Places in My Town | Term 3 Unit 3 | Class 3 English Lesson

Term 3 Chapter 3: Places in my Town

UNIT 3: Places in my Town

I am here to book my ticket. Can you tell where I am?

Let us recall

1. Name the picture to your friend.

Doctor, Postman

2. Circle the things you find in your school.

3. What is this? Write and show.

Places in My Town

Look and say

School

Post office

Library

Hospital

Police station

Market

Bus stop

Park

Zoo

Railway station

Note to the teacher: Practise vocabulary using the picture. Ask the children to name the places seen in the picture.

The World Around Us | 3rd English Term 1 Unit 3 | Landform Vocabulary

3rd English: Term 1 Unit 3: The World Around Us

UNIT 3: The World Around Us

My house is located near the mountain. Where is yours?

Look and say

desert

volcano

oasis

plain

island

glacier

valley

mountain

river

lake

Note to the teacher: Practise vocabulary using the picture. Ask the children to name the landforms seen in the picture.

3rd English Term 1 Unit 1: Our Kitchen | Vocabulary and Guide

3rd English : Term 1 Unit 1 : Our Kitchen

UNIT 1 Our Kitchen

Hi ! I am Nila. I help in the kitchen. Do you?

Look and say

Funnel

Strainer

Pot

Mixer

Stove

Tablespoon

Cutting – board

Churner

Knife

Peeler

Note to the teacher: Practise vocabulary using the picture. Ask the children to name the objects seen in the picture.

Bowl

Tray

Rolling pin

Kettle

Tumbler

Cup

Saucer

Plate

Grater

Lemon squeezer

lota

2nd English Term 3 Unit 3: Food We Eat - Lesson and Exercises

Food We Eat

UNIT 3: Food We Eat

This chapter introduces vocabulary related to different types of food and their tastes.

Let us recall

1. Name the pictures.

2. Tick (✓) the correct word for the pictures.

3. Trace

Look and say

Note to the teacher: Practise vocabulary using the picture. Ask children to say the adjectives seen in the pages.

Vocabulary Guide: Clipping, Blends, and Idioms for 8th English

Clipping, Blends, idiom - Vocabulary

8th English : Unit 4 : Prose : My Reminiscence

Vocabulary Introduction

1. Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. These words are called clipped words.

2. A blend word or a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words.

3. An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers.

Clipped Words

Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. These words are called clipped words.

advertisement – ad

automobile – auto

cabriolet – cab

examination – exam

fanatic – fan

gasoline – gas

gymnasium – gym

hamburger – burger

influenza – flu

laboratory – lab

luncheon – lunch

mathematics – math

memorandum – memo

moving picture – movie

pantaloons – pants

photograph – photo

refrigerator – fridge

university – varsity

zoological park – zoo

telephone - phone

a. Find out the clipped words for the following.

1. aeroplane - plane

2. microphone - mike

3. exhibition - expo

4. kilogram - kilo

5. cafeteria – cafe

b. Find and use the clipped words in your own sentence.

1. photograph - photo : This photo is good.

2. gymnasium - gym : I go to the gym everyday.

3. luncheon - lunch : We had our lunch at this hotel.

4. advertisement - ad : Give an ad for this product.

5. zoological park – zoo : My friends visited the zoo yesterday.

Blends

A blend word or a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words.

binary + digit = bit

breakfast + lunch = brunch

camera + recorder = camcorder

electro + execute = electrocute

electronic + mail = email

mechanics + electronics = mechatronics

motor + pedals = moped

motor + hotel = motel

news + broadcast = newscast

smoke + fog = smog

Spanish + English = Spanglish

vital + amine = vitamin

a. Combine the words to form blends.

1. international + police = interpol

2. helicopter + pad = helipad

3. motor + hotel = motel

4. education + satellite = edusat

5. electronic + commerce = E-commerce

b. Use the blended words in your own sentence.

1. electrocute -
Answer: Don’t touch that wire or else you will electrocute yourself.

2. spanglish -
Answer: She speaks spanglish well.

3. moped -
Answer: Next week I will buy a moped.

4. brunch -
Answer: I had my brunch at 12 noon.

5. smog –
Answer: The thick smog caused many problems to the people of this area.

Idioms

An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. This meaning is different from the literal meaning of the idiom's individual elements. In other words, idioms don't mean exactly what the words say. They have, however, hidden meaning.

Example: "Kick the bucket".

The meaning of the expression is different from the literal meaning or definition of the word of which it is made. The meaning is used figuratively - "to die". Here are some interesting idioms.

Food Idioms

1. Bad Egg - A dishonest or ill-behaved person.

Example: He was a bad egg.

2. A piece of cake - A task that can be accomplished very easily.

Example: English is a piece of cake.

Sport Idioms

1. The ball is in your court - It is your turn to make a decision.

Example: I've done more than my share in this partnership. The ball is in your court to decide what happens next.

2. Saved by the bell - Saved by a last minute intervention.

Example: The accused was saved by the bell otherwise the judge would have pronounced the sentence today itself.

Number Idioms

1. On cloud nine - Blissfully happy.

Example: The grandmother was on cloud nine to see her grandson after a long time.

2. At sixes and sevens - confused or in a state of disorder.

Example: The government were at sixes and sevens over what to do about the unemployment rate.

Colours Idioms

1. Caught red-handed - to catch someone in the act of doing something.

Example: He was caught red-handed while stealing those candy bars.

2. Black sheep - to be the outcast, odd one out, unlike the others.

Example: Rachel is the black sheep in the team.

Animal Idioms

1.At a snail’s pace - Moving very slowly.

Example: Traffic is moving at a snail’s pace.

2.let the cat out of the bag - reveal a secret.

Example: Who let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party?

Match the Idioms with their meanings.

Idiom

1. a piece of cake

2. on cloud nine

3. perfect ten

4. at a snail’s pace

5. apple of my eye

Meaning

a. Moving very slowly

b. easy

c. Blissfully happy

d. someone who is cherished above all others

e. completely perfect

Answer

1. a piece of cake - b) easy

2. on cloud nine - c) Blissfully happy

3. perfect ten - e) completely perfect

4. at a snail’s pace - a) Moving very slowly

5. apple of my eye - d) someone who is cherished above all others

Fill in the blanks with the meanings for the following Idioms.

1. take five - to take a short break, about 5 minutes.

2. pieces of eight - an old silver Spanish coin, worth 8 reales.

3. black and blue - bruised, either physically or emotionally.

4. wild goose chase - a worthless hunt or chase.

5. seventh heaven - a state of bliss or extreme happiness

6. a couch potato - a lazy individual, addicted to television-watching

7. the lion’s share - the largest part or portion of something

8. in black and white - in a written or printed form, more likely to be true or definite

9. drop the ball - to make a mistake; to miss an opportunity.

10. cat's meow - Something or someone highly enjoyable, or impressive

Additional Vocabulary Practice

CLIPPED WORDS

1. Choose the clipped form of the word for ‘bicycle'.

(a) byke (b) bike (c) cycle (d) bicy

[Answer: (b) bike]

2. Choose the clipped form of the word for ‘advertisement'.

(a) advertise (b) ad (c) ads (d) advert

[Answer: (b) ad]

3. Choose the clipped form of the word for ‘demonstration'.

(a) demo (b) demon (c) station (d) demons

[Answer: (a) demo]

4. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘motorbike'.

(a) motor (b) moto (c) bikes (d) bike

[Answer: (d) bike]

5. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘pressure cooker’.

(a) cooker (b) pressure (c) sure (d) cook

[Answer: (a) cooker]

6. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘handkerchief'.

(a) hand (b) chief (c) kerchief (d) handker

[Answer: (c) kerchief]

7. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘newscast'.

(a) cast (b) new (c) casts (d) news

[Answer: (d) news]

8. Choose the clipped from of the word for ‘public house’.

(a) pub (b) public (c) house (d) use

[Answer: (a) pub]

BLENDED WORDS

1. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘interpol’.

(a) international + policy (b) interstate + police (c) international + politics (d) international + police

[Answer: d) international + police]

2. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘lecdem’.

(a) lector + demarcate (b) lecture + demand (c) lecture + demonstration (d) lecture + demonstrator

[Answer: (c) lecture + demonstration]

3. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘brunch’

(a) brief + lunch (b) breakfast + lunch (c) break + crunch (d) break + lunch

[Answer: b) breakfast + lunch]

4. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘medicare’

(a) medical + scare (b) medicine + care (c) medical + care (d) medical + daycare

[Answer: (c) medical + care]

5. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘edutainment’.

(a) education + department (b) education + entertainment (c) educational + (d) educate + entertain

[Answer: (b) education + entertainment]

6. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘infotech’.

(a) information + technological (b) inform + technical (c) information + technology (d) information + technique

[Answer: (c) information + technology]

7. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘bit’.

(a) biotic + digit (b) billion + digit (c) binary + bitt (d) binary + digit

[Answer: (d) binary + digit]

8. Choose the right combination for the blended word ‘byte’.

(a) binary + table (b) binary + template (c) byline + tech (d) bypass + technique

[Answer: (a) binary+table]

IDIOMS - ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

Food Idioms.

1. A hard nut to crack - a difficult problem to deal with.
Example: This problem is a hard nut to crack.

2. In the soup - to be in a difficult situation.
Example: When Harry lost his job, he was really in the soup.

3. Bread and butter - basic things needed to survive.
Example: Teaching is my bread and butter.

4. To bring home the bacon - to earn a salary.
Example: I’m looking for a job and so I need to do something to bring home the bacon.

5. have bigger fish to fry - have more important thing to fry
Example: I have bigger fish to fry than this silly matters.

Sport Idioms.

1. Get the ball rolling - Do something to begin a process.
Example: As we are going to get the ball rolling now, please be seated.

2. Ball park figure - A rough estimate.
Example: Do you have a ball park figure for the cost of the renovations?

3. Heavy Hitter - a powerful, influential person.
Example: Tendulkar is a heavy hitter.

Number Idioms.

1. A million and one - very many.
Example: There are no answers for a million and one questions asked by these people.

2. Be in seventh heaven - Extremely happy.
Example: She was in seventh heaven, where she watched her favourite band play live.

3. Six feet under - Dead and buried.
Example: You can’t get my property, until I am six feet under.

Colours Idioms.

1. Beet red - dark red.
Example: My sister’s face turned beet red when I caught her singing in front of a mirror.

2. Black and Blue - bruised and beaten.
Example: We found the poor guy black and blue, near the train tracks.

3. Golden opportunity - The perfect chance.
Example: The model’s conference was a golden opportunity for me to sell my beauty products.

Animal Idioms.

1. Cat nap - a short sleep.
Example: I am going to have a cat nap while you’re cooking dinner.

2. Dog’s days - very hot days.
Example: We sleep in the basement during the dog days of August.

3. Horse around - play roughly
Example: If you are going to horse around, please go outside.

Mastering Prefix, Suffix, and Syllabification | 8th English Vocabulary Guide

Prefix and Suffix, Syllabification - Vocabulary

8th English : Unit 3 : Prose : Sir Issac Newton - The Ingenious Scientist

Prefix: A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word.
Suffix: A suffix is an affix which is placed after the root word. These suffixes change the meaning or grammatical function of a root word.
Syllabification: Syllabication is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables. It is splitting of words according to the syllables or unit of sounds or vowel sounds.

Prefix and Suffix

Prefix

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the prefix un-is added to the word happy, it creates the new word unhappy.

a. Underline the prefix in each word in the boxes

Answer:

unlock , distrust , rewrite , untrue , dislike , unhook , unsafe , unlucky , remix , disown , relocate , disclose

Suffix

A suffix is an affix which is placed after the root word. These suffixes change the meaning or grammatical function of a root word.

Example:

fat + er =fatter

drive + ing =driving

change + able = changeable

use +less = useless

beauty +ful =beautiful

lie +ing = lying

b. Pick a suitable prefix and suffix from the given box and complete the following words.

Options: able, ful, ly, sub, ion, un, tri, re, im, mis

Answer:

Recall

Comfortable

Subcategory

Misunderstand

Improper

Successful

Equally

Tricolor

Construction

newly

Syllabification

Syllabication is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables. It is splitting of words according to the syllables or unit of sounds or vowel sounds. It has six types. They are:

1. Monosyllabic 2. Disyllabic (or) Bisyllabic 3.Trisyllabic 4. Tetrasyllabic 5. Pentasyllabic 6. Polysyllabic (or) Multisyllabic.

The process of dividing words into smaller parts or syllables is called 'Syllabification'.

a. Syllabify the following words

1. education : ed-u-ca-tion

2. school : school

3. college : col-lege

4. english : Eng-lish'

5. opportunity : op-por-tu-ni-ty

6. friend : friend

7. teacher : teach-er

8. simultaneously : si-mul-ta-ne-ous-ly

9. laboratory : lab-o-ra-to-ry

10. beneficiary : ben-e-fi-ci-ar-y

Vocabulary Guide: Singular, Plural, and Compound Words for 8th English

Singular and Plural, Compound words - Vocabulary

8th English | Unit 2 | Prose : Hobby Turns into a Successful Career

Introduction to Plurals and Compound Words

We have seen how to form plural from singular for certain nouns and now we are going to see the other forms of plurals. Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new meaning.

Singular and Plural

We have seen how to form plural from singular for certain nouns and now we are going to see the other forms of plurals.

Compound words

Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new meaning.

Some important compound words using (NOUN + NOUN)

Some important compound words using (GERUND + NOUN)

Some important compound words using (NOUN + VERB)

Exercises

A. Match the following compound words and write them:

B. Choose the best answer to make a compound word

1. Which can be placed after ‘soft’?

• a) play
• b) ware
• c) run
• d) cycle

Show Answer

software

2. Which can be placed before 'light’?

• a) Try
• b) sun
• c) horse
• d) cat

Show Answer

sunlight

3. Which can be placed after ‘safe’?

• a) chair
• b) guard
• c) shop
• d) van

Show Answer

safeguard

4. Which can be placed after ‘blue’?

• a) cane
• b) print
• c) see
• d) land

Show Answer

blueprint

5. Which can be placed after ‘water’?

• a) food
• b) stick
• c) fall
• d) out

Show Answer

waterfall

VOCABULARY ADDITIONAL

Singular & Plural

Write the plural form of the given words:

• 1. boy : boys
• 2. tax : taxes
• 3. city : cities
• 4. mouse : mice
• 5. teeth : tooth
• 6. aircraft : aircraft
• 7. basis : bases
• 8. formula : formulae
• 9. man-servant : men-servants
• 10. proof : proofs

COMPOUND WORDS

Match the following compound words and write them:

• hand
• over
• child
• watch
• safe
• moon
• river
• land

• written
• load
• hood
• man
• guard
• light
• bed
• mark

Show Answers

• hand + written = handwritten
• over + load = overload
• child + hood = childhood
• watch + man = watchman
• safe + guard = safeguard
• moon + light = moonlight
• river + bed = riverbed
• land + mark = landmark

Choose the best answer to make a compound word:

1. Which can be placed after ‘key’

• a) ball
• b) board
• c) mark
• d) cut

Show Answer

keyboard

2. Which can be placed before ‘office’

• a) food
• b) chair
• c) cycle
• d) post

Show Answer

post office

3. Which can be placed after ‘blue’

• a) green
• b) shop
• c) cross
• d) land

Show Answer

blue-cross

4. Which can be placed before ‘come’

• a) school
• b) play
• c) out
• d) go

Show Answer

outcome

5. Which can be placed after ‘dining’

• a) shop
• b) table
• c) food
• d) port

Show Answer

dining table

Homophones, Abbreviations, and Acronyms | Vocabulary for 8th English Unit 1 Prose: The Nose-Jewel

Vocabulary, Abbreviation and Acronyms

8th English : Unit 1 : Prose : The Nose-Jewel

Introduction

Homophones are words with same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Example: PM - Prime Minister. An acronym is a shortened form of a phrase and is usually made up of the initial letters of that phrase. for example: NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Vocabulary

Homophone

Homophones are words with same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling.

For Example:

• new – knew
• hole – whole
• knight – night
• see – sea

a. Pick out the correct homophone.

1. I am not allowed to drink soda. (aloud, allowed)
2. The wind blew the leaves. (blue, blew)
3. I will meet my friend. (meat, meet)
4. He will play the role in the second play. (role, roll)
5. I have seen the movie already. (scene, seen)

b. Choose the correct homophone.

1. Every morning my father likes to look at the ________ on the grass.

   a) due

   b) dew

   [Answer: (b) dew]

2. Chennai is the ________ of Tamilnadu.

   a) capitol

   b) capital

   [Answer: (b) capital]

3. I was very ________ last weekend because my friends went to the village without informing me.

   a) bored

   b) board

   [Answer: (a) bored]

4. The cat caught the _______ of a mouse.

   a) scent

   b) cent

   [Answer: (a) scent]

5. The _______ rises in the east.

   a) son

   b) sun

   [Answer: (b) sun]

Abbreviation and Acronyms

a. Abbreviation:

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Example: PM - Prime Minister

Example:

• ATM: Automated Teller Machine
• GB: Giga Byte
• PC: Personal Computer
• CEO: Chief Educational Officer
• EMIS: Education Management Information System
• IAS: Indian Administrative Service
• NMMS: National Means cum Merit Scholarship
• SBI: State Bank of India
• OTP: One Time Password
• IFSC: Indian Financial System Code
• PDF: Portable Document Format
• LED: Light Emitting Diode
• UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply
• GST: Goods and Services Tax

b. Acronyms:

An acronym is a shortened form of a phrase and is usually made up of the initial letters of that phrase. for example: NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Example:

• AVADI: Armoured Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India
• RAM: Random Access Memory
• ROM: Read-Only Memory
• NEET: National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
• UDISE: Unified District Information System for Education
• PAN: Permanent Account Number
• WHO: World Health Organization
• NEWS: North, East, West and South.
• SIM: Subscriber Identification Module
• LAN: Local Area Network
• VAT: Value Added Tax

Expand the following:

1. ECG - Electrocardiogram
2. ILO - International Labour Organisation
3. SCERT - State Council of Educational Research and Training
4. IIT - Indian Institute of Technology
5. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
6. FIR - First Information Report
7. UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
8. UNICEF - United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
9. NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
10. AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
11. ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
12. UFO - Unidentified Flying Object
13. FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions

---

1. GST - Goods and Services Tax.
2. BPL - Below Poverty Line
3. BSF - Border Security Force
4. CBEC - Central Board of Excise and Customs
5. CBI - Central Bureau of Investigation
6. CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education
7. CCTV - Closed-Circuit Television
8. CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamp
9. NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation
10. SSC - Staff Selection Commission

Title: Glossary: A Dilemma by Silas Weir Mitchell (Supplementary Story)

Glossary - A Dilemma | by Silas Weir Mitchell | Supplementary/Story

Glossary

ingenious (adj.) - clever, original and inventive

mania (n) - an extensive, persistent desire, an obsession

malicious (adj.) - spiteful, intended to harm or upset someone

queer (adj.) - strange, odd

appalled (adj.) - horrified, shocked

oddity (n) - the quality being strange or peculiar

closet (n) - cupboard

incredible (adj.) - impossible to believe

contrive (v) - cook up, hatch a plan by deliberate use of skills

despotic (adj.) - tyrannical, autocratic

avarice (n) - extreme greed for wealth

jest (n) - a joke

vivisection (n) - a surgery conducted on a living organism for experimental purposes.

Tags : A Dilemma | by Silas Weir Mitchell | Supplementary/Story , 10th English: UNIT 7 : Supplementary/Story: A Dilemma

Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail

10th English: UNIT 7 : Supplementary/Story: A Dilemma : Glossary | A Dilemma | by Silas Weir Mitchell | Supplementary/Story

Vocabulary Exercises: Homophones and Confused Words from 'The Dying Detective'

Vocabulary - The Dying Detective | by Arthur Conan Doyle | Prose

Vocabulary

Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. The text has many homophones such as : see-sea, hear-here, knew-new.

C. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct options given.

1. Niteesh bought a new (knew/new) cricket bat.
2. The shepherd heard (herd/heard) the cry of his sheep.
3. Lakshmi completed her baking course (course/coarse) successfully.
4. Priya has broken her fore (four/fore) limbs.
5. Leaders of the world must work towards the peace (peace/piece) of human race.

Use the given examples and make sentences of your own.

Commonly confused words

English has a lot of commonly confused words. They either look alike or look and sound alike, but have completely different meanings and usage. Here are some examples from the text.

brought (v) - past participle of bring. E.g. Anitha had brought a book from the library.

Buy bestselling books online

bought (v) - past participle of buy. E.g. Lalitha had bought a new dress last week.

affect (v) - to have an effect on. E.g. The pet’s death affected his master.

effect (n) - anything brought about by a cause or agent; result. E.g. Both El Nino and La Nina are opposite effects of the same phenomenon.

D. Complete the tabular column by finding the meaning of both the words given in the boxes. Use them in sentences of your own.

lost (v) - unable to be found - I have lost my ticket. / She lost her mother.

last(adj) - coming at the end/final - At the last moment, he changed his mind.

paused (v) - stopped for a short time - She paused to get her breath back and then carried on jogging.

passed (v) - approved - The Assembly passed the money bill.

pitcher (n) - a round container for liquid - He poured water into the pitcher / He brought a pitcher of water.

picture (n) - a drawing or painting - Raja painted a picture of my dog.

Glossary for 'The Dying Detective' by Arthur Conan Doyle | Prose Analysis

Glossary - The Dying Detective | by Arthur Conan Doyle | Prose

Vocabulary

gaunt (adj.) - lean, especially because of suffering, hunger or age.

twitched (v) - give short, sudden jerking movements.

contagious (adj.) - spreading of a disease from one person to another by direct contact

groan (v) - make a deep inarticulate sound conveying pain or despair.

plague (n) - a contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever .

bolted (v) - closed the door with a bar that slides into a socket.

mantle piece (n) - a structure of wood or marble above or around the fireplace.

half-crown (n) - a former British coin equal to two shillings and sixpence (12 1/2p).

tongs (n) - a device used for picking up objects consisting of two long pieces free at one end and pressed together at the other end.

delirious (adj.) - disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness.

frail (adj.) - weak and delicate.

startled (v) - felt sudden shock or alarm.

scuffle (v) - to have a sudden short fight

Vocabulary Exercises for 'The Last Lesson' by Alphonse Daudet

Vocabulary - The Last Lesson

by Alphonse Daudet | Prose

C. Match the Idiomatic Phrases

In column A are some of the idiomatic phrases from the essay. Match them with equivalent single words in column B:

D. Frame Your Own Sentences

Frame sentences of your own using the above idiomatic phrases.

go far : Every one was sure he would go far.

blow up : The car blew up as soon as it hit the wall.

show up : I invited him for 8 o’ clock but he didn’t show up until 9.30.

call on : We are able to call on academic staff with a wide variety of expertise. He’s planning to call on Catherine today.

break off : He started speaking and broke off in the middle of the sentence

knuckle under : He won’t knuckle under to their demands

E. Find the Meanings

Given below are some idiomatic phrases. Find the meaning of it using the dictionary:

put on : wear

come in : enter

try again : repeat

walk away : go

time out : rest

try again : attempt

Vocabulary Guide: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Contractions in English

Vocabulary: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Contractions

Understanding the Basics

Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr. or Prof.) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase that usually form another word (such as radar or scuba).

Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words.

We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form.

Common Contractions

Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they:

• ’m = am (I’m)
• ’re = are (you’re, we’re, they’re)
• ’s = is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s)
• ’ve = have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)
• ’ll = will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll)
• ’d = had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d)

Contractions with auxiliary verb and not:

The contraction for not is n’t:

• aren’t = are not (we aren’t, you aren’t)
• can’t = cannot
• couldn’t = could not
• didn’t = did not (I didn’t, they didn’t)

C. Pick out the contractions from the lesson and expand them.

Contractions : Expansions

• that’s : that is
• I’m : I am
• you’re : you are
• It’s : It is
• she’s : she is
• Don’t : Do not
• didn’t : did not
• can’t : can not
• I’d, we’d : I would, we would
• they’re : they are

Examples of Abbreviations

We can abbreviate the following:

D. Expand the following abbreviations or acronyms

1. SIM : Subscriber Identification Module
2. ISRO : Indian Space Research Organization
3. WHO : World Health Organization
4. CCTV : Closed-Circuit Television
5. HDMI : High-Definition Multimedia Interface
6. LASER : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
7. MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8. CRY : Child Rights and You
9. RAM : Random Access Memory
10. ROM : Read-Only-Memory
11. CPU : Central Processing Unit
12. ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit

E. Complete the sentences with the correct abbreviations or acronyms from the given list.

a.m. etc. BCE e.g HD m IQ GPS p.m. vs

1. My dad wakes up very early in the morning because he has to be at work at 6.00 a.m.
2. Socrates, the famous Classical Greek Athenian philosopher, died in 399 BCE.
3. Leonardo Da Vinci was a famous Italian polymath, a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, a scientist etc.
4. I usually return home from work at 10.30 p.m. .
5. John downloaded a clip from YouTube in HD quality.
6. There are many irregular verbs in the English language, e.g. break, do, make.
7. I’m watching a great football match, Barcelona vs Real Madrid.
8. Humans who dive without protection can survive 300 m under water.
9. A 11-year-old girl just beat Einstein on an IQ test.
10. We used the GPS facility to track the location.

Mastering Compound Words and Affixes: Vocabulary from 'The Attic' by Satyajit Ray

Vocabulary (compound words) - The Attic | by Satyajit Ray | Prose

Compound Words

Read these sentences:

1. Beyond the iron gates were the playing field and the two-storeyed school building.

2. The owner of the tea shop, now over sixty, a little rustic in appearance, with his white neatly-combed hair and clean look, was the same as before.

3. His nerves seemed overwrought for some reason.

The words in italics are Compound words. A compound word is a combination of two or more words that function as a single unit of meaning.

C. Complete the following table with two more compound words.

• ❖ Noun + Noun : kitchen garden, school bus, table spoon
• ❖ Noun + Verb : mouthwash, sunset, pen stand
• ❖ Verb + Noun : watchman, playground, call taxi
• ❖ Preposition + Noun : overcoat, underworld, upstream
• ❖ Gerund + Noun : bleaching powder, walking stick, dining hall
• ❖ Noun + Gerund : housekeeping, birdwatching, babysitting
• ❖ Adjective+ Preposition + Noun : good for nothing, lack of food, free of cost
• ❖ Noun + Preposition + Noun : mother-in-law, line-by-line, day-to-day

D. Combine the words in column A with those in column B to form compound words as many as you can.

Answer

• rainfall
• snowball / snowfall
• starlight
• drawback
• plaything / playback
• lottery ticket
• underworld
• manhole
• sidewalk/ backside
• footnote

E. Form compound words from the boxes given below and fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow with the appropriate compound words.

1. Siva visited the hair stylist to have a clean haircut.
2. Tharani had given the sarees for dry cleaning.
3. The green house is a natural process that warms the earth’s surface.
4. Never wait for an alarm clock to wake you up.
5. The children were late to school as there was a traffic jam near the toll plaza.
6. The government expects every individual to promptly pay the income tax.
7. People usually wear sun glasses during summer.
8. The patients were asked to sit in the waiting room until the doctor arrived.
9. With teamwork we are able to multiply our output.
10. The room was looking bright with the colourful wallpaper.

AFFIXES

Read the following line taken from the text:

In the English language, new words can be formed by a process called affixation. Affixation means adding affixes to the root word to form a new word. Affixes can be classified into prefix and suffix. If an affix is attached to the beginning of a word, it is called a Prefix. If an affix is attached to the end of the word, it is called a Suffix.

Examples:

Prefixes: illiterate, disqualify, supernatural, suburban, malnutrition.

Suffixes: childhood, ability, examination, establishment, slavish.

F (i) Form new words by adding appropriate prefix/suffix:

1. accurate: inaccurate, accuracy
2. understand: misunderstand, understanding
3. practice: practical, impractical, malpractice
4. technology: technologist, technological
5. fashion: fashionable, fashionate
6. different: indifferent, difference, differentiate
7. child: childish, childhood, childlike
8. national: nationally, nationality, international
9. origin: originally, originality, originate
10. enjoy: enjoyment, enjoyable

F (ii) Frame sentences of your own using any five newly formed words.

1. Raja misunderstood me for a lawyer.
2. Stephen is a well-known computer technologist.
3. We never forget our childhood days.
4. Wipro is an international company.
5. Reading books is an enjoyable hobby.

G. Fill in the blanks by adding appropriate prefix/suffix to the words given in brackets.

1. He was sleeping comfortably in his couch. (comfort)
2. Kavya rides a bicycle to school. (cycle)
3. There was only a handful of people in the theatre. (hand)
4. It is illegal to cut sandalwood trees. (legal)
5. The arrival of the President has been expected for the last half an hour. (arrive)
6. The man behaved abnormally in front of the crowd. (normal)
7. Swathy had no intention of visiting the doctor. (intend)
8. The bacteria are so small that you need a microscope to see them. (scope)