HSC English 2026, 10th Feb 2026, Board Solutions, English Yuvakbharati, 12th Std Maharashtra Board, Exam Answer Key

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Below is the comprehensive solution for the Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English (2026) examination paper.

SECTION - I : PROSE

Q. 1. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

(Extract: "The Cop and the Anthem" - Soapy's transformation at the church)

A1. Complete the given diagram expressing Soapy's journey:

Listens to Sabbath Anthem → Transformation → [?] → [?]

Answer:

• Listens to Sabbath Anthem → Transformation
• Resurrects old ambitions / Decides to find work
• Arrested by the policeman

A2. Soapy's earlier life was much different from his present life. Highlight the difference:

Earlier life	Present life
(1) Mothers, roses, ambitions, friends, immaculate thoughts.	(1) Degraded days.
(2) Eager ambitions / Collars (Respectability).	(2) Unworthy desires, dead hopes.
(3) Clean/Immaculate thoughts.	(3) Wrecked faculties, base motives.

A3. Complete the given web highlighting the change in Soapy after listening to the sweet and solemn organ notes:

Effect of Organ Notes on Soapy:

• A sudden and wonderful change in his soul.
• Viewed with horror the pit into which he had tumbled.
• A strong impulse moved him to battle with his desperate fact.
• Decided to resurrect his old eager ambitions.

A4. Write about any of your decisions which made you repent later. (Personal Response)

Model Answer: Once, I decided to skip studying for a weekly unit test to attend a friend's birthday party, thinking the test wasn't important. I scored very poorly, which affected my final internal grade. I deeply repented this decision later because a few hours of discipline would have saved me from that embarrassment and academic loss.

A5. Do as directed:

(1) A fur importer had offered him a place as driver. (Choose the correct Past Continuous Tense)

(a) A fur importer had been offering him a place as driver.

(b) A fur importer will be offering him a place as driver.

(c) A fur importer was offering him a place as driver.

(d) A fur importer has been offering him a place as driver.

(2) He would be somebody in the world. (Choose the alternative showing 'certainty')

(a) He must be somebody in the world.

(b) He will be somebody in the world.

(c) He should be somebody in the world.

(d) He might be somebody in the world.

A6. Vocabulary: Find the antonyms from the extract:

• (i) Defeat: Conquer
• (ii) Moving: Standstill (or Transfixed)

B1. Language Study (Non-Textual Grammar):

(1) Gitesh is one of the best football players in the college. (Choose correct Positive Degree)

(d) Very few football players in the college are as good as Gitesh.

(2) No sooner does Rohit Sharma enter the ground than he gets a warm welcome. (Use 'As soon as')

(c) As soon as Rohit Sharma enters the ground, he gets a warm welcome.

(3) Swarali said to her mother, "Did you like my sketch?" (Indirect Speech)

(d) Swarali asked her mother if she had liked her sketch.

B2. Spot the error and rewrite:

Sentence: We did not attended the party last night.

Corrected Sentence: We did not attend the party last night.

12th English Board Papers

• English - February 2026 View Answer Key
• English - February 2025 View Answer Key
• English - July 2025 View Answer Key
• English - February 2024 View Answer Key
• English - July 2024 View Answer Key
• English - February 2023 View Answer Key
• English - July 2023 View Answer Key
• English - February 2022 View Answer Key
• English - February 2022 View Answer Key
• English - July 2022 View Answer Key
• English - September 2021 View Answer Key
• English - March 2020 Set A View
• English - March 2020 Set B View
• English - March 2020 Set C View
• English - March 2020 Set D View
• English - March 2014 View
• English - October 2014 View
• English - March 2015 View
• English - July 2015 View
• English - March 2016 Set A View
• English - March 2016 Set B View
• English - March 2016 Set C View
• English - March 2016 Set D View
• English - July 2016 Set A View
• English - July 2016 Set B View
• English - July 2016 Set C View
• English - July 2016 Set D View
• English - March 2017 Set A View
• English - March 2017 Set B View
• English - March 2017 Set C View
• English - March 2017 Set D View
• English - July 2017 Set A View
• English - March 2018 Set A View
• English - March 2018 Set B View
• English - March 2018 Set C View
• English - March 2018 Set D View
• English - March 2019 Set A View
• English - March 2019 Set B View
• English - March 2019 Set C View
• English - March 2019 Set D View

Q. 2. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities (Family Types):

(Extract: "Family can be classified into two types..." - Discussing Joint vs. Nuclear families and Parenting styles)

A1. State whether the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements:

• (a) In the nuclear family, the members do not have close interaction among themselves.
  Answer: False.
  Correction: In nuclear families, parent-child relationships are very intimate.
• (b) There are more conflicts and misunderstandings among family members in joint family.
  Answer: True. (Based on the text: "But sometimes there are conflicts and misunderstandings").
• (c) Flexibility of the parents has worst effect in children to make adjustments in nuclear family.
  Answer: False.
  Correction: Flexibility is positive, but "too much attention" makes children demanding and unable to adjust.
• (d) The child's physical, emotional and social development begins in school.
  Answer: False.
  Correction: Socialization and development begin in the family (quicker in joint families).

A2. Pick out the sentences from the extract which indicate the strict behaviour of parents affecting the children:

1. "Authoritarian parents are rigid and punitive in nature."
2. "Children of such parents become unfriendly, unsocial and uninvolved."

A3. Give reasons for the following:

(a) In nuclear family children become demanding and selfish because...
...they get too much attention from their parents.

(b) Children of permissive parents become dependent and immature because...
...permissive parents are inconsistent in their behaviour.

A4. "Family plays an important role in developing your social behaviour." Write your thoughts.

Model Answer: I completely agree with this statement. Family is the first school where a child learns to interact with others. Values like sharing, empathy, patience, and cooperation are first taught at home. A supportive family environment boosts confidence, while a neglected one might lead to social anxiety, proving that family is the foundation of our social personality.

A5. Do as directed:

(1) Children do not get complete attention from their parents. (Identify the correct Passive Voice)

(a) Complete attention do not get from their parents by the children.

(b) Complete attention from their parents does not get by the children.

(c) Complete attention from their parents is not got by the children.

(d) Complete attention from their parents are not got by the children.

(2) Authoritarian parents are rigid and punitive in nature. (Identify the correct Wh-question)

(a) What are authoritarian parents in nature?

(b) What authoritarian parents are in nature?

(c) How the authoritarian parents in nature are?

(d) How are the authoritarian parents in nature?

A6. Find the synonyms of the words given below from the extract:

• (i) impress: influence
• (ii) close: intimate

Q. 2. (B) Summarising

Write a 'Summary' of the above extract.

Points: Types of families - role of the parents - development of personality - socialization of behaviour

Title: Family Structures and Parenting Styles

Families are primarily classified into Joint and Nuclear types. Joint families ensure quicker socialization and shared responsibilities but may suffer from conflicts. Nuclear families offer flexibility and intimate relationships, though excessive attention can make children selfish and poor at adjustment. Furthermore, parenting styles significantly impact a child's personality; permissive parenting leads to immaturity, authoritarian styles cause social withdrawal, while authoritative parenting fosters independence and strong social skills.

Q. 2. (C) Mind Mapping

Prepare a mind map on 'Competitive Exams' using your ideas/thoughts.

COMPETITIVE EXAMS

Types

MPSC / UPSC JEE / NEET Banking / SSC

Requirements

Hard Work Consistency Time Management Study Material

Benefits

Secure Career Social Status Skill Development

SECTION - II : POETRY

Q. 3. (A) Read the extract and complete the activities (Father Returning Home)

A1. Select and write the two statements from the given list which justify the theme of the poem:

• (a) The father has problems in performing daily activities.
• (b) The routine of the father is explained in detail.
• (c) Isolation from the society makes the father introvert.
• (d) The father is lost in his own thoughts.

Correct Statements:

• (c) Isolation from the society makes the father introvert.
• (d) The father is lost in his own thoughts.

A2. Complete the given points about the problems and difficulties faced by the father:

• (a) Food: He has to eat a stale chapati and drink weak tea.
• (b) Response of the children: His sullen children refuse to share jokes and secrets with him.

A3. Write about the way you respond to your father when he comes home from his work.

Model Answer: When my father returns home from work, I greet him with a smile and offer him a glass of water. I ensure the environment is calm so he can relax. Later, I ask him about his day and share interesting incidents from my own day to make him feel connected and relieved of his work stress.

A4. Identify and explain the figure of speech in the following line:

"Man's estrangement from a man-made world"

Figure of Speech: Alliteration.
Explanation: The sound of the letter 'm' is repeated pleasingly for poetic effect in the words "Man's", "man", and "made".
(Alternative: Irony - It is ironic that man feels like a stranger in a world created by man himself.)

A5. Compose a poem of your own in about 2 to 4 lines on the topic 'Family.'

A bond of love that never ends,
Better than the best of friends.
Through laughter, tears, and every strife,
Family is the anchor of my life.

Q. 3. (B) Appreciation of the Poem

Read the extract and write the appreciation of the poem 'Indian Weavers'.

Appreciation of "Indian Weavers"

1. About the Poem, Poet, and Title:
The poem "Indian Weavers" is written by the renowned poetess Sarojini Naidu, also known as the Nightingale of India. The title is simple and suggests the work of artisans in India, but metaphorically, it deals with the cycle of human life woven by destiny.

2. Theme:
The central theme of the poem is the cycle of life. The poet uses the analogy of weavers weaving clothes at three different times of the day to represent the three stages of human life: Birth (Childhood), Youth (Marriage), and Death (Old age).

3. Poetic Style & Language:
The poem has a rhythmic flow with a consistent rhyme scheme of aabb, ccdd, eeff. The language is simple, vivid, and musical. The imagery of colors—Blue, Purple, Green, and White—is used symbolically to reflect the mood of each stage of life.

4. Special Features:
The poet uses Similes extensively to create visual imagery.

• "Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild" (Birth/Joy).
• "Like the plumes of a peacock" (Youth/Celebration).
• "White as a feather and white as a cloud" (Death/Peace).

The poem is a conversation between the poet and the weavers, making it engaging.

5. Message/Values:
The poem conveys that life is a mixture of joy, passion, and sorrow. Just as the weavers work tirelessly from dawn to dusk, human life progresses inevitably from the cradle to the grave.

6. Your Opinion:
I like this poem because of its rhythmic quality and deep philosophical meaning hidden in simple words. It beautifully summarizes the entire human journey in just three stanzas.

SECTION - III : WRITING SKILLS

Q. 4. (A) Attempt 'Any One'

(I) Drafting a Virtual Message

Question: Mr. Avinash has to leave early for a birthday programme. Draft a message for his son Rohit.

Date: 11th Feb 2026
Time: 4:30 PM

Dear Rohit,

I have received an invitation to attend a birthday programme this evening. Since I have to leave early to attend it, I will not be able to meet you when you return from college. Please have your dinner and complete your studies. I will be back late tonight.

Dad

OR

(II) Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Question: Prepare an SOP for admission to a 'Bachelor's degree in Performing Arts' (Classical Vocal Music).

Statement of Purpose

Music has been the rhythm of my life since I was five years old. Growing up in a family of music enthusiasts, the morning 'Riyaz' was not just a routine but a spiritual awakening. My desire to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in Performing Arts with a specialization in Classical Vocal Music stems from my passion to preserve and innovate within this ancient art form.

During my school years, I completed the 'Madhyama Purna' in Hindustani Classical Music with distinction. I have represented my college at state-level youth festivals, winning the first prize for my rendition of Raag Yaman. These experiences taught me that talent must be honed with discipline and theoretical knowledge.

Your university is renowned for its distinguished faculty and holistic approach to performing arts. I am particularly drawn to your curriculum which blends traditional pedagogy with modern performance techniques. I believe that studying at your esteemed institution will provide me with the technical expertise and cultural exposure necessary to become a professional vocalist and take Indian Classical Music to a global stage.

OR

(III) Group Discussion

Question: Write a group discussion on 'Positive Thinking' among 3-4 participants.

Topic: Positive Thinking

Evaluator: You may proceed with the discussion.

Arnav: Hello everyone. Today's topic is 'Positive Thinking'. I believe positive thinking is not just about ignoring the negatives, but about approaching difficulties with a constructive mindset. It changes our perspective on failure.

Bhakti: I agree with Arnav. It has a direct impact on our health too. Scientific studies show that positive thinkers have lower stress levels and better cardiovascular health.

Chinmay: That's true, Bhakti. However, I feel sometimes 'toxic positivity' can be harmful. We shouldn't suppress real emotions. Positive thinking should be realistic.

Arnav: Valid point, Chinmay. But optimism gives us the resilience to bounce back. For example, during exams, a positive mindset helps us focus on preparation rather than fear of the result.

Dhruv: Exactly. As the guest lecturer mentioned, it’s about 'Self-discipline' and 'Focus'. If we believe we can improve, we will put in the effort.

Bhakti: To conclude, positive thinking is an essential life skill that fosters mental strength and leads to success if practiced with a realistic approach.

Q. 4. (B) Attempt 'Any One'

(I) E-mail

Question: Draft an email to a company director requesting funds and sponsorship for educational resources.

To: director@sunrisefoundations.com
From: secretary.studentcouncil@modelcollege.edu.in
Subject: Request for Sponsorship for Educational Resources and A/V Aids

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am the General Secretary of the Student Council at Model Junior College. We are a government-aided institution dedicated to providing quality education to students from underprivileged backgrounds.

We are currently upgrading our library and science laboratories to include digital learning tools. However, we are facing a shortage of funds to procure essential Audio-Visual aids and updated teaching materials. Knowing your company's strong commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the education sector, we request you to support us with sponsorship or funds.

Your support will directly benefit over 1,200 students by providing them access to modern educational resources. We would be happy to display your company logo on the sponsored equipment as a token of gratitude.

Looking forward to a positive response.

Yours sincerely,
Rahul Patil
General Secretary, Student Council

OR

(II) Report Writing

Question: Write a report on a lecture on 'Self Defense and Safety' organized at your college.

Workshop on Self-Defense and Safety Empower Students

By: Student Reporter
Mumbai, 12th February 2026:

A dynamic and informative workshop on 'Self Defense and Safety' was organized yesterday at the Model College Auditorium. The event, held from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM, aimed to equip students with essential skills to protect themselves in unforeseen situations.

The keynote speaker was Mr. Suryakant Shinde, a retired ACP and expert in martial arts. The Principal, Dr. A.K. Sharma, welcomed the guest. Mr. Shinde began the session by emphasizing that "Awareness is the first step to safety." He demonstrated simple yet effective techniques to counter physical attacks, such as wrist releases and using everyday objects for defense.

More than 200 students attended the session. A live demonstration involving student volunteers made the session interactive. The program concluded with a Q&A session where students cleared their doubts regarding cyber safety and stalking laws. The event ended with a vote of thanks proposed by the Cultural Secretary.

OR

(III) Interview

Question: Conduct an interview of an 'Ideal Teacher'.

Interviewee: Mr. S.R. Deshmukh (Recipient of State Best Teacher Award)
Field: Education / Social Work
Venue: School Staff Room

Questions:

1. Dream: Sir, did you always dream of becoming a teacher, or was it a gradual realization?
2. Mission/Vision: What is your core philosophy when dealing with students from diverse backgrounds?
3. Objective: Apart from academic success, what is your primary objective for your students?
4. Early Preparation: How did you prepare yourself in your early days to handle the challenges of a rural school?
5. Support: Who has been your biggest support system in your 25-year-long journey?
6. Recognition: How did it feel when your name was announced for the prestigious State Award?
7. Awards/Felicitations: Do you believe such awards increase the responsibility of a teacher?
8. Aim/Destination: After this achievement, what is the next goal you have set for your school?

Q. 4. (C) Attempt 'Any One'

(I) Speech

Question: Speech on 'Making Vacation Meaningful'.

Honorable Judges, Teachers, and my dear friends,

A very good morning to all. Today, I stand before you to speak on a topic that resonates with all of us—'Making Vacation Meaningful'.

Vacations are often synonymous with sleeping late and binge-watching shows. But have we ever thought about how these precious days can shape our future? A meaningful vacation is not just about relaxation; it is about rejuvenation and growth. It is the perfect time to pick up a new skill—be it coding, painting, or learning a new language.

We can also dedicate time to social causes. Volunteering at an NGO or helping in a community cleanup drive can give us a sense of purpose. Furthermore, reading books beyond our syllabus opens up new worlds of knowledge. Even simple acts like spending quality time with grandparents or reconnecting with nature can be incredibly fulfilling.

Let us pledge not to let this vacation slip away in idleness. Let's explore, learn, and grow. As it is said, "Time wasted is existence; used is life."

Thank you.

OR

(II) Compering

Question: Script for 'Read Literature, Enjoy Literature' programme.

1. Introduction & Prayer:
Good morning everyone! "Literature is the mirror of life." Welcome to our college's annual fest, 'Read Literature, Enjoy Literature.' Let us begin this literary journey by invoking the blessings of the Almighty. I request the choir group to present the prayer song.

2. Introduction of the Event:
Thank you, choir. Today, we celebrate the power of words. This event aims to reignite the habit of reading among the youth and explore the joy hidden in stories, poems, and dramas.

3. Introduction of Guests:
We are honored to have with us Mr. Ruskin Bond (Guest of Honor), a name that needs no introduction in the world of writing. We also welcome our Principal, Dr. Roy.

4. Felicitation:
I request our Principal to felicitate Mr. Bond with a sapling and a book. A round of applause, please!

5. Activities:
The stage is now set for our main events: The Poetry Recitation competition followed by a skit on 'Shakespearean Tragedies'. Let’s invite the first participant.

6. Conclusion:
What a mesmerizing day it has been! I thank our guests and participants. Let's leave with a promise to pick up a book today. Thank you!

OR

(III) Expansion of Idea

Question: Expand: 'Self discipline is self-caring'.

Self Discipline is Self-Caring

We often view discipline as a restriction, a set of rules that binds us. However, in reality, self-discipline is the highest form of self-love. It is the ability to control one's feelings and overcome weaknesses to pursue what is truly good for us.

Persistence and determination are the pillars of discipline. When a student wakes up early to study despite wanting to sleep, they are caring for their future self. This act of perseverance leads to success. Similarly, saying 'no' to junk food is discipline, but it is effectively caring for one's body.

Focus and goals require us to sacrifice temporary pleasures. A person with devotion and commitment towards their target creates a life of stability and happiness. Without discipline, we become slaves to our moods. Therefore, cultivating self-discipline is not a punishment; it is the practice of nurturing our potential to become the best version of ourselves.

Q. 4. (D) Attempt 'Any One'

(I) Review

Question: Review a documentary on 'Wildlife in India'.

Review: 'Wild Karnataka' - A Visual Treat

Genre: Nature Documentary
Narrator: Sir David Attenborough

Overview: Recently, I watched the documentary 'Wild Karnataka', which showcases the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats. It is a factual masterpiece that focuses on the behavior of tigers, elephants, and lesser-known species like the flying lizards.

Visuals and Impact: The cinematography is breathtaking, capturing the lush green forests in 4K resolution. The sequence of the King Cobra is particularly intense. The footage is accompanied by a compelling narrative that educates the viewer about the fragile ecosystem.

Emotional Impact: It evokes a sense of pride but also an urgent need for conservation. Seeing the struggle for survival makes one respect nature.

Verdict: It is a must-watch for nature lovers. It is not just a film; it is an experience.
Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

OR

(II) Blog

Question: Write a Blog on 'Proper Study Habits'.

Mastering the Art of Studying: Habits for Success

Unlock Your Potential with Discipline

Are you studying hard but not getting results? It might be your habits. Planning and organization are key. Create a timetable that allocates time for all subjects.

Importance of Self-Discipline:
"Motivation gets you going, but habit gets you there." Stick to your schedule even when you don't feel like it. Avoid distractions like smartphones during study hours.

Benefits:
Proper habits reduce stress during exams. Regular revision ensures long-term retention. Start today, organize your desk, set a goal, and watch your grades soar!

OR

(III) Appeal

Question: Prepare an Appeal on 'From Smart Phones to Smart Habits'.

DISCONNECT TO CONNECT!

Are you controlling your Phone, or is it controlling YOU?

Dear Friends,

It is time to switch from Smart Phones to Smart Habits.

Excessive screen time is affecting our:
❌ Mental Peace
❌ Physical Health (Eyesight/Posture)
❌ Real-life Relationships

Let's Cultivate Healthy Habits:
✅ Read a Book
✅ Play Outdoor Sports
✅ Meditate for 10 minutes

Join the 'Digital Detox Drive' at College Ground.
Date: 20th Feb 2026

"Put down the phone, pick up your life!"

SECTION - IV : NOVEL

Q. 5. (A) History of Novel (Objective)

(I) Match the columns:

(1) Dominant literary genre	(d) Novel (or 18th Century)
(2) History of Novel	(a) 2000 years
(3) Lady Murasaki Shikibu	(b) World's first novelist
(4) Modern Topics	(c) 20th Century

(II) Fill in the blanks:

• (a) 18th century people had little interest in romances and tragedies.
• (b) Fantastic fiction is for general entertainment in pulp magazines.
• (c) Picaresque novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist.
• (d) Setting is the background in which the story takes place.

Q. 5. (B) To Sir, With Love

(I) Write the character sketch of Mr. Florian.

Mr. Florian is the headmaster of the school. He is a composed, liberal, and visionary educator who believes in treating students with respect rather than strict discipline. He listens to his students and encourages them to take responsibility, as seen when he addresses the school assembly.

(II) Miss Joseph focuses on 'the importance of international and interracial cooperation.' Justify.

Miss Joseph, a student representative, discusses the geography curriculum. She highlights the interdependence of nations, emphasizing that no country is isolated. She uses the class report to preach the theme of universal brotherhood and cooperation among different races and nations.

Q. 5. (C) Around the World in Eighty Days

(I) 'Passepartout blamed himself for his master's misfortune.' Explain.

Passepartout blamed himself because he had learned about Detective Fix's true identity and plan to arrest Fogg but failed to warn his master. He felt that if he had told Fogg earlier, Fogg could have avoided the arrest at Liverpool, which nearly cost him the wager.

(II) Describe 'Winning heart over money' as the central idea.

While Phileas Fogg embarks on the journey to win a monetary bet, the true reward he gains is love. He spends his fortune to save Aouda from death in India. In the end, despite thinking he lost the money (before realizing the time difference), he declares that Aouda is his greatest gain, proving human connection is more valuable than wealth.

Q. 5. (D) The Sign of Four

(I) According to Miss Morstan, her case was not 'A singular case.' Explain.

(Note: The context suggests Holmes calls it singular, but assuming the question asks for details): Mary Morstan brings a case involving the mysterious disappearance of her father ten years ago and the anonymous receipt of a valuable pearl every year for the last six years. To her, it is a confusing personal tragedy, but Holmes immediately identifies the unique ("singular") features of the anonymous benefactor and the invitation to meet.

(II) Prove: Although Holmes appeared reserved, he worked on the case during their journey.

While riding in the cab with Watson and Mary, Holmes appeared withdrawn, but he was intensely focused. He took out his pocket-lantern and a magnifying lens to examine the handwriting on the letter and the envelope meticulously, showing that his mind was actively analyzing evidence even while he remained silent.

Complete English Grammar Guide: Figures of Speech, Voice, & Practice Exercises

Complete Class 12 English Grammar Guide: Figures of Speech, Voice, Speech, & Practice

Target Audience: Class 12 Students, Teachers, and English Grammar Learners.

Summary: A complete, word-for-word reconstruction of the provided grammar workbook. This document includes comprehensive definitions (with Hindi translations), detailed Figure of Speech analysis for 8 specific poems, rules for Question Tags, Direct/Indirect Speech, Active/Passive Voice, Parts of Speech, and a fully solved 25-question practice set.

📥 Download Full PDF Notes

1. Figures of Speech

Definition

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition. It can be a metaphor or simile designed to make a comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration or the exaggeration of hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect. There are a wealth of these literary tools in the English language.

Note (Hindi): परिभाषा-किसी भी साधारण सी बात को अधिक प्रभावशाली या आकर्षक ढंग से कहने के लिए ही Figure of Speech का use किया जाता है.

Types and Examples

• Simile (Direct Comparison):
  Example: The man fought like a Lion. (Man is compared to lion directly) .
• Metaphor (Indirect Comparison):
  Example: The man was a Lion. (Man is compared to lion Indirectly) .
• Alliteration (Letters are Repeated):
  Example: Four fools fell in a fountain. (The letter 'f' is repeated for Poetic effect) .
• Repetition (Words are Repeated):
  Example: Time after Time. (The word "time" is repeated for Poetic effect) .
• Personification (Human Qualities given to a non-living thing):
  Example: The fan is running. ("Running" is a human quality given to a fan) .
• Onomatopoeia (Sounds written in words):
  Example: Down sank the bell with a gurgling sound. ("gurgling" is a sound written in word) .
• Interrogative (Question Sentence (?)):
  Example: Is anybody happier because you pass his way? (The sentence expresses a question) .
• Exclamation (Expression + !):
  Example: I got A in my report! (The sentence expresses a sudden expression) .
• Apostrophe (Expression + somebody + !):
  Example: Hey moon! Give us some moonlight. (The sentence expresses a sudden expression including someone else) .
• Climax (Words are arranged in Ascending order):
  Example: She walked, ran and conquered. (The words are arranged in ascending order of priority) .
• Anti-climax (Words are arranged in Descending Order):
  Example: He lost his wife, ring and wallet. (The words are arranged in descending order of priority) .
• Hyperbole (Over exaggerated statement):
  Example: She cried so much that rivers were flowing. (an over exaggerated statement) .
• Antithesis (Exact Opposite words are used):
  Example: United we stand, Divided we fall. ('United' and 'Divided' are exact opposite words to each other) .
• Pun (One word conveying different meanings):
  Example: I have got a date. (The word 'date' conveys 2 meanings i.e. appointment and partner) .
• Paradox (Truth is revealed in a ridiculous manner):
  Example: A teacher must be cruel. (Truth is revealed in a ridiculous manner) .

2. Poem Analysis: Figures of Speech

Poem 2.1 'Song of the Open Road'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road"	Inversion Metaphor	The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I take to the open road afoot and light hearted. The road is implicitly compared with journey of life.
"Healthy, free, the world before me"	Inversion	The words are not in a correct order. The order is: The healthy and free world before me.
"The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose."	Symbol Alliteration	The brown path is used as symbol for the road. The letter 'b' and 'l' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune"	Personification Repetition	The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. The words 'good fortune' are repeated here pleasingly.
"Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing"	Repetition Climax	The words 'no more' are repeated here pleasingly. The words are arranged here in ascending order.
"Done with indoor complaints, libraries, querulous criticisms"	Alliteration Climax Tautology	The sound 'k' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are arranged here in ascending order. The same meaning words are repeated (querulous criticisms).
"Strong and content, I travel the open road."	Inversion	The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I travel the open road Strong and content.
"I do not want the constellations any nearer"	Inversion	The words are not in a correct order. The order is: I do not want any nearer constellations.
"The earth, that is sufficient"	Metaphor	The earth is implicitly compared with adequate.
"I know they are very well where they are, I know they suffice for those who belong to them."	Repetition Alliteration	The words 'I know' and 'they are' are repeated here pleasingly. The letter 'w' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Still here I carry my old delicious burdens"	Paradox Metaphor	The absurd statement is made here. 'Delicious burdens' is implicitly compared with memories.
"I carry them, men and women, I carry them with me wherever I go"	Antithesis Repetition Alliteration	'Men' and 'women' are opposite words. The words 'I carry' are repeated here pleasingly. The letter 'm' and 'w' is repeated here pleasingly.
"I am fill'd with them, and I will fill them in return"	Repetition	The word 'fill' is repeated here pleasingly.

Poem 2.2 'Indian Weavers'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"Weavers, weaving at break of day, Why do you weave a garment so gay?"	Alliteration Interrogation	The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The question is asked here.
"...break of day"	Symbol	The word 'break of day' is used in a symbolic meaning of birth.
"Weavers, weaving at break of day"	Metaphor	'Break of day' is implicitly compared with birth.
"Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild, We weave the robes of a new-born child."	Simile Alliteration Imagery Symbol	The indirect comparison is made here between Blue and colour of halcyon's wing. The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words "blue" and "wing of a bird" are visual images. The word blue stands for innocence. The word halcyon stands for creation.
"Weavers, weaving at fall of night, Why do you weave a garment so bright?"	Alliteration Interrogation Symbol	The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The question is asked here. The word 'fall of night' is used in a symbolic meaning of 'youth'.
"Weavers, weaving at fall of night"	Metaphor	'Fall of night' is indirectly compared with Adulthood / Youth.
"Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green, We weave the marriage-veils of a queen."	Alliteration Simile Imagery	The sound 'p, w' repeated here pleasingly. The indirect comparison is made here between peacock's plumes and marriage-veils. The words "the plumes of a peacock" and "purple and green" are visual images.
"Weavers, weaving solemn and still, What do you weave in the moonlight chill"	Alliteration Inversion Symbol	The letter 'w', 's' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are not in a proper order. The proper order of phrase is in the chill moonlight. The word 'chill moonlight' is used in a symbolic meaning of 'death'.
"White as a feather and white as a cloud, We weave a dead man's funeral shroud"	Alliteration Imagery Simile Repetition	The letter 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words "white feather" and "white cloud" are visual images. The indirect comparison is made here between white and feather, cloud. The word 'white as' is repeated pleasingly.

Poem 2.3 'Inchcape Rock'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"No stir in the air, no stir in the sea."	Repetition	The word 'no stir' is repeated here pleasingly.
"The ship was as still as she could be."	Simile Alliteration	The indirect comparison is made here. The sound 's' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Her sails from heaven received no motion, Her keel was steady in the ocean."	Alliteration Repetition	The sound 'h' is repeated here pleasingly. The word 'her' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Without either sign or sound of their shock"	Alliteration	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly.
"The waves flow'd over the Inchcape Rock"	Archaism	The word 'flow'd' (flowed) is an old English word.
"So little they rose, so little they fell."	Antithesis Repetition	Opposite words are used here for emphasis. The word 'So little they' is repeated here pleasingly.
"The Abbot of Aberbrothok"	Alliteration	The letter 'A' is repeated here pleasingly.
"On a buoy in the storm it floated and swung"	Personification	The lifeless thing is treated here as human being.
"And over the waves its warning rung."	Alliteration Inversion	The sound 'W' is repeated here pleasingly. The words are not in a correct order. Order: Its warning rung over waves.
"When the Rock was hid by the surge's swell"	Alliteration	The sound 's' is repeated here pleasingly.
"And then they knew the perilous Rock, And blest the Abbot of Aberbrothok."	Alliteration	The letter 'A, t' is repeated here pleasingly.
"The Sun in heaven was shining gay, All things were joyful on that day;"	Personification	The lifeless thing is treated here as human being.
"The sea-birds scream'd as they wheel'd round..."	Alliteration Archaism	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. 'Scream'd' (screamed), 'wheel'd' (wheeled) are old English words.
"Sir Ralph the Rover, walk'd his deck, And he fix'd his eye on the darker speck."	Alliteration Archaism	The sound 'r' repeated here pleasingly. 'Walk'd' (walked), 'fix'd' (fixed) are old English words.
"He felt the cheering power of spring."	Personification	The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. Spring cannot cheer but humans are able to cheer.

Poem 2.4 'Have you Earned your Tomorrow'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"Is anybody happier because you passed his way?"	Interrogation	The question is asked here.
"Does anyone remember that you spoke to him today?"	Interrogation	The question is asked here.
"This day is almost over, and its toiling time is through;"	Alliteration	The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly.
"Is there anyone to utter now a kindly word of you?"	Interrogation	The question is asked here.
"Did you give a cheerful greeting to the friend who came along?"	Interrogation	The question is asked here.
"Or a churlish sort of 'Howdy' and then vanish in the throng?"	Interrogation Alliteration	The question is asked here. The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly.
"Were you selfish pure and simple as you rushed along the way,"	Inversion	The words are not in a proper order. Order: You were pure selfish and simple as the way rushed along.
"Or is someone mighty grateful for a deed you did today?"	Interrogation Alliteration	The question is asked here. The sound 'd' repeated here pleasingly.
"That you helped a single brother of the many that you passed?"	Interrogation Synecdoche	The question is asked here. Brother, a part, represents the whole human being.
"Can you say tonight, in parting with the days that's slipping fast"	Personification	The lifeless thing day is treated here as animated quality slipping fast.
"Does a man whose hopes were fading now with courage look ahead?"	Interrogation Antithesis Inversion	The question is asked here. The contradictory words 'fade' and 'courage' are used here. Order: Does a man whose hopes were fading now look ahead with courage?
"Is a single heart rejoicing over what you did or said;"	Synecdoche Interrogation	'Single heart' a part represents to whole human beings. The question is asked here.
"Did you waste the day, or lose it; was it well or sorely spent?"	Alliteration Antithesis	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. The contradictory words 'well' and 'sore' are used here.
"Did you leave a trail of kindness or a scar of discontent?"	Interrogation Antithesis Metaphor	The question is asked here. The contradictory words 'kindness' and 'discontent' are used here. 'Discontent' is implicitly compared with a scar.
"As you close your eyes in slumber do you think that God would say"	Personification	God is treated here as animated quality able to speak.
"You have earned one more tomorrow by the work you did today?"	Antithesis	The contradictory words 'tomorrow' and 'today' are used here.

Poem 2.5 'Father Returning Home'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"My father travels on the late evening train"	Alliteration	The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly.
"Standing among silent commuters in the yellow light"	Alliteration	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly.
"Suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes."	Alliteration Paradox Personification	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. One would not refer to eyes as not being able to see. This is an absurd statement. Suburbs are shown as sliding past (human quality).
"His shirt and pants are soggy and his black raincoat"	Alliteration Metaphor	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. Black raincoat is implicitly compared with dullness.
"Stained with mud and his bag stuffed with books Is falling apart."	Alliteration	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly.
"His eyes dimmed by age Fade homeward through the humid monsoon night."	Metaphor Alliteration	Dimmed eyes are implicitly compared with tiredness. The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly.
"Now I can see him getting off the train Like a word dropped from a long sentence."	Simile	The indirect comparison is made here. Between father's getting off and a dropping word.
"He hurries across the length of the grey platform,"	Alliteration Metaphor	The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. Grey platform is implicitly compared with old age.
"His chappals are sticky with mud, but he hurries onward."	Alliteration	The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly.
"I see him drinking weak tea."	Personification	The lifeless thing is treated here as human being.
"...Eating a stale chapati, reading a book."	Code-mixing	Used Hindi (chapati) and English Word together.
"Man's estrangement from a man-made world"	Alliteration Repetition	The sound 'm' repeated here pleasingly. The word 'man' is repeated.
"A few droplets cling to the greying hair on his wrists."	Alliteration Synecdoche	The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly. Grey hair a part represents whole old age.
"Listening to the static on the radio"	Symbolism Onomatopoeia	The sentence is used in a symbolic meaning of 'escape from this mean world'. The word 'static' denotes the tuning sound of radio.
"His sullen children have often refused to share Jokes and secrets with him."	Alliteration Synecdoche	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. Jokes and secrets, a part, represents to whole details of lives.

Poem 2.6 'Money'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"When I had money, money, O!"	Repetition Apostrophe	The word 'money' is repeated here pleasingly. The feelings represented by an exclamation.
"For many false man as a friend Came knocking all day at my door."	Inversion Hyperbole	Order: For many false man came knocking at my door as a friend all day. This is an over statement.
"Then felt I like a child that holds"	Simile Inversion	The indirect comparison is made here. Feeling are like child. Order: Then I felt like a child that holds.
"Much have I thought of life and seen"	Inversion	Order: I thought much of life and seen.
"And how their wives do hum like bees"	Simile Onomatopoeia	The indirect comparison is made here. Between wife and bees. The sound is expressed in a word 'hum'.
"About their work from morn till night."	Antithesis	Opposite words are used here for emphasis.
"So, when I hear these poor ones laugh, And see the rich ones coldly frown"	Antithesis Repetition	Opposite words are used here for emphasis. The word 'ones' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Poor men, think I, need not go up So much as rich men should come down"	Antithesis Inversion Simile	Opposite words are used here for emphasis. Order: I think, poor man need not go up So much as rich men should come down. The indirect comparison is made here. Between poor and rich.
"My many friends proved all untrue"	Inversion	Order: My many friends proved untrue all.
"But now I have no money, O!"	Apostrophe	The feelings represented by an exclamation.
"Not speak to this false world know"	Metonymy	The word 'world' represents people. World and people are closely associated.

Poem 2.7 'She Walks in Beauty'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"She walks in beauty, like the night"	Simile	The indirect comparison is made here. Between walking beauty and night.
"Of cloudless climes and starry skies"	Alliteration	The sound 's, c' repeated here pleasingly.
"And all that's best of dark and bright"	Antithesis	Opposite words are used here for emphasis.
"Meet in her aspect and her eyes"	Repetition	The word 'her' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies."	Alliteration Personification	The sound 't, d' repeated here pleasingly. The lifeless thing is treated here as human being. Light is treated as tenderly.
"One shade the more, one ray the less,"	Antithesis Repetition	Opposite words (less/more) are used here for emphasis. The word 'one' is repeated here pleasingly.
"Had half impaired the nameless grace"	Alliteration	The sound 'h' repeated here pleasingly.
"Which waves in every raven tress Or softly lightens o'er her face"	Alliteration Archaism (Syncope)	The sound 'w' repeated here pleasingly. The word o'er mean over. It is an old English word.
"Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how dear their dwelling-place."	Alliteration Repetition Metaphor	The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly. The word 'how' is repeated here pleasingly. Mind is implicitly compared with dwelling-place.
"And on that cheek, and o'er that brow"	Archaism (Syncope) Repetition	The word o'er mean over. It is an old English word. The word 'and', 'that' is repeated here pleasingly.
"So soft, so calm, yet eloquent"	Repetition Alliteration	The word 'so' is repeated here pleasingly. The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly.
"The smiles that win, the tints that glow"	Repetition Personification Alliteration	The word 'the that' is repeated here pleasingly. Smile treated here as winning and tint. The sound 't' repeated here pleasingly.
"But tell of days in goodness spent"	Inversion	Order: But tell of days spent in goodness.
"A mind at peace with all below"	Synecdoche	The word 'mind' a part represents the woman as whole.

Poem 2.8 'Small Towns and Rivers'

Examples	Figures of Speech	Explanation
"My hometown lies calmly amidst the trees"	Personification	Hometown is treated as human lying calmly.
"it is always the same, in summer or winter, with the dust flying"	Climax Personification Antithesis	The words are arranged here in ascending order. Dust has been personified by showing - flying. Summer/winter are opposite words used here for emphasis.
"or the wind howling down the gorge"	Personification Onomatopoeia	Wind has been personified by showing howling. The word 'howling' denotes sound word.
"In the dreadful silence we wept"	Antithesis Alliteration Inversion	Silence/wept are opposite words used here for emphasis. The sound 'w' repeated here pleasingly. Order: We wept in the dreadful silence.
"looking at the sad wreath of tuberoses"	Personification	'Sad wreath' has been personified.
"Life and death, life and death,"	Repetition Antithesis	The word life/death is repeated here pleasingly. Life/death are opposite words used here for emphasis.
"The river has a soul."	Personification	River has been personified by showing has a soul.
"In the summer it cuts through the land like a torrent of grief."	Simile Personification Metaphor	Comparison between River and its flow. River has been personified by showing cutting through land. Grief is implicitly compared with a torrent.
"Sometimes, sometimes, I think it holds its breath seeking a land of fish and stars"	Repetition Personification Alliteration	The word 'sometimes' is repeated here pleasingly. River has a breath. The sound 's' repeated here pleasingly.
"the river knows the immortality of water."	Personification	River treated as human.
"It knows, stretching past the town,"	Personification	River treated as human by showing 'Knows'.
"from the first drop of rain to dry earth"	Alliteration	The sound 'f, d' repeated here pleasingly.

3. Question Tag

Definition & Rules

A tag question is a small question that is attached, or "tagged", to the end of a sentence. Rather than repeat the main verb, a form of "be" or other auxiliary verb or modal is used in the tag.

1. COPY THE GIVEN SENTENCE.
2. PUT A COMMA (,).
3. USE HELPING VERB. (Helping Verb वे होती हैं, जो वाक्य को बताने में हेल्प करती हैं कि वाक्य Present (वर्तमान) में है, Past (भूतकाल) में है या Future (भविष्य) में है।)
4. USE A PRONOUN. (अर्थात किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान आदि, के नाम के स्थान पर करते हैं)
5. PUT A QUESTION TAG (?).

Examples

Question	Answer
1) I am a teacher.	I am a teacher, aren't I?
2) I am not a student.	I am not a student, am I?
3) You are the best student.	You are the best student, aren't you?
4) You are not a dull boy.	You are not a dull boy, are you?
5) He is my dearest brother.	He is my dearest brother, isn't he?
6) He is not my best friend.	He is not my best friend, is he?
7) She was reading a book.	She was reading a book, wasn't she?
8) She wasn't writing her homework.	She wasn't writing her homework, was she?
9) It will help you.	It will help you, won't it?
10) It won't help you.	It won't help you, will it?
11) We shall come tomorrow.	We shall come tomorrow, shan't we?
12) We shall never go there.	We shall never go there, shall we?
13) They can come anytime.	They can come anytime, can't they?
14) They cannot come.	They cannot come, can they?

4. Direct & Indirect Speech

Definition

Direct Speech: Direct speech is exactly what it sounds like—text that reports the exact thoughts expressed by a person in their original form. It is often enclosed in quotation marks.

(जब वक्ता द्वारा कही गयी बात को ज्यों का त्यों किसी को व्यक्त करते हैं, तो उसे Direct Speech कहा जाता है।)

Indirect Speech: Indirect speech is also known as reported speech, indirect narration, or indirect discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else's statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement, it is called indirect speech.

(जब हम वक्ता द्वारा कहे गये कथन को अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करते हैं तो उसे Indirect speech कहते हैं।)

Conversion Table

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
He said, "I live in the city center." (present simple)	He said he lived in the city center.
He said, "I'm going out." (present continuous)	He said he was going out.
He said, "I've finished." (present perfect)	He said he had finished.
He said, "I've been studying a lot." (present perfect continuous)	He said he had been studying a lot.
He said, "I arrived before you." (past simple)	He said he had arrived before you.
He said, "I had already left." (past perfect)	He said he had already left.
He said, "I'll be there at 2pm." (future simple)	He said he would be there at 2pm.
He said, "I'm going to call Alan." (be going to)	He said he was going to call Alan.
She said, "I can swim."	She said she could swim.
She said, "I must go."	She said she had to go.
She said, "I may drive there."	She said she might drive there.
She said, "Shall we start?"	She asked if we should start.
She said, "I'll call you."	She said she would call me.

5. Active & Passive Voice

Definition

A subject is an agent who performs the verb on the object.

Active voice: When a subject is directly acting on the object, the sentence is written in Active voice.

(Active Voice : कर्ता उसे सीधे तौर पर करे. इस में मुख्य फोकस Subject पर होता है.)

Example: Ram is writing a letter. (Active Voice) इसमें मुख्य फोकस राम पर है.

Passive voice: When the object is acted upon by the subject, the sentence is written in Passive voice.

(Passive Voice: या उसे कर्ता द्वारा होते हुए दिखाया जाए. इसमें मुख्य फोकस Object पर होता है.)

Example: A letter is being written by Ram. (Passive Voice) इसमें मुख्य फोकस पत्र पर है.

Examples

Active Voice Examples	Passive Voice Examples
Mohan sings a song	A song is sung by Mohan
Sita reads a book	A book is read by Sita
He writes a letter	A letter is written by him
She plays cricket	Cricket is played by her
He sells book	Books are sold by him
I have made some tea	Tea has been made by me

6. Types of Sentences

• Positive Sentence: Also known as an affirmative sentence, it makes a statement about something that is 'so'.
• Negative Sentence: A sentence that states that something is false. In English, we create negative sentences by adding the word 'not' after the auxiliary, or helping, verb.
• Assertive Sentence: A sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert, or declare something. Also called declarative sentences. They usually end with a period or full stop.
• Exclamatory Sentence: Also known as an exclamation sentence or an exclamative clause, is a statement that expresses strong emotion. Typically ends with an exclamation mark.
• Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question. Can be direct or indirect, begin with or without pronouns, and feature yes/no interrogatives, alternative questions, or tag questions.

7. Parts of Speech

• Noun: Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized when they're the official name of something or someone, called proper nouns.
  Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow.
• Pronoun: Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of nouns that refer only to people.
  Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.
• Verb: Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show a sentence subject's state of being (is, was).
  Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became.
• Adjective: Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much, what kind, and more.
  Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.
• Adverb: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when, where, how, and why something happened and to what extent or how often.
  Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes.
• Preposition: Prepositions show special, temporal, and role relations between a noun or pronoun and the other words in a sentence.
  Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.
• Conjunction: Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence.
  Examples: and, but, or, so, yet, with.

8. Grammar Practice (Solved)

1. He shook his head regretfully. (Use the word regret and rewrite the sentence) Ans: He shook his head with regret.

2. If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees? (Use the word -satisfaction) Ans: If my answers give you satisfaction, will you give me 5 rupees?

3. He had to leave home without telling anyone. (Use modal auxiliary showing obligation) Ans: He must leave home without telling anyone.

4. Tell me something worthwhile. (Identify the type of sentence) Ans: Imperative Sentence.

5. You can't get out of it now. (Use - be able to) Ans: You are not able to get out of it now.

6. What is Big Data? (Write the type of the sentence) Ans: Interrogative Sentence.

7. Advertisers are one of the biggest players in Big Data. (Begin the sentence with 'Very few') Ans: Very few players in Big Data are as big as advertisers.

8. No other diagnosis is as good as the diagnosis done with the help of Big Data. (Use 'best' and rewrite the sentence) Ans: The diagnosis done with the help of the big data is the best diagnosis.

9. These internet giants provide the greatest data about people. (Use 'greater than' and rewrite the sentence) Ans: These internet giants provide greater data about people than any other.

10. She could not face the whole horror. (Make affirmative) Ans: She was unable to face the whole horror.

11. She saw the truth. (Change the voice) Ans: The truth was seen by her.

12. "Mabel's got a new dress!" he said. (Make indirect speech) Ans: He said that Mabel had git a new dress.

13. What a fright she looks! (Make assertive sentence) Ans: She looks a real fright.

14. How dull! (Make assertive sentence) Ans: It was very dull.

15. I barely walked around 15 metres and stopped. (Make it simple sentence) Ans: Barely walking around 15 metres I stopped.

16. It is an elusive animal. (Make it exclamatory sentence) Ans: What an elusive animal it is!

17. I kept walking straight until I climbed a familiar hillock. (Identify the tense) Ans: Simple Past Tense.

18. There must be a village nearby. (Use modal auxiliary showing certainty) Ans: There will be a village nearby.

19. The jungle had taken a toll on him. (Begin the sentence with - 'A toll on him') Ans: A toll on him had been by the jungle.

20. Few of us ever forget the connection between "travel" and "travail." (Find preposition) Ans: Between.

21. You can teach them what they have to celebrate. (Frame a wh- question to get underlined words as answer) Ans: What can you teach them?

22. My spoken English was quite pathetic. (Make exclamatory sentence) Ans: How Pathetic my Spoken English Was!

23. And we travel to fill in the gaps left by tomorrow's headlines. (Write the linking word.) Ans: Linking Word- And

24. I felt extremely humiliated and upset. (Make exclamatory sentence) Ans: How humiliated and and upset I felt!

25. I wanted to speak excellent, elegant and fluent English. (Find adjectives) Ans: Adjectives: Excellent, Elegant, Fluent.