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Class 12 Physics Important Questions with Solutions Maharashtra Board 2025-26

XII HSC Physics Important Question Bank (2025-26)

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

  • 1) Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal force. [2M]
  • 2) What is banking of road, obtain an expression for max and min safety speed of vehicles along curve horizontal road. [4M]
  • 3) Draw neat labelled diagram and derive Expression for conical pendulum. [3M]
  • 4) Derive expression for vertical circular motion. [3M]
  • 5) State and prove perpendicular axis theorem. [3M]
  • 6) State and prove parallel axis theorem. [4M]
  • 7) State and Prove law of conservation of angular momentum. [3M]
  • 8) Define Radius of Gyration and write its significance. [2M]
  • 9) Derive expression for kinetic energy of a Rolling body. [3M]

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

  • 1) Define Intermolecular force, Adhesive and Cohesive force, range of molecules. [1M each]
  • 2) What is surface energy? Obtain relation between surface tension and surface energy. [3M]
  • 3) Define Surface tension, state its S.I. unit and dimension. [3M]
  • 4) Define angle of contact? State its four characteristics. [3M]
  • 5) Derive Laplace's law (Excess Pressure). [4M]
  • 6) Define Capillary action and derive expression for rise and fall of liquid in the capillary tube. [3M]
  • 7) Define critical velocity, Reynolds number, coefficient of velocity. [1M each]
  • 8) Stoke's law, terminal velocity. [1M each]

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

  • 1) Derive the expression for pressure exerted by the gas. [4M]
  • 2) Define RMS velocity. [1M]
  • 3) Write short note on: Ferry's black body draw a neat labelled diagram. [3M]
  • 4) State and explain wien's displacement law? [3M]
  • 5) State Stefan's law. [1M]
  • 6) Define Emissive power and coefficient of Emission of body. [1M each]
  • 7) State and prove Kirchhoff's law of heat radiation. [3M]
  • 8) Derive Mayer's Relation. [3M]

THERMODYNAMICS

  • 1) State first law of thermodynamic. [1M]
  • 2) Thermodynamics Equilibrium. [2M]
  • 3) Heat Engine. [4M]
  • 4) Carnot Cycle. [4M]
  • 5) Distinguish between thermal processes. [2M]
  • 6) Derive expression for work done of Isothermal and adiabatic process. [3M]

OSCILLATIONS

  • 1) Define SHM? State its differential Equation? [2M]
  • 2) Obtain expression for acceleration, Velocity and displacement. [4M]
  • 3) Composition of two SHM's. [4M]
  • 4) State and derive expression for kinetic energy and potential energy. [3M]
  • 5) Define simple pendulum, derive expression for the period of motion of simple pendulum on which factor it depends upon? [3M]
  • 6) Distinguish free and forced vibration. [2M]
  • 7) Damp Oscillation. [2M]
  • 8) Define second's pendulum? [2M]

SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES

  • 1) Derive equation for stationary wave. (3M)
  • 2) Conditions for Nodes and Antinodes. (2M)
  • 3) Derive the Expression for beats. (3M)
  • 4) Laws of vibrating string. (3M)
  • 5) Explain phenomenon for production of beats. (2M)
  • 6) Show that only odd harmonics are present in pipe closed at one end. (3M)
  • 7) Show that odd and even harmonics are present for pipe open at both the ends. (3M)
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WAVE OPTICS

  • 1) Postulates of Huygen's wave theory of light. (2M)
  • 2) Derive the laws of refraction of light using Huygen's principle. (3M)
  • 3) Explain what is meant by polarization. (2M)
  • 4) Derive Malus laws. (3M)
  • 5) What is Brewster's law? Derive the formula for Brewster angle. (3M)
  • 6) Describe YDSE experiment. (4M)
  • 7) Condition for constructive and destructive interference. (2M)
  • 8) Condition for obtaining good interference pattern. (2M)
  • 9) What are Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffractions. (2M)
  • 10) Resolving power. (3M)
  • 11) Explain Rayleigh's criterion. (2M)

ELECTROSTATICS

  • 1) Obtain expression for electric field intensity due to uniformly charged spherical shell or hollow sphere. (3M)
  • 2) Obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to an infinitely long straight charged wire or charged conducting cylinder. (3M)
  • 3) State Gauss law. (1M)
  • 4) Obtain an expression for electric field due to an infinite charged plane sheet. (3M)
  • 5) Derive an expression for electric potential due to an electric dipole. (3M)
  • 6) Define equipotential surface. State and explain its properties. (2M)
  • 7) Define capacity of the capacitor. (2M)
  • 8) Energy stored in a capacitor. (2/3M)
  • 9) With the help of neat diagram, explain how non-polar dielectric material is polarised in external electric field? [3M]

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

  • 1) State and Explain Kirchoff's law. (2M)
  • 2) Obtain the balancing condition in case of Wheatstone bridge. (3M)
  • 3) State and explain the concept of potentiometer. (3M)
  • 4) Define Potential Gradient. (1M)
  • 5) Write a note on galvanometer. (2M)
  • 6) Describe kelvin's method to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by using a meter bridge. (3M)
  • 7) Explain how MCG is converted into an ammeter. [3M]

MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

  • 1) Describe the magnetic field near a current in a long, straight wire. State the expression for the magnetic induction near a straight infinitely long current-carrying wire. [3M]
  • 2) State the factors which the magnetic force on a charge depends upon. Hence state the expression for the Lorentz force on a charge due to an electric field as well as a magnetic field. [3M]
  • 3) Define the SI unit of magnetic induction from Lorentz force. [1M]
  • 4) Explain the condition under which a charged particle will travel through a uniform magnetic field in a helical path. [3M]
  • 5) State under what conditions will a charged particle moving through a uniform magnetic field travel in (i) a straight line (ii) a circular path (iii) a helical path. [3M]
  • 6) What is a cyclotron? State its principle of working. [4M]
  • 7) Biot-savarts law. [2M]
  • 8) Current Carrying in parallel wires. [3M]

MAGNETIC MATERIALS

  • 1) Explain the directional characteristic of a bar magnet. [2M]
  • 2) State the expression for the torque acting on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. [3M]
  • 3) Explain what is meant by magnetic potential energy of a bar magnet kept in a uniform magnetic field. Discuss the cases when theta = 0, 180, and 90 degrees. [3M]
  • 4) Derive the expression for the time period of angular oscillations of a bar magnet kept in a uniform magnetic field. [3M]
  • 5) What is the gyromagnetic ratio of an orbital electron? State its dimensions and the SI unit. [2M]

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

  • 1) Describe Faraday's magnet and coil experiment. What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment? [3M]
  • 2) State the causes of induced current and explain them on the basis of Lenz's law. [2M]
  • 3) State an expression for the magnetic flux through a loop of finite area A inside a uniform magnetic field. Hence discuss Faraday's second law. [3M]
  • 4) State the SI units and dimensions of (i) magnetic induction (ii) magnetic flux. [2M]
  • 5) Determine the motional emf induced in a straight conductor moving in a uniform magnetic field with constant velocity. [3M]
  • 6) What is an ac generator? State the principle of an ac generator. [3M]
  • 7) Explain back emf in a motor. [3M]
  • 8) Explain the concept of self-induction. [3M]
  • 9) Derive an expression for the energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor. [3M]
  • 10) Obtain an expression for the self-inductance of a solenoid. [3M]
  • 11) Obtain an expression for the energy density of a magnetic field. [3M]
  • 12) Explain the concept/phenomenon of mutual induction. [2M]
  • 13) What is a transformer? State the principle of working of a transformer. [4M]
  • 14) Derive expressions for a transformer for the emf and current in terms of the turn's ratio. [3M]

AC CIRCUITS

  • 1) Write an expression for an alternating emf that varies sinusoidally with time. [4M]
  • 2) Draw a Phasor diagram showing e and i in the case of a purely inductive circuit. [3M]
  • 3) An alternating emf is applied to an LR circuit. Obtain the expressions for the applied emf and the effective resistance. Draw the phasor diagram. [3M]
  • 4) An alternating emf is applied to a CR circuit. Obtain an expression for the phase difference and effective resistance. Draw the phasor diagram. [4M]
  • 5) What is meant by the term impedance? State the formula for it in the case of an LCR series circuit. [3M]
  • 6) State the expression for the average power consumed over one cycle in the case of a series LCR AC circuit. [3M]
  • 7) How are oscillations produced using an inductor and a capacitor. [3M]
  • 8) Explain electrical resonance in an LCR series circuit. Deduce the expression for the resonant frequency of the circuit. [3M]
  • 9) Explain the term sharpness of resonance and Q factor (quality factor). [2M]

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

  • 1) What was Hertz's observation regarding emission of electrons from a metal surface? [3M]
  • 2) With a neat diagram, describe the apparatus to study the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [3M]
  • 3) Define (1) threshold frequency (2) threshold wavelength (3) stopping potential. [3M]
  • 4) State the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [2M]
  • 5) Explain how wave theory of light fails to explain the characteristics of photoelectric effect. [3M]
  • 6) Give Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. [4M]
  • 7) Write Einstein's photoelectric equation and explain its various terms. How does the equation explain various features? [4M]
  • 8) What is a photocell? Describe its construction and working with a neat labelled diagram. [3M]
  • 9) Derive an expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. [3M]

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI

  • 1) With the help of a neat labelled diagram, describe the Geiger-Marsden experiment. [3M]
  • 2) Explain Rutherford's model of the atom. [2M]
  • 3) State and explain the formula that gives wavelengths of lines in the hydrogen spectrum. [3M]
  • 4) Derive an expression for the linear speed of an electron in a Bohr orbit. Show it is inversely proportional to principal quantum number. [3M]
  • 5) How is the nuclear size determined? State the relation between nuclear size and mass number. [3M]
  • 6) Define mass defect and state an expression for it. [3M]
  • 7) Explain the term nuclear binding energy and binding energy per nucleon. [3M]
  • 8) State the law of radioactive decay and express it in the exponential form. [3M]
  • 9) Define half-life of a radioactive element and obtain the relation between half-life and decay constant. [3M]
  • 10) Postulates of Bohr atomic model. [2M]

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

  • 1) What is a PN-junction diode? What is a depletion region? What is barrier potential? [3M]
  • 2) Explain the forward bias and reverse bias conditions of a diode. [3M]
  • 3) What is rectification? How does a pn-junction diode act as a rectifier? [3M]
  • 4) Distinguish between a half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier. [2M]
  • 5) Explain ripple in the output of a rectifier. What is ripple factor? [2M]
  • 6) Explain Zener breakdown. [2M]
  • 7) Explain the I-V characteristics of a photodiode. [2M]
  • 8) What is a light-emitting diode (LED)? [3M]
  • 9) Describe with a neat diagram the construction of an LED. [4M]
  • 10) What are the different transistor configurations in a circuit? Show them schematically. [3M]
  • 11) Define AND, OR, and NOT logic gates. Give logic symbol, Boolean expression and truth table of each. [3M]
  • 12) Obtain the relation between alpha_DC and beta_DC. [2/3M]
Note: All questions listed above are important for the 2025-2026 HSC examinations. Ensure you focus particularly on the questions with higher mark allocations.

HSC Physics Board Papers with Solution

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