрдмрд╡рдд् рд╣ै рддो рдЗрд╕ рдЫрдб़ рдХे рджोрдиों рд╕िрд░ों рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдк्рд░ेрд░िрдд рдШूрд░्рдгीрдп рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рд╡ाрд╣рдХ рдмрд▓ (rotational e.m.f.) рдХा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдоाрди рд▓ीрдЬिрдП рд▓ंрдмाрдИ \( l \) рдХी рдПрдХ рдЫрдб़ рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ \( B \) рдоें рдХोрдгीрдп рд╡ेрдЧ \( \omega \) рд╕े рдШूрдо рд░рд╣ी рд╣ै।
рдХेंрдж्рд░ рд╕े \( r \) рджूрд░ी рдкрд░ \( dr \) рд▓ंрдмाрдИ рдХा рдПрдХ рдЫोрдЯा рдЕрд▓्рдкांрд╢ рд▓ें। рдЗрд╕рдХा рд╡ेрдЧ \( v = r\omega \) рд╣ै।
рдЗрд╕ рдЕрд▓्рдкांрд╢ рдоें рдк्рд░ेрд░िрдд e.m.f. \( de = B v dr = B (r\omega) dr \).
рдХुрд▓ e.m.f. \( E = \int_0^l B \omega r \, dr = B\omega \left[\frac{r^2}{2}\right]_0^l \).
\( E = \frac{1}{2} B \omega l^2 \).
рдк्рд░. реиреи. рдПрдХ рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди рд╣ाрдЗрдб्рд░ोрдЬрди рдкрд░рдоाрдгु (hydrogen atom) рдоें рджूрд╕рд░ी рдХрдХ्рд╖ा рдоें \(10^{-8}\) s рддрдХ рд░рд╣рддा рд╣ै рддो рдЙрд╕ рд╕рдордп рддрдХ рд╡рд╣ рдиाрднि (nucleus) рдХे рд╕ाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ рдХिрддрдиे рдлेрд░े рдХрд░ेрдЧा?
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( n=2, t=10^{-8} \) s.
рджूрд╕рд░ी рдХрдХ्рд╖ा рдоें рд╡ेрдЧ \( v_2 \approx 1.09 \times 10^6 \) m/s.
рджूрд╕рд░ी рдХрдХ्рд╖ा рдХी рдд्рд░िрдЬ्рдпा \( r_2 \approx 2.12 \times 10^{-10} \) m.
рдЖрд╡ृрдд्рддि \( f = \frac{v_2}{2\pi r_2} \approx 8.2 \times 10^{14} \) Hz.
рдлेрд░ों рдХी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा \( N = f \times t = 8.2 \times 10^{14} \times 10^{-8} = 8.2 \times 10^6 \).
рдк्рд░. реирей. рдПрдХ рдоोрдЯрд░ рдХे рдШूрдорддे рдЪрдХ्рдХे (flywheel) рдХा рдж्рд░рд╡्рдпрдоाрди 100 kg рдФрд░ рдд्рд░िрдЬ्рдпा 1.5 m рд╣ै। рд╡рд╣ рдоोрдЯрд░ 2000 Nm рдЕрдЪрд░ рдмрд▓ рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг (torque) рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै। рдпрджि рд╡рд╣ рдШूрдорддा рдЪрдХ्рдХा рд╕्рдеिрд░ рд╕्рдеिрддि рд╕े рдШूрдордиा рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрдн рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै рддो рдЙрд╕рдХे рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдкрд╣рд▓े 4 рдлेрд░ों рдоें рдХिрддрдиा рдХाрд░्рдп (work done) рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा? рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( \tau = 2000 \) Nm, \( \theta = 4 \) рдлेрд░े \( = 4 \times 2\pi = 8\pi \) рд░ेрдбिрдпрди।
рдХाрд░्рдп:
\( W = \tau \theta \)
\( W = 2000 \times 8\pi = 16000\pi \) J.
\( W \approx 16000 \times 3.142 = 50,272 \) J.
рдк्рд░. реирек. рдПрдХ рдЧैрд▓рд╡рдиोрдоीрдЯрд░ рдХा рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз 50\(\Omega\) рд╣ै рдФрд░ 2 mA рдХी рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा (full scale deflection) рдЗрд╕рдХे рдкूрд░्рдг рд╡िрдХ्рд╖ेрдкрдг рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рд╣ै рддो рдЗрд╕े рдиिрдо्рди рдоें рд░ूрдкांрддрд░ рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдХिрддрдиा рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз рд▓рдЧेрдЧा? рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП। (i) 0.5 A рдХी рд╕ीрдоा рдХा рдЕрдоीрдЯрд░ рдмрдиाрдиे рдоें। (ii) 10 V рдХी рд╕ीрдоा рдХा рд╡ोрд▓्рдЯрдоीрдЯрд░ рдмрдиाрдиे рдоें।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( G = 50\Omega, I_g = 0.002 \text{ A} \).
(i) 0.5 A рд╕ीрдоा рдХा рдЕрдоीрдЯрд░:
рд╢ंрдЯ рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз \( S = \frac{I_g G}{I - I_g} = \frac{0.002 \times 50}{0.5 - 0.002} \approx 0.2008 \, \Omega \).
(ii) 10 V рд╕ीрдоा рдХा рд╡ोрд▓्рдЯрдоीрдЯрд░:
рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдк्рд░рддिрд░ोрдз \( R = \frac{V}{I_g} - G = \frac{10}{0.002} - 50 = 5000 - 50 = 4950 \, \Omega \).
рдк्рд░. реирел. рдкाрдиी рдХी рдПрдХ рдмूँрдж (drop) рдХा рд╡्рдпाрд╕ 0.6 mm рд╣ै। рдж्рд░рд╡ рдХी рдмूँрдж рдХे рдЕंрджрд░ рдХे рджрдмाрд╡ (pressure) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП। [T = 72 dyne/cm, рд╡ाрдпुрдоंрдбрд▓ीрдп рджाрдм = \(1.013 \times 10^5\) N/m²]
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( r = 0.3 \text{ mm} = 3 \times 10^{-4} \text{ m} \), \( T = 72 \text{ dyne/cm} = 0.072 \text{ N/m} \).
рдЖрдзिрдХ्рдп рджाрдм: \( P_{ex} = \frac{2T}{r} = \frac{2 \times 0.072}{3 \times 10^{-4}} = 480 \text{ Pa} \).
рдХुрд▓ рджाрдм: \( P_{in} = P_{atm} + P_{ex} = 101300 + 480 = 101780 \text{ N/m}^2 \).
рдк्рд░. реирем. \(\pi\) m рд▓ंрдмाрдИ рдФрд░ 5 cm рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдХी рдПрдХ рдкрд░िрдирд▓िрдХा (solenoid) рдХो 1000 рдлेрд░ों рдоें рд▓рдкेрдЯा (winding) рдЧрдпा рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдоें рд╕े 5A рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै, рдЙрд╕рдХे рдЕрдХ्рд╖ рдХे рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдкрд░ рд╕्рдеिрдд рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ (magnetic field) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( L = \pi \text{ m}, N = 1000, I = 5 \text{ A} \).
\( n = \frac{N}{L} = \frac{1000}{\pi} \).
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( B = \mu_0 n I \)
рдЧрдгрдиा:
\( B = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times \frac{1000}{\pi} \times 5 = 20 \times 10^{-4} = 2 \times 10^{-3} \text{ T} \).
рд╡िрднाрдЧ – рдб (Section D)

рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рдоें рд╕े рдХिрди्рд╣ीं рддीрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рджीрдЬिрдП : [резреи]

рдк्рд░. реирен. рд▓ोрд╣ рдЪुंрдмрдХрдд्рд╡ (ferromagnetism) рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै? рдЕрдзिрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд (domain theory) рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХा рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рд▓ोрд╣ рдЪुंрдмрдХрдд्рд╡: рд▓ोрд╣ा, рдХोрдмाрд▓्рдЯ, рдиिрдХेрд▓ рдЬैрд╕े рдкрджाрд░्рдеों рдХा рд╡рд╣ рдЧुрдг рдЬिрд╕рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рд╡े рдЪुंрдмрдХ рдХी рдУрд░ рдк्рд░рдмрд▓рддा рд╕े рдЖрдХрд░्рд╖िрдд рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рд╕्рдеाрдпी рдЪुंрдмрдХ рдмрди рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।
рдЕрдзिрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рд╕िрдж्рдзांрдд (Domain Theory):
рез. рд▓ोрд╣ рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдкрджाрд░्рдеों рдоें рдкрд░рдоाрдгुрдУं рдХे рдЫोрдЯे рд╕рдоूрд╣ рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं рдЬिрди्рд╣ें 'рдбोрдоेрди' рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं। рдПрдХ рдбोрдоेрди рдоें рд╕рднी рдкрд░рдоाрдгुрдУं рдХे рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдЖрдШूрд░्рдг рдПрдХ рд╣ी рджिрд╢ा рдоें рд╕ंрд░ेрдЦिрдд рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं।
реи. рдЕрдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдоें рдбोрдоेрди рдпाрджृрдЪ्рдЫिрдХ (random) рджिрд╢ाрдУं рдоें рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं, рдЬिрд╕рд╕े рдХुрд▓ рдЪुंрдмрдХрдд्рд╡ рд╢ूрди्рдп рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।
рей. рдмाрд╣्рдп рдЪुंрдмрдХीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рд░рдЦрдиे рдкрд░, рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХी рджिрд╢ा рд╡ाрд▓े рдбोрдоेрди рдЖрдХाрд░ рдоें рдмрдв़рддे рд╣ैं рдпा рдЕрди्рдп рдбोрдоेрди рдШूрдордХрд░ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХी рджिрд╢ा рдоें рд╕ंрд░ेрдЦिрдд рд╣ो рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं, рдЬिрд╕рд╕े рдкрджाрд░्рде рдЪुंрдмрдХिрдд рд╣ो рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।
рдк्рд░. реирео. рдПрдХ LCR рд╢्рд░ेрдгी рдкрд░िрдкрде (series circuit) рдоें рд╡्рдпрдп (dissipated) рд╣ोрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рдФрд╕рдд рд╢рдХ्рддि (average power) рдХा рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рддाрдд्рдХाрд▓िрдХ рд╢рдХ्рддि \( P = V I \).
рдоाрдиा \( V = V_m \sin\omega t \) рдФрд░ \( I = I_m \sin(\omega t \pm \phi) \).
рдПрдХ рдкूрд░्рдг рдЪрдХ्рд░ рдХे рд▓िрдП рдФрд╕рдд рдиिрдХाрд▓рдиे рдкрд░:
\( P_{avg} = \frac{V_m I_m}{2} \cos\phi \).
\( P_{avg} = \frac{V_m}{\sqrt{2}} \frac{I_m}{\sqrt{2}} \cos\phi = V_{rms} I_{rms} \cos\phi \).
рдк्рд░. реиреп. рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдХे рд╡्рдпрддिрдХрд░рдг (interference) рдФрд░ рд╡िрд╡рд░्рддрди (diffraction) рдоें рдЕंрддрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдП। рдПрдХ рдж्рд╡िрдкрдЯ्рдЯ (double slit) рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा 589 nm рддрд░ंрдЧ рд▓ंрдмाрдИ (wavelength) рдХी рд╕ोрдбिрдпрдо рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдХी рд╡्рдпрддिрдХрд░рдг рдЭाрд▓рд░ें (interference fringes) рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै рдЬो 0.20 degree рд╕े рджूрд░ рд╣ै। рдпрджि рдкूрд░ी рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХो рдкाрдиी рдоें рдбुрдмा рджिрдпा рдЬाрдП рддो рдХोрдгीрдп рдЭाрд▓рд░ рдЕрд▓рдЧрддा (angular fringe separation) рдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрдЧी? [ рдкाрдиी рдХा рдЕрдкрд╡рд░्рддрдиांрдХ (R.I.) 1.33 рд╣ै । ]
рдЕंрддрд░: рд╡्рдпрддिрдХрд░рдг рджो рд╕ुрд╕ंрдЧрдд рд╕्рд░ोрддों рд╕े рдЖрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рддрд░ंрдЧों рдХे рдЕрдз्рдпाрд░ोрдкрдг рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै, рдЬрдмрдХि рд╡िрд╡рд░्рддрди рдПрдХ рд╣ी рддрд░ंрдЧाрдЧ्рд░ рдХे рд╡िрднिрди्рди рднाрдЧों рд╕े рдЖрдиे рд╡ाрд▓ी рдж्рд╡िрддीрдпрдХ рддрд░ंрдЧिрдХाрдУं рдХे рд╡्рдпрддिрдХрд░рдг рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।

рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрдд्рдордХ рдк्рд░рд╢्рди:
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( \theta_{air} = 0.20^\circ \), \( \mu = 1.33 \).
рд╣рд╡ा рдоें рдХोрдгीрдп рдЪौрдб़ाрдИ \( \theta_{air} = \frac{\lambda}{d} \).
рдкाрдиी рдоें рддрд░ंрдЧрджैрд░्рдз्рдп \( \lambda_w = \frac{\lambda}{\mu} \).
рдкाрдиी рдоें рдХोрдгीрдп рдЪौрдб़ाрдИ \( \theta_{water} = \frac{\lambda_w}{d} = \frac{\lambda}{\mu d} = \frac{\theta_{air}}{\mu} \).
\( \theta_{water} = \frac{0.20}{1.33} \approx 0.15^\circ \).
рдк्рд░. рейреж. рдЖрдЗंрд╕्рдЯीрди рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢рд╡िрдж्рдпुрддीрдп рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг (Einstein’s photoelectric equation) рджेрдХрд░ рдЙрд╕рдоें рдк्рд░рджрд░्рд╢िрдд рд╣рд░ рдкрдж (term) рдХा рднौрддिрдХ рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░िрдП। рдЖрдкрддिрдд рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдХी рддрд░ंрдЧ рд▓ंрдмाрдИ (рддрд░ंрдЧрджैрд░्рдз्рдп) 4000├Е рд╣ै рддो рдЖрдкрддिрдд рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ рдХрдг (photon) рдХी рдКрд░्рдЬा рдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрдЧी?
рд╕рдоीрдХрд░рдг: \( h\nu = \phi_0 + K_{max} \).
рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡: рдлोрдЯॉрди рдХी рдКрд░्рдЬा (\( h\nu \)) рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдзाрддु рдХी рд╕рддрд╣ рд╕े рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди рдХो рдмाрд╣рд░ рдиिрдХाрд▓рдиे (рдХाрд░्рдп рдлрд▓рди \(\phi_0\)) рдФрд░ рдЗрд▓ेрдХ्рдЯ्рд░ॉрди рдХो рдЧрддिрдЬ рдКрд░्рдЬा (\(K_{max}\)) рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

рдЧрдгрдиा:
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै \( \lambda = 4000 \text{ \AA} = 4 \times 10^{-7} \text{ m} \).
\( E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} = \frac{6.63 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}{4 \times 10^{-7}} \)
\( E \approx 4.97 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J} \) (рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 3.1 eV).
рдк्рд░. рейрез. рд╡ैрди рдбी рдЧ्рд░ाрдл рдЬрдиिрдд्рд░ (Van de Graaff generator) рдХे рдХोрдИ рдЪाрд░ рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рд▓िрдЦिрдП। рдПрдХ рд╕рдоांрддрд░ рдк्рд▓ेрдЯ (parallel plate) рд╡ाрдпु рд╕ंрдзाрд░िрдд्рд░ (capacitor) рдоें рд╡िрдж्рдпुрддीрдп рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХी рддीрд╡्рд░рддा \(2 \times 10^{11}\) V/ms рдХी рджрд░ рд╕े рдкрд░िрд╡рд░्рддिрдд рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै, рдПрд╡ं рдпрджि рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдк्рд▓ेрдЯ рдХा рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд▓ 20 cm² рд╣ै рддो рд╡िрд╕्рдеाрдкрди рд╡िрдж्рдпुрдд рдзाрд░ा (displacement current) рдХा рдоाрди рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдХीрдЬिрдП।
рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ: рез. рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рд╡िрднрд╡ांрддрд░ рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП। реи. рдЖрд╡ेрд╢िрдд рдХрдгों рдХो рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рд╡ेрдЧ рд╕े рдд्рд╡рд░िрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП। рей. рдкрд░рдоाрдгु рднौрддिрдХी рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧों рдоें। рек. рдЪिрдХिрдд्рд╕ा рдоें рдХैंрд╕рд░ рдХे рдЗрд▓ाрдЬ рдХे рд▓िрдП рдПрдХ्рд╕-рд░े рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рдХрд░рдиे рдоें।

рдЧрдгрдиा:
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै: \( \frac{dE}{dt} = 2 \times 10^{11} \text{ V/m s} \).
рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд▓ \( A = 20 \text{ cm}^2 = 2 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}^2 \).
рд╕ूрдд्рд░: \( I_d = \epsilon_0 A \frac{dE}{dt} \).
рдЧрдгрдиा: \( I_d = 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 2 \times 10^{-3} \times 2 \times 10^{11} \)
\( I_d = 35.4 \times 10^{-4} \text{ A} = 3.54 \text{ mA} \).
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