HSC OCM Board Question Paper Solution February 2026 (Marathi Medium) – 12th Commerce

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बोर्ड प्रश्नपत्रिका : फेब्रुवारी २०२६

विषय: वाणिज्य संघटन व व्यवस्थापन

वेळ: ३ तास | एकूण गुण: ८०

प्र.१. (अ) रिकाम्या जागी योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधाने पुन्हा लिहा :

१) आयुर्विम्यास __________ तत्त्व लागू होत नाही. उत्तर: (क) नुकसान भरपाईचे

२) ग्राहक आणि ग्राहक यांच्यातील व्यवहार __________ च्या अंतर्गत होतात. उत्तर: (ब) C2C

३) व्यवस्थापनेची कार्ये __________ या कार्याने संपतात. उत्तर: (क) नियंत्रण

४) व्यवसायाने __________ वेळोवेळी माहिती पुरविली पाहिजे. उत्तर: (ब) मालकांना

५) किरकोळ बाजार हा असा बाजार आहे की जेथे किरकोळ व्यापारी प्रत्यक्षपणे मालाची विक्री __________ यांना लहान प्रमाणात करतो. उत्तर: (क) उपभोक्ता

प्र.१. (ब) योग्य जोड्या जुळवा :

'अ' गट	'ब' गट (उत्तर)
(अ) निर्देशनातील एकवाक्यता	(३) एक वरिष्ठ - एक योजना
(ब) नलिकेद्वारे वाहतूक (Pipeline)	(४) पेट्रोलियम आणि गॅस
(क) नोंदणी	(१०) पहिली पायरी
(ड) आर्थिक उद्देश	(९) नफा मिळविणे
(इ) बाजारपेठेचा राजा	(२) ग्राहक (Consumer)

प्र.१. (क) खालीलपैकी विधाने 'बरोबर' की 'चूक' ते लिहा :

१) लोक अदालत हे खऱ्या अर्थाने लोकांचे न्यायालय म्हणून ओळखले जाते. उत्तर: बरोबर

२) NEFT म्हणजे नॅशनल इलेक्ट्रिक फंड ट्रान्सफर. उत्तर: चूक (योग्य: नॅशनल इलेक्ट्रॉनिक फंड ट्रान्सफर)

३) विपणी हा शब्द लॅटिन भाषेतील 'मार्केट्स' शब्दापासून आलेला आहे. उत्तर: बरोबर (Mercatus)

४) व्यवस्थापनाचे प्रत्येक कार्य नियोजनावर आधारित नसते. उत्तर: चूक (नियोजन हे मूलभूत कार्य आहे)

५) औद्योगिक शांतता राखणे ही व्यवसाय संघटनांची जबाबदारी असते. उत्तर: बरोबर

प्र.१. (ड) योग्य क्रम लावा :

१) खरेदी विक्री, वस्तू पोहोच अवस्था, पूर्व-खरेदी किंवा विक्री उत्तर: पूर्व-खरेदी किंवा विक्री -> खरेदी विक्री -> वस्तू पोहोच अवस्था

२) ई-मेल, आंतर्देशीय पत्र, कुरिअर सेवा. उत्तर: आंतर्देशीय पत्र -> कुरिअर सेवा -> ई-मेल

३) जिल्हा न्यायाधीश, सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाचे न्यायाधीश, उच्च न्यायालयाचे न्यायाधीश. उत्तर: जिल्हा न्यायाधीश -> उच्च न्यायालयाचे न्यायाधीश -> सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाचे न्यायाधीश

४) स्थानिक बाजार, आंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजार, राष्ट्रीय बाजार. उत्तर: स्थानिक बाजार -> राष्ट्रीय बाजार -> आंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजार

५) नियंत्रण, संघटन, नियोजन. उत्तर: नियोजन -> संघटन -> नियंत्रण

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प्र. २. खालील संज्ञा/संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा (कोणत्याही चार) : [८ गुण]

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१) मोबदला तत्त्व (Principle of Remuneration)

अर्थ: हेन्री फेयॉल यांनी मांडलेल्या या तत्त्वानुसार कर्मचाऱ्यांना दिला जाणारा मोबदला (पगार/मजुरी) हा न्याय्य आणि वाजवी असावा.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• मोबदला असा असावा ज्यामुळे कर्मचारी आणि मालक दोघांनाही समाधान मिळेल.
• योग्य मोबदल्यामुळे कर्मचाऱ्यांची कार्यक्षमता आणि उत्पादकता वाढते.
• मालक आणि कर्मचारी यांच्यातील संबंध सुधारण्यास मदत होते.

२) व्यवस्थापन (Management)

अर्थ: इतरांकडून काम करून घेण्याची कला म्हणजे व्यवस्थापन होय. तसेच संघटनात्मक उद्दिष्टे साध्य करण्यासाठी मानवी, आर्थिक आणि भौतिक संसाधनांचा वापर करण्याची प्रक्रिया म्हणजे व्यवस्थापन.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• व्यवस्थापन ही एक कला (लोकांना हाताळणे) आणि शास्त्र (ज्ञानाची शाखा) आहे.
• यात नियोजन, संघटन, कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापन, निर्देशन, समन्वय आणि नियंत्रण या कार्यांचा समावेश होतो.

३) संदेशवहन / संप्रेषण (Communication)

अर्थ: माहिती, कल्पना, तथ्य, विचार, मते आणि भावना एका व्यक्तीकडून दुसऱ्या व्यक्तीकडे पोहोचवण्याची प्रक्रिया म्हणजे संदेशवहन होय.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• ही एक द्विमार्गी प्रक्रिया आहे ज्यात प्रेषक (Sender) आणि प्राप्तकर्ता (Receiver) यांचा समावेश असतो.
• संदेशवहन संघटनेच्या यशासाठी अत्यंत आवश्यक असते.

४) संघटन (Organizing)

अर्थ: नियोजित उद्दिष्टे साध्य करण्यासाठी कामे ओळखणे, गट करणे, जबाबदारी व अधिकार सोपवणे आणि संबंध प्रस्थापित करणे या प्रक्रियेला संघटन म्हणतात.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• यामुळे कामाची व संसाधनांची योग्य रचना तयार होते.
• यामुळे कामातील गोंधळ आणि पुनरावृत्ती टाळता येते.

५) विमा (Insurance)

अर्थ: विमा हा दोन पक्षांमधील करार आहे, ज्यामध्ये विमा कंपनी (Insurer) विमाधारकाला (Insured) संभाव्य आर्थिक नुकसानीपासून भरपाई देण्याचे मान्य करते.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• विमा हप्ता (Premium): जोखीम स्वीकारल्याबद्दल विमाधारकाने कंपनीला दिलेला मोबदला.
• हे जोखीम हस्तांतरणाचे साधन आहे.

६) जनहित याचिका (Public Interest Litigation)

अर्थ: जनहित याचिका म्हणजे वैयक्तिक हक्कांच्या अंमलबजावणीसाठी नव्हे तर सार्वजनिक हिताच्या किंवा सामान्य जनतेच्या महत्त्वाच्या मुद्द्यांसाठी न्यायालयात दाखल केलेली याचिका.

महत्वाचे मुद्दे:

• कोणताही जागरूक नागरिक ही याचिका दाखल करू शकतो.
• याचा मुख्य उद्देश समाजातील दुर्बल घटकांना न्याय मिळवून देणे आणि पर्यावरणासारख्या सार्वजनिक प्रश्नांवर उपाय शोधणे हा आहे.

प्र. ३. खालील घटना किंवा प्रसंगाचा अभ्यास करून आपले मत लिहा (कोणतेही दोन) :

प्रसंग १: श्री रमण एक यशस्वी उत्पादक आहेत... त्यांच्याकडे कच्चा आणि उत्पादित मालाचा साठा आहे... त्यांना संरक्षणासंबंधी काळजी वाटते... त्यांना एका शाखेतून दुसऱ्या शाखेत माल पाठवावा लागतो... निधीची आवश्यकता आहे.

(अ) त्यांना मालाचे सर्व प्रकारच्या धोक्यापासून संरक्षण देणारी सेवा सुचवा. उत्तर: त्यांना गोदाम (Warehousing) सेवा मालाचे संरक्षण करण्यासाठी उपयोगी ठरेल.

(ब) कोणती सेवा त्यांना जागेचा अडथळा दूर करण्यासाठी उपयोगी ठरेल? उत्तर: वाहतूक (Transport) सेवा त्यांना जागेचा अडथळा दूर करण्यास मदत करेल.

(क) कोणत्या सेवेद्वारे श्री रमण अर्थसाहाय्य मिळवू शकतात? उत्तर: श्री रमण बँकिंग (Banking) सेवेद्वारे अर्थसाहाय्य मिळवू शकतात.

प्रसंग २: अजय [www.flipkart.com](https://www.flipkart.com) वरून वस्तू खरेदी करतो आणि शितल ebay.com वरून जुन्या वस्तूंची खरेदी करते.

(अ) C2C शी संबंधित वेबसाईट कोणती? उत्तर: ebay.com ही C2C (ग्राहक ते ग्राहक) शी संबंधित वेबसाईट आहे.

(ब) B2C शी संबंधित वेबसाईट कोणती? उत्तर: [www.flipkart.com](https://www.flipkart.com) ही B2C (व्यवसाय ते ग्राहक) शी संबंधित वेबसाईट आहे.

(क) अजयने ऑनलाइन व्यवहार करताना कोणती पहिली पायरी अनुकरण करावी? उत्तर: पहिली पायरी म्हणजे नोंदणी (Registration) करणे.

प्रसंग ३: रंगाचे उत्पादन करणारी संस्था प्रक्रिया न केलेले विषारी सांडपाणी नदीत सोडते, ज्यामुळे आरोग्य समस्या निर्माण झाल्या आहेत.

(अ) रंगांचे उत्पादन करणाऱ्या संस्थेने कोणत्या स्वरूपाच्या जबाबदारीकडे दुर्लक्ष केले आहे? उत्तर: संस्थेने समाज आणि पर्यावरणाप्रती असलेल्या सामाजिक जबाबदारीकडे दुर्लक्ष केले आहे.

(ब) ते कोणत्या प्रकारचे प्रदूषण करतात? उत्तर: ते जल प्रदूषण (Water Pollution) करत आहेत.

(क) रंगांचे उत्पादन करणाऱ्या संस्थेने घ्यावयाचा कोणताही एक खबरदारीचा उपाय नमूद करा. उत्तर: त्यांनी सांडपाणी नदीत सोडण्यापूर्वी त्यावर प्रक्रिया (Effluent Treatment) केली पाहिजे.

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प्र. ४. खालील फरक स्पष्ट करा (कोणतेही तीन) : [१२ गुण]

१) निर्देशन आणि नियंत्रण (Directing and Controlling)

फरकाचा मुद्दा	निर्देशन	नियंत्रण
अर्थ	कर्मचाऱ्यांना सूचना देणे, मार्गदर्शन करणे, प्रेरणा देणे व त्यांच्यावर देखरेख करणे म्हणजे निर्देशन होय.	प्रत्यक्ष कामगिरीची मानकांशी तुलना करणे आणि त्रुटी आढळल्यास सुधारणा करणे म्हणजे नियंत्रण होय.
क्रम	हे संघटन आणि कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापनानंतर येते. हे कृतीला सुरुवात करते.	हे व्यवस्थापन प्रक्रियेतील शेवटचे कार्य आहे.
उद्देश	कर्मचाऱ्यांकडून प्रभावीपणे काम करून घेणे हा उद्देश असतो.	ठरवलेल्या योजनेनुसार काम झाले की नाही हे पाहणे हा उद्देश असतो.

२) रस्ते वाहतूक आणि रेल्वे वाहतूक

फरकाचा मुद्दा	रस्ते वाहतूक	रेल्वे वाहतूक
वेग	रहदारी आणि रस्त्यांच्या स्थितीमुळे याचा वेग मर्यादित असतो.	रस्ते वाहतुकीच्या तुलनेत रेल्वेचा वेग जास्त असतो.
दारापर्यंत सेवा	रस्ते वाहतूक दारापर्यंत सेवा (Door-to-door) पुरवते.	रेल्वे वाहतूक दारापर्यंत सेवा पुरवू शकत नाही.
उपयुक्तता	कमी अंतरासाठी आणि नाशवंत वस्तूंसाठी उपयुक्त.	लांब अंतरासाठी आणि जड मालासाठी उपयुक्त.

३) परंपरागत व्यवसाय आणि ई-व्यवसाय

फरकाचा मुद्दा	परंपरागत व्यवसाय	ई-व्यवसाय (E-business)
स्थापना	जागा आणि कायदेशीर बाबींमुळे स्थापना करणे कठीण असते.	इंटरनेटमुळे स्थापना करणे सोपे असते.
भौतिक अस्तित्व	दुकाने किंवा कार्यालयाचे भौतिक अस्तित्व आवश्यक असते.	भौतिक अस्तित्वाची गरज नसते, हे आभासी (Virtual) असते.
ग्राहक संवाद	ग्राहकांसोबत समोरासमोर संवाद होतो (Face-to-face).	समोरासमोर संवाद होत नाही (Screen-to-screen).

४) जिल्हा आयोग आणि राष्ट्रीय आयोग

फरकाचा मुद्दा	जिल्हा आयोग	राष्ट्रीय आयोग
कार्यक्षेत्र	एका विशिष्ट जिल्ह्यापुरते मर्यादित असते.	संपूर्ण देशासाठी असते.
आर्थिक मर्यादा	ज्या तक्रारींमध्ये वस्तू किंवा सेवेचे मूल्य ५० लाखांपर्यंत असते, त्या तक्रारी येथे दाखल होतात.	ज्या तक्रारींमध्ये मूल्य १० कोटींपेक्षा जास्त असते, त्या तक्रारी येथे दाखल होतात.
अध्यक्ष	जिल्हा न्यायाधीश होण्यास पात्र व्यक्ती अध्यक्ष असते.	सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाचे आजी/माजी न्यायाधीश अध्यक्ष असतात.

प्र.५. खालील प्रश्नांची थोडक्यात उत्तरे लिहा (कोणतेही दोन) : [८ गुण]

१) ग्राहकांचे कोणतेही चार अधिकार / हक्क स्पष्ट करा.

ग्राहक संरक्षण कायद्यानुसार ग्राहकांना मिळालेले चार हक्क खालीलप्रमाणे आहेत:

• सुरक्षिततेचा अधिकार: ग्राहकांच्या आरोग्यास किंवा जीवितास धोका निर्माण करणाऱ्या वस्तूंपासून संरक्षण मिळवण्याचा अधिकार ग्राहकाला आहे (उदा. विद्युत उपकरणे).
• माहितीचा अधिकार: वस्तूंची गुणवत्ता, प्रमाण, शुद्धता, किंमत आणि दर्जा याबद्दल माहिती मिळवण्याचा अधिकार ग्राहकाला आहे.
• निवडीचा अधिकार: विविध प्रकारच्या वस्तूंमधून आपल्या पसंतीची आणि परवडणारी वस्तू निवडण्याचा अधिकार ग्राहकाला आहे.
• तक्रार निवारणाचा (ऐकले जाण्याचा) अधिकार: आपली तक्रार योग्य मंचावर मांडण्याचा आणि ती ऐकून घेण्याचा अधिकार ग्राहकाला आहे.

२) वस्तू विपणन मिश्रणाचे ४ पी (4Ps) स्पष्ट करा.

विपणन मिश्रणामध्ये खालील ४ घटकांचा समावेश होतो:

• वस्तू (Product): ग्राहकांच्या गरजा पूर्ण करणारी वस्तू किंवा सेवा. यात वस्तूचा दर्जा, डिझाइन आणि पॅकेजिंग महत्त्वाचे असते.
• किंमत (Price): वस्तूसाठी ग्राहकाने मोजलेले मूल्य. किंमत ठरवताना उत्पादन खर्च आणि स्पर्धा विचारात घेतली जाते.
• स्थान (Place/Distribution): योग्य वेळी आणि योग्य ठिकाणी वस्तू उपलब्ध करून देणे. यात वितरणाचे माध्यम (Channels) महत्त्वाचे असते.
• संवर्धन (Promotion): ग्राहकांना वस्तूबद्दल माहिती देणे आणि खरेदी करण्यास प्रवृत्त करणे. यात जाहिरात, वैयक्तिक विक्री इत्यादींचा समावेश होतो.

३) व्यावसायिक सेवांची कोणतीही चार वैशिष्ट्ये स्पष्ट करा.

• अदृश्यता (Intangibility): सेवा डोळ्यांनी पाहता येत नाहीत किंवा स्पर्श करता येत नाहीत. त्या फक्त अनुभविता येतात.
• अविभाज्यता (Inseparability): सेवा आणि सेवा देणारा व्यक्ती यांना वेगळे करता येत नाही. (उदा. डॉक्टर आणि उपचार).
• विसंगतता (Inconsistency): प्रत्येक वेळी सेवेचा अनुभव वेगळा असू शकतो. ते देणाऱ्या व्यक्तीवर अवलंबून असते.
• नाशवंतपणा (Perishability): सेवा साठवून ठेवता येत नाहीत. आजची न वापरलेली सेवा कायमची वाया जाते.

प्र. ६. खालील विधाने सकारण स्पष्ट करा (कोणतेही दोन) : [८ गुण]

१) समानतेचे तत्त्व महत्त्वाचे आहे.

कारण:

• न्याय्य वागणूक: हेन्री फेयॉल यांच्या मते, व्यवस्थापनाने सर्व कर्मचाऱ्यांना समान आणि न्याय्य वागणूक दिली पाहिजे. जात, धर्म किंवा लिंग यावरून भेदभाव नसावा.
• संघर्ष टाळणे: समानतेमुळे कर्मचाऱ्यांमध्ये असंतोष निर्माण होत नाही आणि व्यवस्थापन व कर्मचारी यांच्यातील संघर्ष टाळला जातो.
• निष्ठा: जेव्हा कर्मचाऱ्यांना समान वागणूक मिळते, तेव्हा त्यांची संघटनेप्रती निष्ठा वाढते आणि ते अधिक कार्यक्षमतेने काम करतात.

२) 'योग्य व्यक्ती योग्य जागेवर योग्य मोबदल्यासह' हे कर्मचारी व्यवस्थापनेचे मूलभूत तत्त्व आहे.

कारण:

• कार्यक्षमता: जेव्हा एखाद्या व्यक्तीला त्याच्या कौशल्यानुसार काम मिळते (योग्य व्यक्ती योग्य जागेवर), तेव्हा त्याची कार्यक्षमता वाढते.
• समाधान: योग्य कामासाठी योग्य मोबदला मिळाल्यास कर्मचाऱ्याला कामाचे समाधान मिळते.
• साधनसामग्रीचा वापर: योग्य निवडीमुळे मानवी संसाधनांचा अपव्यय टाळला जातो आणि संघटनेची उद्दिष्टे साध्य करणे सोपे जाते.

३) व्यवसाय संघटनांनी, पर्यावरण प्रदूषण व पर्यावरणीय असमतोल टाळला पाहिजे.

कारण:

• सामाजिक जबाबदारी: व्यवसाय हा समाजाचा एक भाग आहे. पर्यावरणाचे रक्षण करणे ही व्यवसायाची नैतिक जबाबदारी आहे.
• आरोग्य रक्षण: प्रदूषणामुळे मानवी आरोग्यावर गंभीर परिणाम होतात. हवा, पाणी आणि ध्वनी प्रदूषण टाळणे समाजाच्या हिताचे आहे.
• कायदेशीर बंधन: सरकारने प्रदूषणाबाबत कडक कायदे केले आहेत. त्याचे उल्लंघन केल्यास व्यवसायावर कारवाई होऊ शकते.

४) ग्राहकांच्या हक्काचे संरक्षण करणे हे ग्राहक संघटनांचे ध्येय असते.

कारण:

• पिळवणुकीविरुद्ध लढा: व्यापारी अनेकदा भेसळ, काळाबाजार किंवा चुकीच्या जाहिरातींद्वारे ग्राहकांची फसवणूक करतात. ग्राहक संघटना याविरुद्ध आवाज उठवतात.
• जागृती: या संघटना ग्राहकांना त्यांच्या हक्कांची आणि जबाबदाऱ्यांची जाणीव करून देतात.
• कायदेशीर मदत: ग्राहकांना न्यायालयात किंवा ग्राहक मंचाकडे तक्रार करण्यासाठी या संघटना मदत आणि मार्गदर्शन करतात.

```

प्र.७. खालील प्रश्न सोडवा (कोणतेही दोन) : [१० गुण]

```

१) ग्राहकांसाठी विपणनाचे असणारे महत्त्व स्पष्ट करा.

ग्राहकांसाठी विपणनाचे महत्त्व खालीलप्रमाणे आहे:

• जागृती निर्माण करणे: विपणनामुळे ग्राहकांना बाजारात येणाऱ्या नवीन वस्तूबद्दल, तिच्या किंमतीबद्दल आणि उपयोगाबद्दल माहिती मिळते.
• दर्जेदार वस्तू: विपणन संशोधनामुळे कंपन्या ग्राहकांच्या गरजा ओळखतात आणि त्यानुसार दर्जेदार वस्तू पुरवतात.
• वस्तूंची विविधता: विपणनामुळे ग्राहकांना निवडीसाठी अनेक पर्याय उपलब्ध होतात. ग्राहक त्यांच्या आवडीनुसार वस्तू निवडू शकतात.
• किंमत नियंत्रण: स्पर्धेमुळे कंपन्या वाजवी किंमतीत वस्तू देण्याचा प्रयत्न करतात, ज्याचा फायदा ग्राहकांना होतो.
• ग्राहक समाधान: विक्रीपश्चात सेवा आणि तक्रार निवारण यांसारख्या सुविधांमुळे ग्राहकांचे समाधान होते.

२) उद्योजकाची कार्ये स्पष्ट करा.

उद्योजक हा व्यवसायाचा मुख्य घटक असतो. त्याची कार्ये खालीलप्रमाणे आहेत:

• नावीन्यपूर्णता (Innovation): नवीन वस्तू, नवीन उत्पादन पद्धती किंवा नवीन बाजारपेठ शोधणे हे उद्योजकाचे मुख्य कार्य आहे.
• उद्दिष्टे निश्चित करणे: व्यवसायाची अल्पकालीन आणि दीर्घकालीन उद्दिष्टे ठरवणे.
• बाजारपेठेचा विकास: ग्राहकांची मागणी ओळखून त्यानुसार वस्तूंचे विपणन करणे.
• नवीन तंत्रज्ञान: बदलत्या काळानुसार व्यवसायात नवीन तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर करणे.
• चांगले संबंध: कर्मचारी, ग्राहक आणि पुरवठादार यांच्याशी चांगले संबंध ठेवणे.
• निधी उभारणी: व्यवसायासाठी आवश्यक भांडवलाची उभारणी करणे.

३) शास्त्रीय व्यवस्थापनाची कोणतीही पाच तत्त्वे स्पष्ट करा.

एफ. डब्ल्यू. टेलर यांनी मांडलेली तत्त्वे:

• विज्ञान आहे, अंगठ्याचा नियम नाही (Science, Not Rule of Thumb): काम हे वैज्ञानिक विश्लेषणावर आधारित असावे, जुन्या अंदाजे पद्धतींवर नसावे.
• समरसता, विवाद नाही (Harmony, Not Discord): व्यवस्थापन आणि कर्मचारी यांच्यात सामंजस्य असावे, संघर्ष नसावा.
• मानसिक क्रांती (Mental Revolution): मालक आणि कामगार यांच्या दृष्टिकोनात बदल झाला पाहिजे. एकमेकांबद्दल आदर असावा.
• सहकार्य, व्यक्तिवाद नाही (Cooperation): काम हे संघभावनेने आणि सहकार्याने केले पाहिजे, स्पर्धेने नव्हे.
• जबाबदारीचे विभाजन: नियोजन करण्याचे काम व्यवस्थापनाचे आणि अंमलबजावणीचे काम कामगारांचे असावे.

प्र.८. खालील प्रश्नाचे सविस्तर उत्तर लिहा (कोणतेही एक) : [८ गुण]

१) विपणनाचा अर्थ काय? विपणनाची कार्ये सविस्तर स्पष्ट करा.

अर्थ: विपणन ही एक अशी सामाजिक प्रक्रिया आहे ज्याद्वारे व्यक्ती आणि गट त्यांना हव्या असलेल्या वस्तू आणि सेवा निर्माण करून, देऊन आणि विनिमय करून आपल्या गरजा पूर्ण करतात. सोप्या भाषेत, ग्राहकांच्या गरजा ओळखून त्या नफ्यासह पूर्ण करणे म्हणजे विपणन.

```

विपणनाची कार्ये:

• विपणन संशोधन: बाजारातील स्थिती, ग्राहकांची आवड-निवड आणि स्पर्धक यांचा अभ्यास करणे. यामुळे ग्राहकाला नेमके काय हवे आहे हे समजते.
• खरेदी आणि एकत्रीकरण: उत्पादनासाठी कच्चा माल विविध ठिकाणांहून खरेदी करणे आणि एका ठिकाणी गोळा करणे.
• वस्तू रचना आणि विकास: ग्राहकांना आकर्षित करण्यासाठी वस्तूचे डिझाइन आकर्षक बनवणे. चांगल्या रचनेमुळे वस्तूची उपयुक्तता वाढते.
• प्रमाणीकरण आणि प्रतवारी: वस्तूंचा आकार, रंग, दर्जा यानुसार मानके ठरवणे (प्रमाणीकरण) आणि त्या मानकांनुसार वस्तूंचे गट करणे (प्रतवारी). उदा. ए-ग्रेड, बी-ग्रेड.
• वेष्टन आणि चिन्हांकन (Packaging and Labeling): वस्तूचे नुकसान होऊ नये आणि ती आकर्षक दिसावी म्हणून पॅकेजिंग करणे. तसेच वस्तूची माहिती (किंमत, घटक) वेष्टनावर छापणे (Labeling).
• मुद्रांकन (Branding): वस्तूला ओळख मिळवून देण्यासाठी तिला विशिष्ट नाव, चिन्ह किंवा लोगो देणे. ब्रँडमुळे वस्तू स्पर्धकांपेक्षा वेगळी दिसते.
• किंमत निश्चिती: वस्तूची किंमत ठरवणे हा महत्त्वाचा निर्णय असतो. किंमत ठरवताना खर्च, मागणी आणि स्पर्धा यांचा विचार करावा लागतो.
• संवर्धन (Promotion): जाहिरात, वैयक्तिक विक्री या माध्यमांतून ग्राहकांना वस्तू खरेदी करण्यासाठी प्रवृत्त करणे.
• वितरण: वाहतूक आणि गोदामाचा वापर करून वस्तू उत्पादकाकडून ग्राहकापर्यंत पोहोचवणे.

```

२) गोदामाचा अर्थ सांगा. गोदामांचे विविध प्रकार स्पष्ट करा.

अर्थ: गोदाम म्हणजे वस्तू साठवण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी व्यावसायिक इमारत. वस्तूंचे उत्पादन आणि वापर यांमधील काळासाठी वस्तू सुरक्षित ठेवण्याची व्यवस्था म्हणजे साठवणूक किंवा गोदाम होय.

```

गोदामांचे प्रकार:

• खाजगी गोदामे (Private Warehouses): मोठे उत्पादक किंवा व्यापारी स्वतःच्या वस्तू साठवण्यासाठी स्वतःची गोदामे बांधतात. यावर त्यांचे पूर्ण नियंत्रण असते.
• सार्वजनिक गोदामे (Public Warehouses): ही गोदामे सर्वसामान्यांसाठी असतात. ठराविक भाडे देऊन कोणताही व्यापारी येथे माल ठेवू शकतो. ही गोदामे लहान व्यापाऱ्यांसाठी उपयुक्त असतात.
• करदेय गोदामे (Bonded Warehouses): आयात केलेल्या मालावर जोपर्यंत सीमा शुल्क (Customs Duty) भरले जात नाही, तोपर्यंत हा माल या गोदामात ठेवला जातो. ही गोदामे बंदरांजवळ असतात आणि ती सरकारी परवान्याखाली चालतात.
• करदत्त गोदामे (Duty Paid Warehouses): आयातदाराने शुल्क भरले आहे, पण वाहतुकीची सोय नसल्यामुळे माल नेला नाही, तर तो या गोदामात ठेवला जातो. ही गोदामे बंदराजवळ असतात.
• शासकीय गोदामे: केंद्र किंवा राज्य सरकारद्वारे चालवली जाणारी गोदामे. उदा. केंद्रीय वखार महामंडळ (CWC). ही गोदामे शेतकरी आणि व्यापाऱ्यांसाठी कमी दरात उपलब्ध असतात.
• सहकारी गोदामे: सहकारी संस्थांनी आपल्या सभासदांच्या फायद्यासाठी ही गोदामे चालवलेली असतात.
• शीतगृहे (Cold Storage): नाशवंत वस्तू (उदा. फळे, भाज्या, दूध, मासे) साठवण्यासाठी ही गोदामे वापरली जातात. येथे तापमान कमी ठेवले जाते.

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Board Question Paper Solution: Organisation of Commerce and Management (February 2026)

Board Question Paper: February 2026

Subject: Organisation of Commerce and Management

Time: 3 Hrs. | Max. Marks: 80

Q.1. (A) Select the correct options and rewrite the sentences:

1. Principle of __________ is not applicable to life insurance. Answer: Indemnity

2. The transactions under __________ are between consumers and consumers. Answer: C2C

3. The functions of management end with __________. Answer: Controlling

4. Business should provide periodic information to __________. Answer: owners

5. Retail market is the market where retailer sells goods directly to the __________. Answer: consumer

Q.1. (B) Match the pairs:

Group 'A'	Group 'B' (Correct Answer)
(a) Principle of 'Unity' in Direction	(3) One head-one plan
(b) Pipeline transport	(4) Petroleum and gas
(c) Registration	(10) First step (in online transaction/consumer redressal)
(d) Economic objective	(9) To earn profit
(e) King of the market	(2) Consumer

Q.1. (C) State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Lok Adalat can rightly be described as people's court. Answer: True

2. NEFT stands for National Electric Fund Transfer. Answer: False (It stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer)

3. The term market is derived from the Latin word 'mercatus.' Answer: True

4. Every function of management is not based on planning. Answer: False (Planning is the basic function)

5. It is the responsibility of commercial organisation to maintain industrial peace. Answer: True

Q.1. (D) Arrange in proper order:

1. Purchase or sale, Delivery stage, Pre-purchase or sale. Answer: Pre-purchase or sale -> Purchase or sale -> Delivery stage

2. E-mail, Inland Letter, Courier service. Answer: Inland Letter -> Courier service -> E-mail

3. District Judge, Supreme Court Judge, High Court Judge. Answer: District Judge -> High Court Judge -> Supreme Court Judge

4. Local market, International market, National Market. Answer: Local market -> National Market -> International market

5. Controlling, Organizing, Planning. Answer: Planning -> Organizing -> Controlling

Q. 2. Explain the following terms / concepts (Any FOUR): [8 Marks]

1. Principle of Remuneration

Meaning: This principle of management, advocated by Henry Fayol, states that the remuneration (pay/wages) given to employees should be fair and reasonable.

Key Points:

• It implies that the pay should provide maximum satisfaction to both the employees and the employer.
• Fair remuneration increases the morale, productivity, and efficiency of employees.
• It helps in maintaining a healthy relationship between management and staff, reducing labor turnover.

2. Management

Meaning: Management is a universal process of getting things done through and with people to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently.

Key Points:

• It is considered both an art (dealing with people) and a science (systematic body of knowledge).
• It involves continuous functions such as Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, and Controlling.
• It integrates human, financial, and physical resources to achieve set objectives.

3. Communication

Meaning: Communication is the process of passing information, ideas, facts, thoughts, opinions, and emotions from one person to another.

Key Points:

• It is a two-way process involving a Sender and a Receiver.
• The process includes: Sender → Message → Encoding → Channel → Decoding → Receiver → Feedback.
• Effective communication is the lifeblood of any organization as it facilitates planning, decision-making, and coordination.

4. Organizing

Meaning: Organizing is the management function of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together.

Key Points:

• It creates the organizational structure (e.g., departments, hierarchy).
• It ensures that the right resources (men, money, material) are available at the right time.
• It eliminates confusion and duplication of work by clearly defining roles.

5. Insurance

Meaning: Insurance is a contract between two parties—the Insurer (Insurance Company) and the Insured (Policyholder)—whereby the insurer agrees to indemnify (compensate) the insured against a loss caused by a specified uncertain event.

Key Points:

• Premium: The consideration paid by the insured to the insurer for taking the risk.
• Risk Transfer: It is a mechanism of transferring risk from an individual to the insurance company.
• Principles like Indemnity, Insurable Interest, and Utmost Good Faith are applicable.

6. Public interest litigation (Janahit Yachika)

Meaning: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers to legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general public importance, rather than for the enforcement of individual rights.

Key Points:

• Locus Standi: Unlike normal cases, any public-spirited citizen or organization can file a PIL; the petitioner need not be the aggrieved party.
• Objective: Its main aim is to provide legal remedy to unrepresented groups or to issues affecting the larger public (e.g., environmental pollution, road safety).
• It is a strategic arm of the legal aid movement.

Q.3. Study the following case / situation and express your opinion (Any TWO):

Case 1: Mr. Raman is a successful manufacturer having production units at various locations. He has a large stock of raw material and finished goods. He is worried about safeguarding goods from financial loss. He requires to transfer goods from one unit to other. He also requires funds for expansion.

i. Name the service which will help him to safeguard goods from any damage. Answer: Warehousing service will help him safeguard the goods.

ii. Which service will help him to remove difficulty of place? Answer: Transport service will help remove the difficulty of place.

iii. From which service sector will Mr. Raman get financial support? Answer: Mr. Raman will get financial support from the Banking sector.

Case 2: Ajay purchased some gift articles online from www.flipkart.com. At the same time Sheetal purchased gift from e-bay.com.

i. Which website is related to C2C? Answer: e-bay.com is related to Consumer to Consumer (C2C) commerce.

ii. Which website is related to B2C? Answer: www.flipkart.com is related to Business to Consumer (B2C) commerce.

iii. Which first step does Ajay need to follow in online transaction? Answer: The first step is Registration (creating an account).

Case 3: An organisation manufacturing paints has been enjoying a prominent market position since many years. It has been dumping its untreated poisonous waste on the river bank, which has created many health problems for the nearby villages.

i. Which responsibility is neglected by the manufacturing organisation? Answer: The organization has neglected its Social Responsibility towards the Community/Society and protection of the environment.

ii. What kind of pollution they are doing? Answer: They are causing Water Pollution (and soil pollution).

iii. Write any one precautionary measure they need to take. Answer: They should set up an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) to treat the waste before disposing of it, or follow proper Waste Management protocols.

Q.4. Distinguish between the following (Any THREE): [12 Marks]

1. Directing and Controlling

Point of Difference	Directing	Controlling
Meaning	It is the process of instructing, guiding, communicating, inspiring, motivating, and supervising the employees to achieve organizational goals.	It is the process of comparing the actual performance with the predetermined standard performance and taking corrective measures if necessary.
Order	It is an executive function that follows organizing and staffing. It initiates action.	It is the last function of the management process. It follows directing.
Nature	It is a continuous process involving constant interaction with subordinates.	It is a result-oriented process that looks back to analyze performance.
Objective	To get the work done effectively and efficiently by the subordinates.	To ensure that the actual performance matches the standard performance.

2. Road Transport and Rail Transport

Point of Difference	Road Transport	Rail Transport
Speed	It has limited speed due to traffic and road conditions. It is slower over long distances.	It has faster speed compared to road transport. It is suitable for long distances.
Door-to-door Service	It provides door-to-door service, picking up goods from the source and delivering to the destination.	It does not provide door-to-door service. Goods must be brought to and taken from the railway station.
Suitability	Suitable for short distances, small quantities of goods, and perishable items.	Suitable for long distances, heavy and bulky goods, and large number of passengers.
Cost	It requires less capital investment but operating cost is relatively high.	It requires huge capital investment for tracks and engines, but operating cost is relatively low for bulk transport.

3. Traditional Business and E-business

Point of Difference	Traditional Business	E-business
Formation	Formation is difficult and time-consuming as it requires physical setup and various legal formalities.	Formation is relatively easy and takes less time as it relies on the internet and digital presence.
Physical Presence	It requires a physical existence (shops, offices) which can be seen and touched.	It does not require physical existence; it operates virtually through a website or app.
Transaction Cost	The cost of the transaction is high due to intermediaries and physical infrastructure.	The cost of the transaction is low as it eliminates intermediaries and physical overheads.
Customer Interaction	There is face-to-face interaction, which builds personal trust and relationships.	There is no face-to-face interaction; communication is screen-to-screen (digital).

4. District Commission and National Commission

Point of Difference	District Commission	National Commission
Area Covered	It covers a particular district.	It covers the entire country.
Monetary Jurisdiction	It entertains complaints where the value of goods or services paid as consideration does not exceed ₹50 Lakhs (as per CPA 2019 rules).	It entertains complaints where the value of goods or services paid as consideration exceeds ₹10 Crores.
President	A person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be a District Judge.	A person who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of a High Court.
Appeal	Appeal against its order lies with the State Commission.	Appeal against its order lies with the Supreme Court.

Q.5. Answer in brief (Any TWO): [8 Marks]

1. Explain any four rights of the consumer.

The Consumer Protection Act provides several rights to empower consumers. Any four are explained below:

• Right to Safety: This right protects consumers against the marketing of goods and services that are hazardous to life and property. For example, electrical appliances must meet safety standards (like ISI marks) to prevent injury.
• Right to Information: The consumer has the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard, and price of goods. This protects the consumer against unfair trade practices and helps them make informed choices.
• Right to Choose: This means the right to be assured, wherever possible, of access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices. In a monopoly, it means the right to be assured of satisfactory quality and service at a fair price.
• Right to be Heard: This right ensures that consumers' interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums. It also includes the right to be represented in various government and non-government bodies dealing with consumer issues.

2. Explain 4Ps of product marketing mix.

The marketing mix is the combination of variables that a firm uses to achieve its market goals. The 4Ps are:

• Product: This refers to the goods or services offered to the customer to satisfy their needs. It includes aspects like design, quality, features, packaging, and branding. The product must deliver value to the consumer.
• Price: This is the monetary value that a customer pays to purchase the product. Price is a critical element as it directly affects the revenue of the firm and the demand for the product. It includes pricing strategies, discounts, and credit terms.
• Place (Distribution): This refers to the channels and locations used to make the product available to the target customers at the right time. It involves decisions regarding storage, transportation, warehousing, and selection of intermediaries (wholesalers, retailers).
• Promotion: This includes all the activities undertaken to communicate the features and benefits of the product to the customers and persuade them to buy it. Tools include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations.

3. Explain any four features of business services.

Services are intangible activities that provide satisfaction of wants. Key features include:

• Intangibility: Services cannot be seen, touched, smelled, or tasted before they are purchased. For example, one cannot touch the 'transport' service, but can only experience the ride.
• Inseparability: The production and consumption of services happen simultaneously. Unlike goods, services cannot be separated from the service provider. For instance, a doctor must be present to treat a patient.
• Inconsistency (Heterogeneity): Services are not standardized; they vary depending on who provides them, when, and where. The experience of a haircut may differ even if done by the same barber on different days.
• Perishability: Services cannot be stored for future use. If a seat on a bus or a room in a hotel is vacant for a day, that potential revenue is lost forever.

Q.6. Justify the following statements (Any TWO) [8 Marks]

1. Principle of equity is important.

Justification:

• Fair Treatment: The principle of equity states that management should be fair as well as friendly to the subordinates. There should be no discrimination between employees based on caste, creed, religion, or gender.
• Motivates Employees: When employees feel they are treated fairly and with justice, they are motivated to work harder. It instills a sense of belonging and loyalty towards the organization.
• Reduces Conflicts: Equity helps in avoiding conflicts between the management and the workers. It creates a cordial relationship and a healthy work environment.
• Efficiency: Equal treatment regarding delegation of authority and monetary terms leads to better efficiency and reduces labor turnover.

2. 'Right person at right job with right pay' is the basic principle of staffing.

Justification:

• Optimal Utilization of Resources: Staffing ensures that the right person is recruited for the right job. This leads to the optimum utilization of human resources and prevents wastage of talent.
• Job Satisfaction: When an employee is placed in a job that matches their skills and qualifications ("Right Person at Right Job"), they feel satisfied and confident.
• Motivation through Fair Pay: The "Right Pay" component ensures that employees are compensated fairly for their work. Adequate remuneration acts as a strong motivator and improves productivity.
• Organizational Goals: Without the right staff at the right positions, other functions of management (like directing and controlling) become ineffective, making it difficult to achieve organizational goals.

3. Business organizations should avoid environmental pollution and ecological imbalance.

Justification:

• Protection of Public Health: Industrial activities often release harmful gases, chemicals, and waste. Pollution of air, water, and sound causes severe health problems for society. Avoiding this is a moral duty.
• Ecological Balance: Businesses extract resources from nature. If they exploit resources excessively or dump waste irresponsibly, it disturbs the ecological balance, affecting biodiversity and future generations.
• Social Responsibility: Business is a part of society. It has a responsibility to protect the environment in which it operates. Polluting the environment amounts to a violation of social trust.
• Legal Compliance: Governments have enacted strict laws against pollution. Violation of these laws can lead to heavy fines, legal action, or even the closure of the business.

4. Aim of consumer organizations is to protect the rights of the consumers.

Justification:

• Combating Exploitation: Consumers are often unorganized and vulnerable to exploitation by traders through adulteration, hoarding, black marketing, and misleading advertisements. Consumer organizations fight against these malpractices.
• Creating Awareness: These organizations educate consumers about their rights (Right to Safety, Information, etc.) and responsibilities through campaigns, workshops, and publications.
• Legal Assistance: They provide legal aid and guidance to consumers to file complaints in Consumer Redressal Forums (District/State/National Commissions).
• Representation: They represent the interest of consumers in various government committees and policy-making bodies to ensure pro-consumer laws are enacted.

Q.7. Attempt the following (Any TWO): [10 Marks]

1. Explain importance of marketing to the consumers.

Marketing is vital for consumers as it helps them in satisfying their needs and improving their standard of living. The importance is explained below:

• Promotes Product Awareness: Marketing activities like advertising and sales promotion inform consumers about new products, their utility, usage, and price. This awareness helps them make informed buying decisions.
• Provides Quality Products: Modern marketing is consumer-oriented. Companies conduct market research to understand consumer needs and strive to provide quality products that meet those needs, ensuring value for money.
• Variety of Products: Marketing ensures that a wide range of goods and services are available in the market. This gives consumers the freedom to choose products that best suit their preferences and budget.
• Helps in Selection: With a variety of products available, marketing communications (like labeling and branding) help consumers compare different products based on features, price, and quality, making selection easier.
• Consumer Satisfaction: The ultimate goal of marketing is consumer satisfaction. It doesn't end with the sale; it includes after-sales services, feedback mechanisms, and grievance redressal, ensuring the consumer remains happy.
• Regular Supply of Goods: Efficient distribution channels (Place mix) ensure that goods are available to consumers at the right time and right place, preventing shortages.

2. Explain the functions of an entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur is a person who starts a business and takes risks to earn profit. Their key functions include:

• Innovation: An entrepreneur is an innovator. They introduce new combinations of means of production, new products, new markets, or new methods of production to gain a competitive edge.
• Determination of Objectives: The entrepreneur has to determine the primary and secondary objectives of the enterprise. They must define the nature of the business and the type of business activities clearly.
• Development of Market: The entrepreneur has to find out different ways for marketing the products and services. They conduct market research to understand consumer demand and structure the marketing strategy accordingly.
• New Technology: In the global world, technology changes rapidly. An entrepreneur must keep up with the latest technology and introduce it in the production process to reduce costs and improve quality.
• Good Relations: It is necessary to maintain healthy relations with employees, suppliers, customers, and the government. A good entrepreneur creates a positive work environment and maintains industrial peace.
• Organizing Funds: Finance is the lifeblood of business. The entrepreneur must estimate the financial requirements and raise funds from various sources (banks, investors) at the right time.

3. Explain any five principles of scientific management.

F.W. Taylor, known as the "Father of Scientific Management," proposed principles to increase efficiency. Any five are:

• Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Taylor insisted that each job should be performed based on scientific analysis and not on intuition or past trial-and-error methods (Rule of Thumb). The "One Best Way" of doing a job should be developed.
• Harmony, Not Discord: There should be complete harmony between the management and the workers. Conflicts should be minimized. Both should realize that they are important to each other.
• Mental Revolution: This implies a complete change in the attitude of management and workers towards each other. They should shift their focus from fighting over the division of surplus (profits) to increasing the surplus together.
• Cooperation, Not Individualism: Scientific management emphasizes cooperation between management and workers. It is an extension of the principle of 'Harmony not Discord'. Competition should be replaced by cooperation.
• Division of Responsibility: There should be a clear division of work and responsibility. Management should focus on planning and thinking, while workers should focus on the execution of work.
• Development of Employer and Employees: Efficiency depends on the capabilities of the employees. Scientific management advocates for the scientific selection and training of employees to ensure their development and prosperity.

Q.8. Answer the following question in detail (Any ONE): [8 Marks]

1. What is marketing? Explain in detail its functions.

Meaning: Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. It involves identifying consumer needs and satisfying them profitably.

Functions of Marketing:

• Marketing Research: It is the starting point of marketing. It involves gathering and analyzing information about market trends, consumer preferences, and competition. This helps the organization to understand the needs and wants of the consumers. [Image of Marketing Research Process diagram]
• Buying and Assembling: It involves collecting raw materials from different sources at one place for production. Assembling means bringing together goods of similar quality from various producers to sell them under one brand name.
• Product Designing and Development: This function involves creating a product that meets consumer needs with attractive design and utility. A good design improves the performance of the product and gives it a competitive advantage.
• Standardization and Grading: Standardization means setting specific quality standards (size, color, design, weight). Grading is the process of sorting products into different groups (grades) based on these standards (e.g., A-grade, B-grade).
• Packaging and Labeling: Packaging refers to designing the wrapper or container for the product to protect it from damage and make it attractive. Labeling provides information about the product (ingredients, price, expiry date) on the package.
• Branding: Branding means giving a distinct name, sign, or symbol to the product to differentiate it from competitors. A brand helps in building product loyalty and image.
• Pricing: Pricing is determining the value exchange for the product. It is a critical decision as it affects the demand for the product and the profitability of the firm. Factors like cost, demand, and competition influence pricing.
• Promotion: It involves informing and persuading customers to buy the product. It includes advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity.
• Physical Distribution: This function involves moving goods from the place of production to the place of consumption. It includes transportation, warehousing, and inventory control.
• Customer Support Services: After-sales services are crucial for customer satisfaction. It includes handling complaints, maintenance services, technical support, and consumer credit.

2. What is a warehouse? Explain various types of warehouses.

Meaning: A warehouse is a commercial building for storing goods. Warehousing is a set of activities involved in storing goods on a large scale in a systematic and orderly manner, preserving them from damage and deterioration until they are needed for consumption.

Types of Warehouses:

• Private Warehouses: These are owned and operated by big manufacturers and merchants to fulfill their own storage needs. They are constructed near their factories or market places. The investment is high, but they have full control over operations.
• Public Warehouses: These are specialized business establishments that provide storage facilities to the general public for a certain charge. They are owned by an individual or a cooperative society. They work under a license from the government and are useful for small manufacturers and traders.
• Bonded Warehouses: These are licensed by the government to accept imported goods for storage until the payment of customs duty. They are located near ports. Importers can store goods here and pay duty in installments as they remove the goods.
• Duty-Paid Warehouses: These are public warehouses located near port areas where imported goods, on which duty has been paid, are stored. Importers who do not have their own warehouse or face transport issues use these facilities.
• Government Warehouses: These are owned, managed, and controlled by the Central or State Governments or public corporations (e.g., Central Warehousing Corporation, State Warehousing Corporation). They provide storage facilities to farmers, traders, and the government itself.
• Co-operative Warehouses: These are owned and managed by cooperative societies (e.g., marketing or agricultural cooperatives) for the benefit of their members. They provide storage facilities at economical rates to farmers and members.
• Cold Storage Warehouses: These are specialized warehouses for storing perishable goods like fruits, vegetables, milk, fish, and meat. They maintain a specific low temperature to preserve the quality of goods.

Board Question Paper: July 2024 - Secretarial Practice (HSC)

Maharashtra State Board

HSC Secretarial Practice (July 2024)

Question Paper with Complete Solutions

Code J-999 (E)

Time 3 Hrs.

Max. Marks 80

Seat No.

Notes:

• (1) All questions are compulsory.
• (2) Figures to the right indicate full marks for the questions.
• (3) Figures to the left indicate question numbers.
• (4) Answer to every question must be started on a new page.

Q. 1. Objective Questions [20 Marks]

(A) Write a word or a term or a phrase which can substitute each of the following statements : (5)

1. These shareholders are the ‘real masters’ of the company.
   Answer: Equity Shareholders
2. Transfer of shares due to operation of law.
   Answer: Transmission of Shares
3. The organisation which holds the securities in electronic mode.
   Answer: Depository
4. The return on investment paid to the shareholders of the company.
   Answer: Dividend
5. A market which provides long term funds.
   Answer: Capital Market

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Secretarial Practice Board Papers

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• S.P. - June 2024 - English Medium View
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• S.P. - March 2022 View
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• S.P. - March 2015 View
• S.P. - July 2015 View
• S.P. - March 2016 View
• S.P. - July 2016 View
• S.P. - March 2017 View
• S.P. - July 2017 View
• S.P. - March 2018 View
• S.P. - July 2018 View
• S.P. - February 2019 View

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(B) State whether the following statements are True or False : (5)

1. Equity shareholders enjoy fixed rate of dividend.
   Answer: False
2. Debenture holders are paid interest.
   Answer: True
3. Return of deposit must be filled every year on or before 31^st March.
   Answer: False (Correct: 30th June)
4. Electronic mode of holding securities is risky.
   Answer: False
5. Dividend once declared cannot be revoked.
   Answer: True

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(C) Select the correct option from the bracket : (5)

Question: Match the pairs using the options given below:

Group 'A'	Group 'B'
(a) Working Capital	(1) ____________________
(b) ____________________	(2) Employees Stock Option Scheme (ESOS)
(c) First Depository in India	(3) ____________________
(d) ____________________	(4) Dematerialization
(e) SEBI	(5) ____________________

Options: (Offering shares to permanent employees, Circulating Capital, Regulator of Capital Market, Physical to electronic mode, NSDL)

Solution (Correct Matches):

Group 'A'	Group 'B' (Answer)
(a) Working Capital	(1) Circulating Capital
(b) Offering shares to permanent employees	(2) Employees Stock Option Scheme (ESOS)
(c) First Depository in India	(3) NSDL
(d) Physical to electronic mode	(4) Dematerialization
(e) SEBI	(5) Regulator of Capital Market

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(D) Select the correct answer from the options given below and rewrite the sentences : (5)

1. Dividend is paid first to __________ shareholders.
   • (a) equity
   • (b) preference
   • (c) deferred
   Answer: (b) preference
2. When the trade bills are accepted by commercial banks, these are known as __________.
   • (a) treasury bills
   • (b) commercial bills
   • (c) commercial papers
   Answer: (b) commercial bills
3. Demated shares are __________.
   • (a) non-transferable
   • (b) fungible
   • (c) bearer
   Answer: (b) fungible
4. A __________ is one who expects fall in price of securities.
   • (a) bull
   • (b) bear
   • (c) jobber
   Answer: (b) bear
5. Payment of __________ dividend must be authorized by the Articles of Association.
   • (a) interim
   • (b) final
   • (c) bonus
   Answer: (a) interim

Q. 2. Explain the following terms / concepts (Any FOUR) [8 Marks]

1. Ploughing back of profit
   Companies do not distribute the entire profit earned as dividend to shareholders. A part of the profit is retained in the business for future growth and expansion. This process of retaining earnings and reinvesting them in the business is known as ploughing back of profit or self-financing.
2. Rights Issues
   When a company wants to raise further capital by issuing new equity shares, it must first offer these shares to its existing equity shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholding. Such an issue of shares is called a 'Rights Issue'. It is a statutory right of existing shareholders.
3. Debenture Trust Deed
   A Debenture Trust Deed is a legal instrument (contract) entered into between the company and the Debenture Trustees. It defines the terms and conditions of the debenture issue and the rights of debenture holders. It is executed to protect the interest of debenture holders.
4. Secured Deposit
   A secured deposit is a type of public deposit where the company creates a charge on its tangible assets in favor of the deposit holders. If the company fails to repay the deposit, the depositors can claim their dues from the secured assets.
5. Depositor
   A depositor is a person who deposits money with a company under the public deposit scheme. He/she is a creditor of the company and receives interest on the deposited amount at a fixed rate.
6. Broker
   A broker is a registered member of a Stock Exchange. He acts as an agent/intermediary between the investor and the Stock Exchange. He buys and sells securities on behalf of his clients and charges a commission called brokerage for his services.

Q. 3. Study the following cases / situations and express your opinion (Any TWO) [6 Marks]

1. Anushka Ltd. Company plans to raise ₹ 10 crores by issuing debentures. The Board of Directors have some queries. Please advise them on the following :
   1. Can the company issue convertible debentures?
   2. As the company is offering debentures to its members, can such debentures have normal voting rights?
   3. Capital raised by issuing debentures will be Owned Capital or Borrowed Capital?
   Solution:

   (a) Yes, Anushka Ltd. can issue convertible debentures, provided it is authorized by a special resolution passed in the general meeting.

   (b) No, debenture holders are creditors of the company, not owners. Therefore, the company cannot issue debentures with voting rights.

   (c) The capital raised by issuing debentures will be treated as Borrowed Capital (Debt Capital).

2. A, B and Company Ltd. is an eligible Public Company as per the Companies Act, 2013 with reference to accepting public deposits :
   1. Can the company accept deposits in joint names?
   2. Can the company accept deposits from its members?
   3. Can the company issue secured deposits?
   Solution:

   (a) Yes, the company can accept deposits in joint names (usually up to 3 names are allowed).

   (b) Yes, being an eligible public company, it can accept deposits from its members as well as from the public.

   (c) Yes, the company can issue secured deposits by creating a charge on its tangible assets.

3. Mr. R. J. holds 100 shares of Viraj Co. Ltd. in Demat mode :
   1. He wants to transfer one share each to his wife, daughter and son. Can he do so?
   2. Does he need to submit DRF or DIS if he wants to transfer his shares?
   3. Can he nominate his wife in his demat account?
   Solution:

   (a) Yes, he can transfer one share each. In Demat mode, shares are fungible, and there is no concept of odd lots; even a single share can be transferred.

   (b) He needs to submit a DIS (Delivery Instruction Slip) to his Depository Participant (DP) to transfer shares. (DRF is used for converting physical shares to demat).

   (c) Yes, he can nominate his wife in his demat account.

Q. 4. Distinguish between the following (Any THREE) [12 Marks]

1. Owned Capital and Borrowed Capital

   Point	Owned Capital	Borrowed Capital
   Meaning	It is the capital provided by the owners (shareholders) of the company.	It is the capital borrowed from creditors (debenture holders, banks, depositors).
   Return	Shareholders get dividend as a return. It is fluctuating.	Creditors get interest as a return. It is fixed.
   Status	Providers are owners of the company.	Providers are creditors of the company.
   Voting Rights	Equity shareholders enjoy voting rights.	Creditors do not have voting rights.

2. Initial Public Offer (IPO) and Further Public Offer (FPO)

   Point	IPO	FPO
   Meaning	It is the first time offer of shares by a company to the public.	It is the subsequent offer of shares to the public by an existing listed company.
   Sequence	IPO precedes FPO. It is the first step.	FPO comes after IPO.
   Listing	Company gets listed on stock exchange for the first time.	Company is already listed.
   Risk	Risk is higher as the company is new to the market.	Risk is relatively lower as past performance is known.

3. Interim Dividend and Final Dividend

   Point	Interim Dividend	Final Dividend
   Meaning	Dividend declared between two Annual General Meetings (AGMs).	Dividend declared at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) after the close of the financial year.
   Authority	Board of Directors has the power to declare it.	Recommended by Board but declared by Shareholders.
   Timing	Declared in the middle of the financial year.	Declared after the end of the financial year.
   Revocation	Can be revoked with the consent of shareholders in certain cases (rare).	Once declared, it becomes a debt and cannot be revoked.

4. Primary Market and Secondary Market

   Point	Primary Market	Secondary Market
   Meaning	Market where new securities are issued for the first time. Also called New Issue Market.	Market where existing securities are bought and sold. Also called Stock Exchange.
   Mode of Investment	Direct investment in the company.	Indirect investment via other investors.
   Parties Involved	Company and Investors.	Investors and Investors.
   Price Determination	Price is fixed by the company.	Price is determined by demand and supply forces.

Q. 5. Answer in brief (Any TWO) [8 Marks]

1. State the features of Bonds.

   Features of Bonds:

   • Nature of Finance: It is a debt finance. It provides long-term borrowed capital to the company.
   • Status of Holder: Bondholders are creditors of the company. They are not owners and do not have voting rights.
   • Return: Bondholders get a fixed rate of interest, which is payable at regular intervals or on maturity.
   • Repayment: Bonds have a specific maturity date when the principal amount is repaid.
2. State any four terms and conditions regarding acceptance of deposit.

   Terms and Conditions:

   • Period of Deposit: Deposits can be accepted for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 36 months.
   • No Demand Deposit: Companies cannot accept deposits repayable on demand.
   • Secured/Unsecured: A company can accept secured or unsecured deposits. If secured, a charge on assets must be created within 30 days.
   • Application Form: The company must provide an application form containing a declaration by the depositor that the deposit is not made out of borrowed funds.
3. Explain DP as the constituent of Depository system.

   Depository Participant (DP):

   • DP is an agent of the Depository (NSDL/CDSL).
   • It acts as a link between the Depository and the Investor (Beneficial Owner).
   • It interacts directly with clients/investors.
   • Financial institutions, banks, stockbrokers, etc., can act as DPs if registered with SEBI.
   • It maintains the securities account of the investor and processes instructions like transfer, transmission, etc.

Q. 6. Justify the following statements (Any TWO) [8 Marks]

1. Equity shareholders are real owners and controllers of company.

   Justification:

   • Equity shareholders bear the ultimate risk of the business. If the company incurs losses, they may not get any dividend or even their capital back.
   • They enjoy voting rights at General Meetings, allowing them to elect the Board of Directors and influence management decisions.
   • They have a residual claim on the company's profits and assets.
   • Since they assume the greatest risk and have voting power, they are considered the real owners and controllers.
2. A shareholder of a public company can transfer shares.

   Justification:

   • Free transferability of shares is a fundamental characteristic of a Public Limited Company.
   • The shares of a public company are movable property and can be transferred from one person to another.
   • In the case of listed companies, shares are easily traded on the stock exchange.
   • The Articles of Association of a public company cannot put an absolute restriction on the transfer of shares.
3. Unpaid dividend cannot be used by the company.

   Justification:

   • Dividend declared but not paid or claimed within 30 days must be transferred to a special account called 'Unpaid Dividend Account' within 7 days.
   • The money in this account is held in trust for the shareholders.
   • If the money remains unpaid/unclaimed for 7 years, it must be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF).
   • Therefore, the company cannot utilize this money for its business operations.
4. Capital market is useful for corporate sector.

   Justification:

   • The capital market provides long-term funds required for business expansion, modernization, and new projects.
   • It enables companies to raise capital through the issue of shares, debentures, and bonds.
   • It provides a platform (Stock Exchange) for the trading of securities, ensuring liquidity for investors, which makes the company's securities attractive.
   • It helps in capital formation and promotes industrial growth.

Q. 7. Attempt the following (Any TWO) [10 Marks]

1. Write a letter to the member for the payment of dividend through Dividend Warrant.
   Drafted Letter:

   ABC Industries Ltd.

   Regd. Office: 123, M.G. Road, Mumbai - 400 001.

   ---

   Phone: 022-12345678
   Date: 25th July 2024

   Ref: D/2024/101
   
   To,
   Mr. Rahul Sharma,
   15, Palm Heights,
   Pune - 411 004.

   Subject: Payment of Dividend on Equity Shares.

   Dear Sir,

   I am instructed by the Board of Directors to convey that in the 25th Annual General Meeting held on 20th July 2024, a Final Dividend at the rate of ₹ 2 per equity share of ₹ 10 each has been approved for the year ending 31st March 2024.

   Your name appears in the Register of Members as on the Record Date. The details of dividend payable to you are as follows:

   Folio No.	No. of Shares	Distinctive Nos.	Dividend per Share (₹)	Total Dividend (₹)
   A-105	100	501 - 600	2.00	200.00

   We are enclosing herewith Dividend Warrant No. 4567 dated 25th July 2024 for ₹ 200/-.

   Thanking you,

   Yours faithfully,
   For ABC Industries Ltd.
   
   (Signature)
   Company Secretary

   Encl: Dividend Warrant No. 4567

2. Draft a letter of allotment to debentureholder.
   Drafted Letter:

   XYZ Motors Ltd.

   Regd. Office: Plot No. 55, MIDC, Aurangabad - 431 001.

   ---

   Date: 20th July 2024

   To,
   Ms. Priya Patil,
   Nashik.

   Subject: Allotment of Debentures.

   Dear Madam,

   In response to your application No. D-505 dated 1st July 2024, I am directed by the Board of Directors to inform you that you have been allotted 100, 10% Non-Convertible Debentures of ₹ 100 each. The tenure of debentures is 5 years.

   The details of allotment are as follows:

   Folio No.	No. of Debentures Allotted	Distinctive Nos.	Amount Received (₹)
   D-202	100	1001 - 1100	10,000

   The Debenture Certificate will be sent to you within the statutory period.

   Thanking you,

   Yours faithfully,
   For XYZ Motors Ltd.
   
   (Signature)
   Company Secretary

3. Draft a letter of thanks to the depositor of a company.
   Drafted Letter:

   Sunshine Finance Ltd.

   Regd. Office: 22, Business Bay, Nagpur - 440 001.

   ---

   Date: 22nd July 2024

   To,
   Mr. S. K. Deshmukh,
   Nagpur.

   Subject: Letter of Thanks for Deposit.

   Dear Sir,

   We are in receipt of your application dated 15th July 2024 along with a Cheque No. 123456 for ₹ 50,000/- for placing a Fixed Deposit with our company for a period of 2 years.

   We are thankful to you for showing confidence in our company and depositing your valuable savings with us. We assure you of our best services.

   The Fixed Deposit Receipt (FDR) No. 8899 is enclosed herewith. The details of the deposit are:

   • Amount: ₹ 50,000/-
   • Period: 2 Years
   • Interest Rate: 9% p.a.
   • Maturity Date: 21st July 2026

   Thanking you,

   Yours faithfully,
   For Sunshine Finance Ltd.
   
   (Signature)
   Company Secretary

   Encl: Fixed Deposit Receipt No. 8899

Q. 8. Answer the following questions (Any ONE) [8 Marks]

1. What is preference shares? Explain its features.

   Definition: Preference shares are those shares which carry certain preferential rights over equity shares. They have a preferential right regarding payment of dividend and repayment of capital at the time of winding up of the company.

   Features of Preference Shares:

   1. Preference for Dividend: Preference shareholders have the first right to receive dividend before it is paid to equity shareholders.
   2. Preference for Repayment of Capital: In the event of liquidation (winding up) of the company, preference shareholders are paid back their capital before equity shareholders.
   3. Fixed Return: They carry a fixed rate of dividend. The rate is decided at the time of issue.
   4. Nature of Capital: It is considered as safe capital for investors who prefer steady income and safety of principal. However, for the company, it is permanent capital (redeemable after a certain period).
   5. No Voting Rights: Generally, preference shareholders do not have normal voting rights in the company's management. They can vote only on matters directly affecting their rights (e.g., reduction of capital, winding up).
   6. Accumulation of Dividend: In case of Cumulative Preference Shares, unpaid dividend accumulates and is paid in future years.
   7. Market Value: The market value of preference shares does not fluctuate as much as equity shares because the dividend rate is fixed.
2. Explain the procedure for issue of debentures.

   Procedure for Issue of Debentures:

   1. Pass Resolution in Board Meeting: The Board of Directors must pass a resolution to issue debentures, approving the amount, type, interest rate, and terms of issue.
   2. Hold Extra-Ordinary General Meeting (EGM): If the borrowing exceeds the limit (Paid-up Capital + Free Reserves), shareholders' approval via Special Resolution is required in an EGM.
   3. Filing with Registrar: The company must file the special resolution and other documents with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
   4. Obtain Credit Rating: The company must get its debentures rated by one or more Credit Rating Agencies (e.g., CRISIL, CARE). The rating must be disclosed in the offer document.
   5. Enter into Underwriting Agreement: If needed, the company enters into an agreement with underwriters to ensure the issue is subscribed.
   6. Issue Prospectus / Letter of Offer: The company issues a prospectus (for public issue) or letter of offer (for private placement) inviting applications.
   7. Open Separate Bank Account: Application money received must be kept in a separate bank account.
   8. Receiving Applications: Investors submit applications along with the money.
   9. Hold Board Meeting for Allotment: After the issue closes, the Board meets to approve the allotment of debentures.
   10. Issue Debenture Certificates: Certificates must be issued to the allottees within 6 months of allotment.
   11. Create Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR): The company must create DRR out of profits available for dividend.

Title: Maharashtra Board HSC Secretarial Practice Question Paper & Solution July 2024 Labels: HSC, Secretarial Practice, Board Question Paper, July 2024, Solved Paper, Class 12 Commerce Permanent Link: maharashtra-board-hsc-secretarial-practice-question-paper-solution-july-2024 Search Description: Complete and accurate solutions for the Maharashtra Board HSC Secretarial Practice July 2024 Exam. Includes objective answers, letters, and detailed explanations.