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Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic. State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic

Exercise 1.1

Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic  Exercise 1.1


Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic  Exercise 1.1


Chapter 1: Mathematical Logic  Exercise 1.1



Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board

EXERCISE 1.1Q 1    PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 1 | Page 2

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

A triangle has ‘n’ sides

SOLUTION

It is an open sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

[Note: Answer given in the textbook is ‘it is a statement’. However, we found that ‘It is not a statement’.]

EXERCISE 1.1Q 2    PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 2 | Page 2

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180°

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 3    PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 3 | Page 2

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

You are amazing!

SOLUTION

It is an exclamatory sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 4    PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 4 | Page 2

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Please grant me a loan.

SOLUTION

It is a request. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 5    PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 5 | Page 2

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

√-4  is an irrational number.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, it’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 6   PAGE 2

Exercise 1.1 | Q 6 | Page 2

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

x2 − 6x + 8 = 0 implies x = −4 or x = −2.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, it’s truth value if F.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 7    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 7 | Page 3

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

He is an actor.

SOLUTION

It is an open sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 8    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 8 | Page 3

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Did you eat lunch yet?

SOLUTION

It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 9   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 9 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Have a cup of cappuccino.

SOLUTION

It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 10    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 10 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 for all x, y ∈ R. 

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 11    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 11 | Page 3

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Every real number is a complex number.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 12   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 12 | Page 3

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

1 is a prime number.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, it’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 13   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 13 | Page 3

State which of the following sentences is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

With the sunset the day ends.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 14    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 14 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

1 ! = 0

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, it’s truth value is F.

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect]

EXERCISE 1.1Q 15    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 15 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

3 + 5 > 11

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, it’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 16   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 16 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

The number π is an irrational number.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

[Note: Answer in the textbook is incorrect]

EXERCISE 1.1Q 17   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 17 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

x2 - y2 = (x + y)(x - y) for all x, y ∈ R.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 18    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 18 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

The number 2 is the only even prime number.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 19   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 19 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Two co-planar lines are either parallel or intersecting.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 20   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 20 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

The number of arrangements of 7 girls in a row for a photograph is 7!.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 21   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 21 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Give me a compass box.

SOLUTION

It is an imperative sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 22   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 22 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Bring the motor car here.

SOLUTION

It is an imperative sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 23    PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 23 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

It may rain today.

SOLUTION

It is an open sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 24   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 24 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

If a + b < 7, where a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0 then a < 7 and b < 7.

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, it’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.1Q 25   PAGE 3

Exercise 1.1 | Q 25 | Page 3

State which of the following sentence is a statement. Justify your answer if it is a statement. Write down its truth value.

Can you speak in English?

SOLUTION

It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.


EXERCISE 1.2 [PAGE 6]

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.2 [Page 6]

Write the truth value of the following statement.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 1.1   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.1 | Page 6

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

e is a vowel or 2 + 3 = 5

SOLUTION

Let p : e is a vowel.

q : 2 + 3 = 5

The symbolic form is p ∨ q.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 1.2   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.2 | Page 6

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

Mango is a fruit but potato is a vegetable.

SOLUTION

Let p : Mango is a fruit.

q : Potato is a vegetable.

The symbolic form is p Λ q.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 1.3   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.3 | Page 6

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

Milk is white or grass is green.

SOLUTION

Let p : Milk is white.

q : Grass is green.

The symbolic form is p ∨ q.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 1.4   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.4 | Page 6

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

I like playing but not singing.

SOLUTION

Let p : I like playing.

q : I do not like singing.

The symbolic form is p ∧ q.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 1.5   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 1.5 | Page 6

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

Even though it is cloudy, it is still raining.

SOLUTION

Let p : It is cloudy.

q : It is still raining.

The symbolic form is p ∧ q.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 2.1   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.1 | Page 6
Write the truth value of the following statement.

Write the truth value of the following statement.

Earth is a planet and Moon is a star.

SOLUTION

Let p : Earth is a planet.

q : Moon is a star.

The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

∴ p ∧ q ≡ T ∧ F ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 2.2   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.2 | Page 6

Write the truth value of the following statement.

16 is an even number and 8 is a perfect square.

SOLUTION

Let p : 16 is an even number.

q : 8 is a perfect square.

The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

∴ p ∧ q ≡ T ∧ F ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 2.3   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.3 | Page 6

Write the truth value of the following statement.

A quadratic equation has two distinct roots or 6 has three prime factors.

SOLUTION

Let p : A quadratic equation has two distinct roots.

q : 6 has three prime factors.

The truth values of p and q are F and F respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∨ q.

∴ p ∨ q ≡ F ∨ F ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

EXERCISE 1.2Q 2.4   PAGE 6

Exercise 1.2 | Q 2.4 | Page 6

Write the truth value of the following statement.

The Himalayas are the highest mountains but they are part of India in the North East.

SOLUTION

Let p : Himalayas are the highest mountains.

q : Himalayas are the part of India in the north east.

The truth values of p and q are T and T respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

∴ p ∧ q ≡ T ∧ T ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

EXERCISE 1.3PAGE 7

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.3 [Page 7]

EXERCISE 1.3Q 1.1  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.1 | Page 7
Write the negation of the following statement.


Write the negation of the following statement.

All men are animals.

SOLUTION

Some men are not animals.

EXERCISE 1.3Q 1.2  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.2 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following statement.

− 3 is a natural number.

SOLUTION

– 3 is not a natural number.

EXERCISE 1.3Q 1.3  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.3 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following statement.

It is false that Nagpur is capital of Maharashtra

SOLUTION

Nagpur is capital of Maharashtra.

EXERCISE 1.3Q 1.4  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 1.4 | Page 7

Write the negation of the following statement.

2 + 3 ≠ 5

SOLUTION

2 + 3 = 5

EXERCISE 1.3Q 2.1  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.1 | Page 7
Write the truth value of the negation of the following statement.

Write the truth value of the negation of the following statement.

5

√5 is an irrational number.

SOLUTION

Truth value of the given statement is T.

∴ Truth value of its negation is F.

EXERCISE 1.3Q 2.2  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.2 | Page 7

Write the truth value of the negation of the following statement.

London is in England.

SOLUTION

Truth value of the given statement is T.

∴ Truth value of its negation is F.

EXERCISE 1.3Q 2.3  PAGE 7

Exercise 1.3 | Q 2.3 | Page 7

Write the truth value of the negation of the following statement.

For every x ∈ N, x + 3 < 8.

SOLUTION

Truth value of the given statement is F.

∴ Truth value of its negation is T.

EXERCISE 1.4PAGES 10 - 11

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.4 [Pages 10 - 11]

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.1    PAGE 10
Write the following statement in symbolic form.
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.1 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

If triangle is equilateral then it is equiangular.

SOLUTION

Let p : Triangle is equilateral.

q : Triangle is equiangular.

The symbolic form is p → q.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.2   PAGE 10
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.2 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

It is not true that “i” is a real number.

SOLUTION

Let p : i is a real number.

The symbolic form is ~ p.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.3   PAGE 10
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.3 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Even though it is not cloudy, it is still raining.

SOLUTION

Let p : It is cloudy.

q : It is raining.

The symbolic form is ~p ∧ q.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.4   PAGE 10
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.4 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Milk is white if and only if the sky is not blue.

SOLUTION

Let p : Milk is white.

q : Sky is blue.

The symbolic form is p ↔ ~ q.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.5   PAGE 10
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.5 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Stock prices are high if and only if stocks are rising.

SOLUTION

Let p : Stock prices are high.

q : Stock are rising

The symbolic form is p ↔ q.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 1.6   PAGE 10
Exercise 1.4 | Q 1.6 | Page 10

Write the following statement in symbolic form.

If Kutub-Minar is in Delhi then Taj-Mahal is in Agra.

SOLUTION

Let p : Kutub-Minar is in Delhi.

q : Taj-Mahal Is in Agra.

The symbolic form is p → q.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 2.1    PAGE 11
Find the truth value of the following statement.
Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.1 | Page 11

Find the truth value of the following statement.

It is not true that 3 − 7i is a real number.

SOLUTION

Let p : 3 – 7i is a real number.

The truth value of p is F.

The given statement in symbolic form is ~p.

∴ ~ p ≡ ~ F ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 2.2    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.2 | Page 11

Find the truth value of the following statement.

If a joint venture is a temporary partnership, then discount on purchase is credited to the supplier.

SOLUTION

Let p : A joint venture is a temporary partnership. q : Discount on purchase is credited to the supplier.

The truth value of p and q are T and F respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p → q.

∴ p → q ≡ T → F ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 2.3   PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.3 | Page 11

Find the truth value of the following statement.

Every accountant is free to apply his own accounting rules if and only if machinery is an asset.

SOLUTION

Let p : Every accountant is free to apply his own accounting rules.

q : Machinery is an asset.

The truth values of p and q are F and T respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ↔ q.

∴ p ↔ q ≡ F ↔ T ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 2.4    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.4 | Page 11

Find the truth value of the following statement.

Neither 27 is a prime number nor divisible by 4.

SOLUTION

Let p : 27 is a prime number.

q : 27 is divisible by 4.

The truth values of p and q are F and F respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is ~ p ∧ ~ q.

∴ ~ p ∧ ~ q ≡ ~ F ∧ ~ F ≡ T ∧ T ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 2.5    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 2.5 | Page 11

Find the truth value of the following statement.

3 is a prime number and an odd number.

SOLUTION

Let p : 3 is a prime number.

q : 3 is an odd number.

The truth values of p and q are T and T respectively.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

∴ p ∧ q ≡ T ∧ T ≡ T 

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.1    PAGE 11
If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.1 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

p ∧ (q ∧ r)

SOLUTION

p ∧ (q ∧ r) ≡ T ∧ (T ∧ F)

≡ T ∧ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value if F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.2    PAGE 11
 
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.2 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

(p → q) ∨ (r ∧ s) 

SOLUTION

(p → q) ∨ (r ∧ s) ≡ (T → T) ∨ (F ∧ F) 

≡ T ∨ F

≡ T
Hence, truth value if T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.3    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.3 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

~ [(~ p ∨ s) ∧ (~ q ∧ r)]

SOLUTION

~ [(~ p ∨ s) ∧ (~ q ∧ r)] ≡ ~[(~T ∨ F) ∧ (~T ∧ F)]

≡ ~[(F ∨ F) ∧ (F ∧ F)

≡ ~ (F ∧ F)

≡ ~ F

≡ T
Hence, truth value if T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.4    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.4 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

(p → q) ↔ ~(p ∨ q)

SOLUTION

(p → q) ↔ ~(p ∨ q) ≡ (T → T) ↔ (T ∨ T)

≡ T ↔ ~ T

≡ T ↔ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value if F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.5    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.5 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

[(p ∨ s) → r] ∨ ~ [~ (p → q) ∨ s]

SOLUTION

[(p ∨ s) → r] ∨ ~ [~ (p → q) ∨ s]

≡ [(T ∨ F) → F] ∨ ~[~ (T → T) ∨ F] 

≡ (T → F) ∨ ~ (~ T ∨ F)

≡ F ∨ ~ (F ∨ F)

≡ F ∨ ~ F

≡ F ∨ T

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 3.6   PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 3.6 | Page 11

If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the truth value of the following compound statement.

~ [p ∨ (r ∧ s)] ∧ ~ [(r ∧ ~ s) ∧ q]

SOLUTION

~ [p ∨ (r ∧ s)] ∧ ~ [(r ∧ ~ s) ∧ q]

≡ ~ [T ∨ (F ∧ F)] ∧ ~ [(F ∧ ~ F) ∧ T]

≡ ~ (T ∨ F) ∧ ~ [(F ∧ T) ∧ T]

≡ ~ T ∧ ~ (F ∧ T)

≡ F ∧ ~ F

≡ F ∧ T

≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 4.1    PAGE 11
Assuming that the following statement is true,  p : Sunday is holiday,  q : Ram does not study on holiday,
Exercise 1.4 | Q 4.1 | Page 11

Assuming that the following statement is true,

p : Sunday is holiday,

q : Ram does not study on holiday,

find the truth values of the following statements.

Sunday is not holiday or Ram studies on holiday.

SOLUTION

Symbolic form of the given statement is ~ p ∨~q

∴ ~ p ∨~ q ≡ ~ T ∨ ~ T

≡ F ∨ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 4.2    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 4.2 | Page 11

Assuming that the following statement is true,

p : Sunday is holiday,

q : Ram does not study on holiday,

find the truth values of the following statements.

If Sunday is not holiday then Ram studies on holiday.

SOLUTION

Symbolic form of the given statement is
~ p → ~ q

∴ ~ p → ~ q ≡ ~ T → ~ T

≡ F → F

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 4.3    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 4.3 | Page 11

Assuming that the following statement is true,

p : Sunday is holiday,

q : Ram does not study on holiday,

find the truth values of the following statements.

Sunday is a holiday and Ram studies on holiday.

SOLUTION

Symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ ~ q

∴ p ∧ ~ q ≡ T ∧ ~ T

≡ T ∧ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 5.1    PAGE 11
If p : He swims  q : Water is warm  Give the verbal statement for the following symbolic statement.
Exercise 1.4 | Q 5.1 | Page 11

If p : He swims

q : Water is warm

Give the verbal statement for the following symbolic statement.

p ↔ ~ q

SOLUTION

He swims if and only if water is not warm.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 5.2   PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 5.2 | Page 11

If p : He swims

q : Water is warm

Give the verbal statement for the following symbolic statement.

~ (p ∨ q)

SOLUTION

It is not true that he swims or water is warm.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 5.3    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 5.3 | Page 11

If p : He swims

q : Water is warm

Give the verbal statement for the following symbolic statement.

q → p

SOLUTION

If water is warm then he swims.

EXERCISE 1.4Q 5.4    PAGE 11
Exercise 1.4 | Q 5.4 | Page 11

If p : He swims

q : Water is warm

Give the verbal statement for the following symbolic statement.

q ∧ ~ p

SOLUTION

Water is warm and he does not swim.


EXERCISE 1.5PAGE 12

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.5 [Page 12]

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.1    PAGE 12
Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.


Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.1 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

x2 + 3x - 10 = 0 

SOLUTION

∃ x ∈ N, such that x2 + 3x – 10 = 0

It is true statement, since x = 2 ∈ N satisfies it.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.2   PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.2 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

3x - 4 < 9

SOLUTION

∃ x ∈ N, such that 3x – 4 < 9

It is true statement, since

x = 2, 3, 4 ∈ N satisfies 3x - 4 < 9.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.3    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.3 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

n2 ≥ 1

SOLUTION

∀ n ∈ N, n2 ≥ 1

It is true statement, since all n ∈ N satisfy it.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.4    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.4 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

2n - 1 = 5

SOLUTION

∃ n ∈ N, such that 2n - 1 = 5

It is a true statement since all n = 3 ∈ N satisfy 2n - 1 = 5.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.5    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.5 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

y + 4 > 6

SOLUTION

∃ y ∈ N, such that y + 4 > 6

It is a true statement since y = 3, 4, ... ∈ N satisfy y + 4 > 6.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 1.6    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 1.6 | Page 12

Use quantifiers to convert the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement.

3y - 2 ≤ 9

SOLUTION

∃ y ∈ N, such that 3y - 2 ≤ 9

It is a true statement since y = 1, 2, 3 ∈ N satisfy it.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 2.1    PAGE 12
If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of ∀ x ∈ B such that x is prime number.
Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.1 | Page 12

If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of ∀ x ∈ B such that x is prime number.

SOLUTION

For x = 6, x is not a prime number.

∴ x = 6 does not satisfies the given statement.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ It’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 2.2    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.2 | Page 12

If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of
∃ n ∈ B, such that n + 6 > 12.

SOLUTION

For n = 7, n + 6 = 7 + 6 = 13 > 12

∴ n = 7 satisfies the equation n + 6 > 12.

∴ The given statement is true.

∴ It’s truth value is T.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 2.3    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.3 | Page 12

If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of
∃ n ∈ B, such that 2n + 2 < 4.

SOLUTION

There is no n in B which satisfies 2n + 2 < 4.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ It’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 2.4    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.4 | Page 12

If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of
∀ y ∈ B, such that y2 is negative.

SOLUTION

There is no y in B which satisfies y2 < 0.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ It’s truth value is F.

EXERCISE 1.5Q 2.5    PAGE 12
Exercise 1.5 | Q 2.5 | Page 12

If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7} determine the truth value of
∀ y ∈ B, such that (y - 5) ∈ N

SOLUTION

For y = 2, y – 5 = 2 – 5 = –3 ∉ N.

∴ y = 2 does not satisfies the equation (y – 5) ∈ N.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ It’s truth value is F.


EXERCISE 1.6 [PAGE 16]

EXERCISE 1.6PAGE 16

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.6 [Page 16]

EXERCISE 1.6Q 1.1   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 1.1 | Page 16
Prepare truth tables for the following statement pattern.  p → (~ p ∨ q)  p → (~ p ∨ q)

Prepare truth tables for the following statement pattern.

p → (~ p ∨ q)

SOLUTION

p → (~ p ∨ q)

pq~p~ p ∨ qp → (~ p ∨ q)
TTFTT
TFFFF
FTTTT
FFTTT
EXERCISE 1.6Q 1.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 1.2 | Page 16

Prepare truth tables for the following statement pattern.

(~ p ∨ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q)

SOLUTION

(~ p ∨ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q)

pq~p~q~p∨q~p∨~q(~p∨q)∧(~p∨~q)
TTFFTFF
TFFTFTF
FTTFTTT
FFTTTTT
EXERCISE 1.6Q 1.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 1.3 | Page 16

Prepare truth tables for the following statement pattern.

(p ∧ r) → (p ∨ ~ q)

SOLUTION

(p ∧ r) → (p ∨ ~ q)

pqr~qp ∧ rp∨~q(p ∧ r) → (p ∨ ~ q)
TTTFTTT
TTFFFTT
TFTTTTT
TFFTFTT
FTTFFFT
FTFFFFT
FFTTFTT
FFFTFTT
EXERCISE 1.6Q 1.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 1.4 | Page 16

Prepare truth tables for the following statement pattern.

(p ∧ q) ∨ ~ r

SOLUTION

(p ∧ q) ∨ ~ r

pqr~rp ∧ q(p ∧ q) ∨ ~ r
TTTFTT
TTFTTT
TFTFFF
TFFTFT
FTTFFF
FTFTFT
FFTFFF
FFFTFT
EXERCISE 1.6Q 2.1   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 2.1 | Page 16

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.

q ∨ [~ (p ∧ q)]

SOLUTION

pqp ∧ q~ (p ∧ q)q ∨ [~ (p ∧ q)]
TTTFT
TFFTT
FTFTT
FFFTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 2.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 2.2 | Page 16
Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.  (~ q ∧ p) ∧ (p ∧ ~ p)
Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.  (~ q ∧ p) ∧ (p ∧ ~ p)

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.

(~ q ∧ p) ∧ (p ∧ ~ p)

SOLUTION

pq~p~q(~q∧p)(p∧~p)(~q∧p)∧(p∧~p)
TTFFFFF
TFFTTFF
FTTFFFF
FFTTFFF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 2.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 2.3 | Page 16

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.

(p ∧ ~ q) → (~ p ∧ ~ q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp∧~q~p∧~q(p∧~q)→(~p∧~q)
TTFFFFT
TFFTTFF
FTTFFFT
FFTTFTT

The truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 2.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 2.4 | Page 16

Examine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction or a contingency.

~ p → (p → ~ q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp→~q~p→(p→~q)
TTFFFT
TFFTTT
FTTFTT
FFTTTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 3.1   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 3.1 | Page 16
Prove that the following statement pattern is a tautology.  (p ∧ q) → q

Prove that the following statement pattern is a tautology.

(p ∧ q) → q

SOLUTION

pqp ∧ q(p∧q)→q
TTTT
TFFT
FTFT
FFFT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 3.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 3.2 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a tautology.

(p → q) ↔ (~ q → ~ p)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp→q~q→~p(p→q)↔(~q→~p)
TTFFTTT
TFFTFFT
FTTFTTT
FFTTTTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 3.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 3.3 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a tautology.

(~p ∧ ~q ) → (p → q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~q~p∧~qp→q(~p∧~q)→(p→q)
TTFFFTT
TFFTFFT
FTTFFTT
FFTTTTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 3.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 3.4 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a tautology.

(~ p ∨ ~ q) ↔ ~ (p ∧ q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~q~p∨~qp∧q~p∨~q(~p∨~q↔~(p ∧ q)
TTFFFTFT
TFFTTFTT
FTTFTFTT
FFTTTFTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 4.1   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 4.1 | Page 16
Prove that the following statement pattern is a contradiction.  (p ∨ q) ∧ (~p ∧ ~q)

Prove that the following statement pattern is a contradiction.

(p ∨ q) ∧ (~p ∧ ~q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp∨q~p∧~q(p∨q)∧(~p∧~q)
TTFFTFF
TFFTTFF
FTTFTFF
FFTTFTF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 4.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 4.2 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a contradiction.

(p ∧ q) ∧ ~p

SOLUTION

pq~pp∧q(p∧q)∧~p
TTFTF
TFFFF
FTTFF
FFTFF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 4.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 4.3 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a contradiction.

(p ∧ q) ∧ (~p ∨ ~q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp∧q~p∨~q(p∧q)∧(~p∨~q)
TTFFTFF
TFFTFTF
FTTFFTF
FFTTFTF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 4.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 4.4 | Page 16

Prove that the following statement pattern is a contradiction.

(p → q) ∧ (p ∧ ~ q)

SOLUTION

pq~qp→qp∧~q(p→q)∧(p∧~q)
TTFTFF
TFTFTF
FTFTFF
FFTTFF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 5.1   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 5.1 | Page 16
Show that the following statement pattern is contingency.  (p∧~q) → (~p∧~q)

Show that the following statement pattern is contingency.

(p∧~q) → (~p∧~q)

SOLUTION

pq~p~qp∧~q~p∧~q(p∧~q)→(~p∧~q)
TTFFFFT
TFFTTFF
FTTFFFT
FFTTFTT

The truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 5.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 5.2 | Page 16

Show that the following statement pattern is contingency.

(p → q) ↔ (~ p ∨ q)

SOLUTION

pq~pp→q~p∨q(p→q)↔(~p∨q)
TTFTTT
TFFFFT
FTTTTT
FFTTTT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology. Not contingency.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 5.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 5.3 | Page 16

Show that the following statement pattern is contingency.

p ∧ [(p → ~ q) → q]

SOLUTION

pq~qp→~q(p→~q)→qp∧[(p→~q)→q]
TTFFTT
TFTTFF
FTFTTF
FFTTFF

Truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 5.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 5.4 | Page 16

Show that the following statement pattern is contingency.

(p → q) ∧ (p → r)

SOLUTION

pqrp→qp→r(p→q)∧(p→r)
TTTTTT
TTFTFF
TFTFTF
TFFFFF
FTTTTT
FTFTTT
FFTTTT
FFFTTT

The truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 6.1   PAGE 16
Using the truth table, verify  p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

Exercise 1.6 | Q 6.1 | Page 16

Using the truth table, verify

p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

SOLUTION

12345678
pqrq∧rp∨(q∧r)p∨qp∨r(p∨q)∧(p∨r)
TTTTTTTT
TTFFTTTT
TFTFTTTT
TFFFTTTT
FTTTTTTT
FTFFFTFF
FFTFFFTF
FFFFFFFF

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

EXERCISE 1.6Q 6.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 6.2 | Page 16

Using the truth table, verify

p → (p → q) ≡ ~ q → (p → q)

SOLUTION

123456
pq~qp→qp→(p→q)~q→(p→q)
TTFTTT
TFTFFF
FTFTTT
FFTTTT

In the above truth table, entries in columns 5 and 6 are identical.

∴ p → (p → q) ≡ ~ q → (p → q)

EXERCISE 1.6Q 6.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 6.3 | Page 16

Using the truth table, verify

~(p → ~q) ≡ p ∧ ~ (~ q) ≡ p ∧ q

SOLUTION

12345678
pq~qp→~q

~(p→~q)

~(~q)p∧~(~q)p∧q
TTFFTTTT
TFTTFFFF
FTFTFTFF
FFTTFFFF

In the above table, entries in columns 5, 7, and 8 are identical.

∴ ~(p → ~q) ≡ p ∧ ~ (~ q) ≡ p ∧ q

EXERCISE 1.6Q 6.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 6.4 | Page 16

Using the truth table, verify

~(p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q) ≡ ~ p

SOLUTION

1234567
pq~p(p∨q)~(p∨q)~p∧q~(p∨q)∨(~p∧q)
TTFTFFF
TFFTFFF
FTTTFTT
FFTFTFT

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 3 and 7 are identical.

∴ ~(p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q) ≡ ~ p

EXERCISE 1.6Q 7.1   PAGE 16
Using the truth table, verify  p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

Exercise 1.6 | Q 7.1 | Page 16

Using the truth table, verify

p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

SOLUTION

12345678
pqrq∧rp∨(q∧r)p∨qp∨r(p∨q)∧(p∨r)
TTTTTTTT
TTFFTTTT
TFTFTTTT
TFFFTTTT
FTTTTTTT
FTFFFTFF
FFTFFFTF
FFFFFFFF

The entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

 ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)

EXERCISE 1.6Q 7.2   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 7.2 | Page 16

Prove that the following pair of statement pattern is equivalent.

p ↔ q and (p → q) ∧ (q → p)

SOLUTION

123456
pqp↔qp→qq→p(p→q)∧(q→p)
TTTTTT
TFFFTF
FTFTFF
FFTTTT

In the above table, entries in columns 3 and 6 are identical.

∴ Statement p ↔ q and (p → q) ∧ (q → p) are equivalent.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 7.3   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 7.3 | Page 16

Prove that the following pair of statement pattern is equivalent.

p → q and ~ q → ~ p and ~ p ∨ q

SOLUTION

1234567
pq~p~qp→q~q→~p~p∨q
TTFFTTT
TFFTFFF
FTTFTTT
FFTTTTT

In the above table, entries in columns 5, 6 and 7 are identical.

∴ Statement p → q and ~q → ~p and ~p ∨ q are equivalent.

EXERCISE 1.6Q 7.4   PAGE 16
Exercise 1.6 | Q 7.4 | Page 16

Prove that the following pair of statement pattern is equivalent.

~(p ∧ q) and ~p ∨ ~q

SOLUTION

1234567
pq~p~qp∧q~(p∧q)~p∨~q
TTFFTFF
TFFTFTT
FTTFFTT
FFTTFTT

In the above table, entries in columns 6 and 7 are identical.

∴ Statement ~(p ∧ q) and ~p ∨ ~q are equivalent.


EXERCISE 1.7 [PAGE 17]

EXERCISE 1.7PAGE 17

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.7 [Page 17]

EXERCISE 1.7Q 1.1   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 1.1 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following:

(p ∨ q) ∨ r

SOLUTION

(p ∧ q) ∧ r

EXERCISE 1.7Q 1.2   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 1.2 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following:

~(p ∨ q) ∧ [p ∨ ~ (q ∧ ~ r)]

SOLUTION

~(p ∧ q) ∨ [p ∧ ~ (q ∨ ~ r)]

EXERCISE 1.7Q 1.3   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 1.3 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following:

p ∨ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∨ r

SOLUTION

p ∧ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ r

EXERCISE 1.7Q 1.4   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 1.4 | Page 17

Write the dual of the following:

~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q

SOLUTION

~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ q

EXERCISE 1.7Q 2.1   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 2.1 | Page 17

Write the dual statement of the following compound statement.

13 is a prime number and India is a democratic country.

SOLUTION

13 is a prime number or India is a democratic country.

EXERCISE 1.7Q 2.2   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 2.2 | Page 17

Write the dual statement of the following compound statement.

Karina is very good or everybody likes her.

SOLUTION

Karina is very good and everybody likes her.

EXERCISE 1.7Q 2.3   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 2.3 | Page 17

Write the dual statement of the following compound statement.

Radha and Sushmita cannot read Urdu.

SOLUTION

Radha or Sushmita cannot read Urdu.

EXERCISE 1.7Q 2.4   PAGE 17
Exercise 1.7 | Q 2.4 | Page 17

Write the dual statement of the following compound statement.

A number is a real number and the square of the number is non-negative.

SOLUTION

A number is a real number or the square of the number is non-negative.


EXERCISE 1.8 [PAGE 21]

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.8 [Page 21]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 1.1   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 1.1 | Page 21

Write the negation of the following statement.

All the stars are shining if it is night.

SOLUTION

Let q : All stars are shining.

p : It is night.

The given statement in symbolic form is p → q. It’s negation is ~ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q

∴ The negation of a given statement is ‘It is night and some stars are not shining’.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 1.2   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 1.2 | Page 21

Write the negation of the following statement.

∀ n ∈ N, n + 1 > 0

SOLUTION

∃ n ∈ N such that n + 1 ≤ 0.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 1.3   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 1.3 | Page 21

Write the negation of the following statement.

∃ n ∈ N, (n2 + 2) is odd number.

SOLUTION

∀ n ∈ N, (n2 + 2) is not odd number.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 1.4   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 1.4 | Page 21

Write the negation of the following statement.

Some continuous functions are differentiable.

SOLUTION

All continuous functions are not differentiable.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 2.1   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 2.1 | Page 21

Using the rules of negation, write the negation of the following:

(p → r) ∧ q

SOLUTION

~ [(p → r) ∧ q] ≡ ~(p → r) ∨ ~q  ....[Negation of conjunction]

≡ (p ∧ ~ r) ∨ ~q   .....[Negation of implication]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 2.2   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 2.2 | Page 21

Using the rules of negation, write the negation of the following:

~(p ∨ q) → r

SOLUTION

~[~(p ∨ q) → r] ≡ ~(p ∨ q) ∧ ~r  ....[Negation of implication]

≡ (~p ∧ ~q) ∧ ~r   .....[Negation of disjunction]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 2.3   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 2.3 | Page 21

Using the rules of negation, write the negation of the following:

(~p ∧ q) ∧ (~q ∨ ~r)

SOLUTION

~[(~p ∧ q) ∧ (~q ∨ ~r)]

≡ ~(~ p ∧ q) ∨ ~ (~ q ∨ ~r)    ...[Negation of conjunction]

≡ [~(~ p) ∨ ~ q] ∨ [~(~q) ∧ ~(~r)]  ...[Negation of conjunction and disjunction]

≡ (p ∨ ~q) ∨ (q ∨ r)      .....[Negation on negation]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 3.1   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 3.1 | Page 21

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following statement.

If it snows, then they do not drive the car.

SOLUTION

Let p : It snows.
q : They do not drive the car.

∴ The given statement is p → q.

Its converse is q → p.
If they do not drive the car then it snows.

Its inverse is ~p → ~q.
If it does not snow then they drive the car.

Its contrapositive is ~q → ~p.
If they drive the car then it does not snow.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 3.2   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 3.2 | Page 21

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following statement.

If he studies, then he will go to college.

SOLUTION

Let p : He studies.
q : He will go to college.

∴ The given statement is p → q.

Its converse is q → p.
If he will go to college then he studies.

Its inverse is ~p → ~q.
If he does not study then he will not go to college.

Its contrapositive is ~q → ~p.
If he will not go to college then he does not study.

EXERCISE 1.8Q 4.1   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 4.1 | Page 21

With proper justification, state the negation of the following.

(p → q) ∨ (p → r)

SOLUTION

~[(p → q) ∨ (p → r)]

≡ ~(p → q) ∧ ~(p → r)    ...[Negation of disjunction]

≡ (p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (p ∧ ~r)    ....[Negation of implication]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 4.2   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 4.2 | Page 21

With proper justification, state the negation of the following.

(p ↔ q) ∨ (~q → ~r)

SOLUTION

~[(p ↔ q) ∨ (~q → ~r)]

≡ ~(p ↔ q) ∧ (~q → ~r)        ....[Negation of disjunction]

≡ [(p ∧ ~q) ∨ (q ∧ ~p)] ∧ ~(~q → ~r)    ....[Negation of double implication]

≡ [(p ∧ ~q) ∨ (q ∧ ~p)] ∧ [~ q ∧ ~(~r)]    ....[Negation of implication]

≡ [(p ∧ ~q) ∨ (q ∧ ~p)] ∧ (~ q ∧ r)     ....[Negation of negation]

EXERCISE 1.8Q 4.3   PAGE 21
Exercise 1.8 | Q 4.3 | Page 21

With proper justification, state the negation of the following.

(p → q) ∧ r

SOLUTION

~[(p → q) ∧ r]

≡ ~ (p → q) ∨ ~ r    ....[Negation of conjunction]

≡ (p ∧ ~q) ∨ ~ r      ....[Negation of implication]


EXERCISE 1.9 [PAGE 22]

EXERCISE 1.9PAGE 22

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.9 [Page 22]

EXERCISE 1.9Q 1.1   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 1.1 | Page 22

Without using truth table, show that

p ↔ q ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q)

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

≡ p ↔ q

≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)

≡ (~p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ p)

≡ [~ p ∧ (~ q ∨ p)] ∨ [q ∧ (~ q ∨ p)]     ....[Distributive law]

≡ [(~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ p)] ∨ [(q ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ p)]     .....[Distributive Law]

≡ [(~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨ F] ∨ [F ∨ (q ∧ p)]  ....[Complement Law]

≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ p)   ....[Identity Law]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ ~ q)    ....[Commutative Law]

≡ R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 1.2   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 1.2 | Page 22

Without using truth table, show that

p ∧ [(~ p ∨ q) ∨ ~ q] ≡ p

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

≡ p ∧ [(~ p ∨ q) ∨ ~ q]

≡ p ∧ [(~ p ∨ (q ∨ ~ q)]     .....[Associative law]

≡ p ∧ (~ p ∨ T)       .....[Complement law]

≡ p ∧ T                 .....[Identity law]

≡ p                       .....[Identity law] 

≡ R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 1.3   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 1.3 | Page 22

Without using truth table, show that

~ [(p ∧ q) → ~ q] ≡ p ∧ q

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

≡ ~ [(p ∧ q) → ~ q]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (~ q)   ....[Negation of implication]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∧ q      .....[Negation of a negation]

≡ p ∧ (q ∧ q)     ....[Associative law]

≡ p ∧ q          .....[Identity law]

≡ R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 1.4   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 1.4 | Page 22

Without using truth table, show that

~r → ~ (p ∧ q) ≡ [~ (q → r)] → ~ p

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

≡ ~r → ~ (p ∧ q)

≡ ~(~ r) ∨ ~ (p ∧ q)       ....[p → q ≡ ~ p ∨ q]

≡ r ∨ ~(p ∧ q)             ....[Negation of negation]

≡ r ∨ (~p ∨ ~q)           ....[De Morgan’s law]

≡ ~p ∨ (~q ∨ r)         .....[Commutative and associative law]

≡ ~p ∨ (q → r)          ....[p → q ≡ ~ p ∨ q]

≡ (q → r) ∨ ~p            ......[Commutative law]

≡ ~[~ (q → r)] ∨ ~ p     ......[Negation of negation]

≡ [~ (q → r)] → ~ p        .....[p → q ≡ ~ p ∨ q]

= R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 1.5   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 1.5 | Page 22

Without using truth table, show that

(p ∨ q) → r ≡ (p → r) ∧ (q → r)

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

≡ (p ∨ q) → r

≡ ~ (p ∨ q) ∨ r          ....[p → q → ~ p ∨ q]

≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨ r       ....[De Morgan’s law] 

≡ (~ p ∨ r) ∧ (~ q ∨ r)       .....[Distributive law]

≡ (p → r) ∧ (q → r)             .....[p → q → ~ p ∨ q]

= R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 2.1   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 2.1 | Page 22

Using the algebra of statement, prove that

[p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [~ r ∧ ~ q ∧ p] ≡ p

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

= [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [~ r ∧ ~ q ∧ p]

≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [(~ r ∧ ~ q)∧ p]     ...[Associative Law]

≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [(~q ∧ ~r) ∧ p]       ....[Commutative Law]

≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [~ (q ∨ r) ∧ p]         ....[De Morgan’s Law]

≡ [p ∧ (q ∨ r)] ∨ [p ∧ ~(q ∨ r)]          .....[Commutative Law]

≡ p ∧ [(q ∨ r) ∨ ~(q ∨ r)]         ....[Distributive Law]

≡ p ∧ t          ......[Complement Law]

≡ p                .....[Identity Law]

= R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 2.2   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 2.2 | Page 22

Using the algebra of statement, prove that

(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ ~ q) ≡ (p ∨ ~ q)

SOLUTION

L.H.S.

= (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ ~ q)

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ [(p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ ~ q)]    ....[Associative Law]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ [(~q ∧ p) ∨ (~ q ∧ ~ p)]    ....[Commutative Law]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ [~q ∧ (p ∨ ~ p)]      ....[Distributive Law]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~q ∧ t)      .....[Complement Law]

≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (~q)            .....[Identity Law]

≡ (p ∨ ~ q) ∧ (q ∨ ~q)      .....[Distributive Law]

≡ (p ∨ ~ q) ∧ t              ....[Complement Law]

≡ p ∨ ~ q                   .....[Identity Law]

= R.H.S.

EXERCISE 1.9Q 2.3   PAGE 22
Exercise 1.9 | Q 2.3 | Page 22

Using the algebra of statement, prove that

SOLUTION

(p ∨ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q) ≡ (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q)

L.H.S.

= (p ∨ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ ~ q)

≡ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ p] ∨ [(p ∨ q) ∧ ~ q]     .....[Distributive law]

≡ [(p ∧ ~ p) ∨ (q ∧ ~ p)] ∨ [(p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ ~ q)]        .....[Distributive law]

≡ [F ∨ (q ∧ ~p)] ∨ [(p ∧ ~ q) ∨ F]        .....[Complement law]

≡ (q ∧ ~p) ∨ (p ∧ ~ q)      .....[Identity law]

≡ (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q)      ....[Commutative law]

= R.H.S.


EXERCISE 1.10 [PAGES 22 - 27]

EXERCISE 1.10PAGES 22 - 27

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Exercise 1.10 [Pages 22 - 27]

EXERCISE 1.10Q 1.1  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 1.1 | Page 27

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

Some hardworking students are obedient.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all students.
H : The set of all hardworking students.
O : The set of all obedient students.

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.
The above Venn diagram represents truth of the given statement, H ∩ O ≠ φ
EXERCISE 1.10Q 1.2  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 1.2 | Page 27

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

No circles are polygons.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all closed geometrical figures in plane.
P : The set of all polygons
C : The set of all circles.

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents truth of the given statement, P ∩ C ≠ φ

EXERCISE 1.10Q 1.3  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 1.3 | Page 27

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

All teachers are scholars and scholars are teachers.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all human beings.
T : The set of all teachers.
S : The set of all scholars

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents truth of the given statement, T = S

EXERCISE 1.10Q 1.4  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 1.4 | Page 22

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

If a quadrilateral is a rhombus, then it is a parallelogram.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all quadrilaterals.
P : The set of all parallelograms.
R : The set of all rhombuses.

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents truth of the given statement, R ⊂ P.

EXERCISE 1.10Q 2.1  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 2.1 | Page 27

Draw a Venn diagram for the truth of the following statement.

Some share brokers are chartered accountants.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all human beings.
S : The set of all share brokers.
C : The set of all chartered accountants.

Represent the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement i.e., S ∩ C ≠ φ.

EXERCISE 1.10Q 2.2  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 2.2 | Page 27

Draw a Venn diagram for the truth of the following statement.

No wicket keeper is bowler, in a cricket team.

SOLUTION

Let U : The set of all human beings.
W : The set of all wicket keepers.
B : The set of all bowlers.

Draw a Venn diagram for the truth of the following statement.  No wicket keeper is bowler, in a cricket team.

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement i.e., W ∩ B = φ.

EXERCISE 1.10Q 3.1  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 3.1 | Page 27

Represent the following statement by the Venn diagram.

Some non-resident Indians are not rich.

SOLUTION

Let, U : The set of all human beings.
N : The set of all non-resident Indians.
R : The set of all rich people.

Represent the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement i.e., N - R ≠ φ

EXERCISE 1.10Q 3.2  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 3.2 | Page 27

Represent the following statement by the Venn diagram.

No circle is rectangle.

SOLUTION

Let, U : The set of all geometrical figures.
C : The set of all circles.
R : The set of all rectangles.

Represent the following statement by the Venn diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement i.e., C ∩ R = φ.

EXERCISE 1.10Q 3.3  PAGE 27
Exercise 1.10 | Q 3.3 | Page 27

Represent the following statement by the Venn diagram.

If n is a prime number and n ≠ 2, then it is odd.

SOLUTION

Let, U : The set of all real numbers.
P : The set of all prime numbers n and n ≠ 2.
O : The set of all odd numbers.

Represent the following statements by a Venn Diagram.

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement i.e., P ⊂ O.


MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1 [PAGES 29 - 34]

Balbharati solutions for Mathematics and Statistics 1 (Commerce) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 [Pages 29 - 34]

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.01 | Page 29

Choose the correct alternative :

Which of the following is not a statement?

  • Smoking is injuries to health

  • 2 + 2 = 4

  • 2 is the only even prime number.

  • Come here

SOLUTION

  • Come here

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.02 | Page 29

Choose the correct alternative :

Which of the following is an open statement?

  • x is a natural number.

  • Give answer a glass of water.

  • WIsh you best of luck.

  • Good morning to all.

SOLUTION

x is a natural number.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.03 | Page 29

Choose the correct alternative :

Let p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r). Then, this law is known as.

  • commutative law

  • associative law

  • De-Morgan's law

  • distributive law

SOLUTION

distributive law.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.04 | Page 29

Choose the correct alternative :

The false statement in the following is

  • p ∧ (∼ p) is contradiction

  • (p → q) ↔ (∼ q → ∼ p) is a contradiction.

  • ~ (∼ p) ↔ p is a tautology

  • p ∨ (∼ p) ↔ p is a tautology

SOLUTION

(p → q) ↔ (∼ q → ∼ p) is a contradiction.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.05 | Page 29

Choose the correct alternative :

For the following three statements
p : 2 is an even number.
q : 2 is a prime number.
r : Sum of two prime numbers is always even.
Then, the symbolic statement (p ∧ q) → ∼ r means.

  • 2 is an even and prime number and the sum of two prime numbers is always even.

  • 2 is an even and prime number and the sum of two prime numbers is not always even.

  • If 2 is an even and prime number, then the sum of two prime numbers is not always even.

  • If 2 is an even and prime number, then the sum of two prime numbers is also even.

SOLUTION

If 2 is an even and prime number, then the sum of two prime numbers is not always even.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.06 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

If p : He is intelligent.
q : He is strong
Then, symbolic form of statement “It is wrong that, he is intelligent or strong” is

  • ∼p ∨ ∼ p

  • ∼ (p ∧ q)

  • ∼ (p ∨ q)

  • p ∨ ∼ q

SOLUTION

∼ (p ∨ q)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.07 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

The negation of the proposition “If 2 is prime, then 3 is odd”, is

  • If 2 is not prime, then 3 is not odd.

  • 2 is prime and 3 is not odd.

  • 2 is not prime and 3 is odd.

  • If 2 is not prime, then 3 is odd.

SOLUTION

2 is prime and 3 is not odd.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.08 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

The statement (∼ p ∧ q) ∨∼ q is

  • p ∨ q

  • p ∧ q

  • ∼ (p ∨ q)

  • ∼ (p ∧ q)

SOLUTION

∼ (p ∧ q).

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.09 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

Which of the following is always true?

  • (p → q) ≡ ∼ q → ∼ p 

  • ∼ (p ∨ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ ∼ q

  • ∼ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼ q

  • ∼ (p ∨ q) ≡ ∼ p ∧ ∼ q

SOLUTION

∼ (p → q) ≡ p ∧ ∼ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.1 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

∼ (p ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) is logically equivalent to

  • ∼ p

  • p

  • q

  • ∼ q

SOLUTION

∼ p.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.11 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

If p and q are two statements then (p → q) ↔ (∼ q → ∼ p) is

  • contradiction

  • tautology

  • Neither (i) not (ii)

  • None of the these

SOLUTION

tautology.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.12 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

If p is the sentence ‘This statement is false’ then

  • truth value of p is T

  • truth value of p is F 

  • p is both true and false

  • p is neither true nor false

SOLUTION

p is neither true nor false

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.13 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

Conditional p → q is equivalent to

  • p → ∼ q

  • ∼ p ∨ q

  • ∼ p → ∼ q

  • p ∨∼q

SOLUTION

∼p ∨ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.14 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

Negation of the statement “This is false or That is true” is

  • That is true or This is false

  • That is true and This is false

  • That is true and That is false

  • That is false and That is true

SOLUTION

That is true and That is false.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 1.15 | Page 30

Choose the correct alternative :

If p is any statement then (p ∨ ∼ p) is a

  • contingency

  • contradiction

  • tautology

  • None of them

SOLUTION

tautology.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.1 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

The statement q → p is called as the ––––––––– of the statement p → q.


SOLUTION

The statement q → p is called as the Converse of the statement p → q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.2 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

Conjunction of two statement p and q is symbolically written as –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Conjunction of two statement p and q is symbolically written as p ∧ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.3 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

If p ∨ q is true then truth value of ∼ p ∨ ∼ q is –––––––––.


SOLUTION

If p ∨ q is true then truth value of ∼ p ∨ ∼ q is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.4 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

Negation of “some men are animal” is –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Negation of “some men are animal” is No men are animals.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.5 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

Truth value of if x = 2, then x2 = − 4 is –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Truth value of if x = 2, then x2 = − 4 is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.6 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

Inverse of statement pattern p ↔ q is given by –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Inverse of statement pattern p ↔ q is given by ∼ p → ∼ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.7 | Page 30

Fill in the blanks :

p ↔ q is false when p and q have ––––––––– truth values.


SOLUTION

p ↔ q is false when p and q have different truth values.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.8 | Page 31

Fill in the blanks :

Let p : the problem is easy. r : It is not challenging then verbal form of ∼ p → r is –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Let p : the problem is easy. r : It is not challenging then verbal form of ∼ p → r is If the problem is not easy them it is not challenging.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 2.9 | Page 31

Fill in the blanks :

Truth value of 2 + 3 = 5 if and only if − 3 > − 9 is –––––––––.


SOLUTION

Truth value of 2 + 3 = 5 if and only if − 3 > − 9 is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.01 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

Truth value of 2 + 3 < 6 is F.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.02 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

There are 24 months in year is a statement.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

True.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.03 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

p ∨ q has truth value F is both p and q has truth value F.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.04 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

The negation of 10 + 20 = 30 is, it is false that 10 + 20 ≠ 30.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.05 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

Dual of (p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ t is (p ∨ ∼ q) ∨ C.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.06 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

Dual of “John and Ayub went to the forest” is “John and Ayub went to the forest”.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

True.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.07 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

“His birthday is on 29th February” is not a statement.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

True.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.08 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

x2 = 25 is true statement.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.09 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

Truth value of 5 √5 is not an irrational number is T.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

False.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 3.1 | Page 31

State whether the following statement is True or False :

p ∧ t = p.

  • True

  • False

SOLUTION

True.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
Ice cream Sundaes are my favourite.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
x + 3 = 8 ; x is variable.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
Read a lot to improve your writing skill.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is not a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
z is a positive number.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 for all a, b ∈ R.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
(2 + 1)2 = 9.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
Why are you sad?

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is not a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
How beautiful the flower is!

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is not a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
The square of any odd number is even.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
All integers are natural numbers.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
If x is real number then x2 ≥ 0.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
Do not come inside the room.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is not a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.01 | Page 31

Solve the following :

State which of the following sentences are statements in logic.
What a horrible sight it was!

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

Is not a statement

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

The square of every real number is positive.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, its truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

Every parallelogram is a rhombus.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is false. Hence, its truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b) for all a, b ∈ R.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

Please carry out my instruction.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is an imperative sentence. Hence, it is not a statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

The Himalayas is the highest mountain range.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

(x − 2) (x − 3) = x2 − 5x + 6 for all x∈R.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

What are the causes of rural unemployment?

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it’s not a statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

0! = 1

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is a statement which is true. Hence, its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) always has two real roots.

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) always has two real roots is a statement.

Hence, its truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.02 | Page 31

Which of the following sentence is a statement? In case of a statement, write down the truth value.

What is happy ending?

  • Is a statement

  • Is not a statement

SOLUTION

It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it’s not a statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

The Sun has set and Moon has risen.

SOLUTION

Let p : The sun has set.
q : The moon has risen

The symbolic form is p ∧ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Mona likes Mathematics and Physics.

SOLUTION

Let p : Mona likes Mathematics
q : Mona likes Physics

The symbolic form is p ∧ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

3 is prime number if 3 is perfect square number.

SOLUTION

Let p : 3 is a prime number.
q : 3 is a perfect square number.

The symbolic form is p ↔ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Kavita is brilliant and brave.

SOLUTION

Let p : Kavita is brilliant.
q : Kavita is brave.

The symbolic form is p ∧ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

If Kiran drives the car, then Sameer will walk.

SOLUTION

Let p : Kiran drives the car.

q : Sameer will walk.

The symbolic form is p → q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

The necessary condition for existence of a tangent to the curve of the function is continuity.

SOLUTION

The given statement can also be expressed as ‘If the function is continuous, then the tangent to the curve exists’.

Let p : The function is continuous
q : The tangent to the curve exists.

∴ p → q is the symbolic form of the given statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

To be brave is necessary and sufficient condition to climb the Mount Everest.

SOLUTION

Let p : To be brave

q : climb the Mount Everest

∴ p ↔ q is the symbolic form of the given statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 if xy = 0.

SOLUTION

Let p : x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 

q : xy = 0

∴ p ↔ q is the symbolic form of the given statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 31

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

The drug is effective though it has side effects.

SOLUTION

The given statement can also be expressed as “The drug is effective and it has side effects”

Let p : The drug is effective.
q : It has side effects.

∴ p ∧ q is the symbolic form of the given statement.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 32

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

If a real number is not rational, then it must be irrational.

SOLUTION

Let p : A real number is not rational.
q : A real number must be irrational.

The symbolic form is p → q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 32

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

It is not true that Ram is tall and handsome.

SOLUTION

Let p : Ram is tall.
q : Ram is handsome.

The symbolic form is ∼(p ∧ q).

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 32

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

Even though it is not cloudy, it is still raining.

SOLUTION

Let p : it is cloudy.
q : It is still raining.

The symbolic form is ~ p ∧ q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 32

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

It is not true that intelligent persons are neither polite nor helpful.

SOLUTION

Let p : Intelligent persons are neither polite nor helpful

The symbolic form is ∼ p.

Alternate method:

Let p : Intelligent persons are polite.
q : Intelligent persons are helpful.
The symbolic form is ~(~ p ∧ ~ q).

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.03 | Page 32

Assuming the first statement p and second as q. Write the following statement in symbolic form.

If the question paper is not easy then we shall not pass.

SOLUTION

Let p : The question paper is not easy.
q : We shall not pass.

The symbolic form is p → q.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.04 | Page 32

If p : Proof is lengthy.
q : It is interesting.
Express the following statement in symbolic form.

Proof is lengthy and it is not interesting.

SOLUTION

p ∧ ∼ q

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.04 | Page 32

If p : Proof is lengthy.
q : It is interesting.
Express the following statement in symbolic form.

If proof is lengthy then it is interesting.

SOLUTION

p → q

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.04 | Page 32

If p : Proof is lengthy.
q : It is interesting.
Express the following statement in symbolic form.

It is not true that the proof is lengthy but it is interesting.

SOLUTION

∼(p ∧ q)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.04 | Page 32

If p : Proof is lengthy.
q : It is interesting.
Express the following statement in symbolic form.

It is interesting iff the proof is lengthy.

SOLUTION

q ↔ p

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : 
Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

(p ∧ q) ∨ r

SOLUTION

Sachin wins the match or he is the member of Rajya Sabha or Sachin is happy.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

p → r

SOLUTION

If Sachin wins the match then he is happy.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

∼ p ∨ q


SOLUTION

Sachin does not win the match or he is the member of Rajya Sabha.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

p → (p ∧ r)


SOLUTION

If sachin wins the match, then he is the member of Rajyasabha or he is happy.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

p → q


SOLUTION

If Sachin wins the match then he is a member of Rajyasabha.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

(p ∧ q) ∧ ∼ r


SOLUTION

Sachin wins the match and he is the member of Rajyasabha but he is not happy.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.05 | Page 32

Let p : Sachin wins the match.
q : Sachin is a member of Rajya Sabha.
r : Sachin is happy.
Write the verbal statement of the following.

∼ (p ∨ q) ∧ r


SOLUTION

It is false that Sachin wins the match or he is the member of Rajyasabha but he is happy.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.06 | Page 32

Determine the truth value of the following statement.

4 + 5 = 7 or 9 − 2 = 5


SOLUTION

Let p : 4 + 5 = 7
q : 9 – 2 = 5
The truth values of p and q are F and F respectively. The given statement in symbolic form is p ∨ q.

∴ p ∨ q ≡ F ∨ F ≡ F

∴ Truth value of the given statement is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.06 | Page 32

Determine the truth value of the following statement.

If 9 > 1 then x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 for x = 1


SOLUTION

Let p : 9 > 1
q : x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 for x = 1 

The truth values of p and q are T and T respectively. The given statement in symbolic form is p → q.

∴ p → q ≡ T → T ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.06 | Page 32

Determine the truth value of the following statement.

x + y = 0 is the equation of a straight line if and only if y2 = 4x is the equation of the parabola.


SOLUTION

Let p : x + y = 0 is the equation of a straight line.
q : y2 = 4x is the equation of the parabola.

The truth values of p and q are T and T respectively.
The given statement in symbolic form is p ↔ q.

∴ p ↔ q ≡ T ↔ T ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.06 | Page 32

Determine the truth value of the following statement.

It is not true that 2 + 3 = 6 or 12 + 3 =5


SOLUTION

Let p : 2 + 3 = 6
q : 12 + 3 = 5
The truth values of p and q are F and F respectively.
The given statement in symbolic form is ~(p ∨ q).

∴ ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~(F ∨ F) ≡ ~F ≡ T

∴ Truth value of the given statement is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.07 | Page 32

Assuming the following statement.
p : Stock prices are high.
q : Stocks are rising.
to be true, find the truth value of the following.

Stock prices are not high or stocks are rising.


SOLUTION

Given that the truth values of both p and q are T.

The symbolic form of the given statement is ~ p ∨ q.

∴ ~ p ∨ q ≡ ~ T ∨ T ≡ F ∨ T 

Hence, truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.07 | Page 32

Assuming the following statement.
p : Stock prices are high.
q : Stocks are rising.
to be true, find the truth value of the following.

Stock prices are high and stocks are rising if and only if stock prices are high.


SOLUTION

The symbolic form of the given statement is
(p ∧ q) ↔ p.

∴ (p ∧ q) ↔ p ≡ (T ∧ T) ↔ T

≡ T ↔ T

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.07 | Page 32

Assuming the following statement.
p : Stock prices are high.
q : Stocks are rising.
to be true, find the truth value of the following.

If stock prices are high then stocks are not rising.


SOLUTION

The Symbolic form of the given statement is p → ~ q.

∴ p → ~ q ≡ T → ~ T ≡ T → F ≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.07 | Page 32

Assuming the following statement.
p : Stock prices are high.
q : Stocks are rising.
to be true, find the truth value of the following.

It is false that stocks are rising and stock prices are high.


SOLUTION

The symbolic form of the given statement is ~(q ∧ p).

∴ ~(q ∧ p) ≡ ~(T ∧ T) ≡ ~T ≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.07 | Page 32

Assuming the following statement.

p : Stock prices are high.

q : Stocks are rising.

to be true, find the truth value of the following.

Stock prices are high or stocks are not rising iff stocks are rising.


SOLUTION

The symbolic form of the given statement is (p ∨ ~q) ↔ q.

∴ (p ∨ ~q) ↔ q ≡ (T ∨ ~T) ↔ T

≡ (T ∨ F) ↔ T

≡ T ↔ T

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.08 | Page 32

Rewrite the following statement without using conditional –
(Hint : p → q ≡ ∼ p ∨ q)

If price increases, then demand falls.


SOLUTION

Let p : Prince increases.
q : demand falls.
The given statement is p → q.
But p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q.

The given statement can be written as ‘Price does not increase or demand falls’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.08 | Page 32

Rewrite the following statement without using conditional –
(Hint : p → q ≡ ∼ p ∨ q)

If demand falls, then price does not increase.


SOLUTION

Let p : demand falls.
q : Price does not increase.
The given statement is p → q.

But p → q ≡ ~ p ∨ q.

∴ The given statement can be written as ‘Demand does not fall or price does not increase’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.09 | Page 32

If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, T, F respectively determine the truth values of the following.

(p ∧ q) → ∼ p.


SOLUTION

(p ∧ q) → ∼ p ≡ (T ∧ T) → ∼ T 

≡ T  → F

≡ F.

Hence, truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.09 | Page 32

If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, T, F respectively determine the truth values of the following.

p ↔ (q → ∼ p)


SOLUTION

p ↔ (q → ∼ p) ≡ T ↔ (T → ∼ T)

≡ T ↔ (T → F)

≡ T ↔ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.09 | Page 32

If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, T, F respectively determine the truth values of the following.

(p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q)


SOLUTION

(p ∧ ∼ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧ q) ≡ (T ∧ ∼ T) ∨ (∼ T ∧ T)

≡ (T ∧ F) ∨ (F ∧ T)

≡ F ∨ F

≡ F

Hence, truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.09 | Page 32

If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, T, F respectively determine the truth values of the following.

∼ (p ∧ q) → ∼ (q ∧ p)


SOLUTION

∼ (p ∧ q) → ∼ (q ∧ p) ≡ ∼ (T ∧ T) → ∼ (T ∧ T)

≡ ~ T → ~ T

≡ F → F

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.09 | Page 32

If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, T, F respectively determine the truth values of the following.

∼ [(p → q) ↔ (p ∧ ∼ q)]


SOLUTION

∼[(p → q) ↔ (p ∧ ∼q)] ≡ ∼ [(T → T) ↔ (T ∧ ∼ T)]

≡ ~[T ↔ (T ∧ F)] 

≡ ~(T ↔ F)

≡ ~ F

≡ T

Hence, truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 32

Write the negation of the following.

If ∆ABC is not equilateral, then it is not equiangular.


SOLUTION

Let p : ∆ ABC is not equilateral.
q : ∆ ABC is not equiangular.

The given statement is p → q.

Its negation is ~(p → q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q

∴ The negation of given statement is '∆ ABC is not equilateral and it is equiangular'.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 32

Write the negation of the following.

Ramesh is intelligent and he is hard working.


SOLUTION

Let p : Ramesh is intelligent.
q : Ramesh is hard working.
The given statement is p ∧ q.

Its negation is ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q

∴ The negation of the given statement is ‘Ramesh is not intelligent or he is not hard-working.’

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 32

Write the negation of the following.

An angle is a right angle if and only if it is of measure 90°.


SOLUTION

Let p : An angle is a right angle.
q : An angle is of measure 90°.

The given statement is p ↔ q.

Its negation is ~(p ↔ q) ≡ (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ ~ p)

∴ The negation of the given statement is ‘An angle is a right angle and it is not of measure 90° or an angle is of measure 90° and it is not a right angle.’

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 32

Write the negation of the following.

Kanchanganga is in India and Everest is in Nepal.


SOLUTION

Let p : Kanchanganga is in India.
q : Everest is in Nepal.
The given statement is p ∧ q.

Its negation is ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q.

The negation of a given statement is ‘Kanchanganga is not in India or Everest is not in Nepal’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.1 | Page 32

Write the negation of the following.

If x ∈ A ∩ B, then x ∈ A and x ∈ B.


SOLUTION

Let p : x ∈ A ∩ B

q : x ∈ A 

r : x ∈ B

The given statement is p → (q ∧ r).

Its negation is ~[p → (q ∧ r)], and 

~[p → (q ∧ r)] ≡ p ∧ ~ (q ∧ r) ≡ p ∧ ~ q ∨ ~ r

∴ The negation of given statement is x ∈ A ∩ B and x ∉ A or x ∉ B.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.11 | Page 33

Construct the truth table for the following statement pattern.

(p ∧ ~q) ↔ (q → p)


SOLUTION


pq~qp∧~qq→p(p∧~q)↔(q→p)
TTFFTF
TFTTTT
FTFFFT
FFTFTF

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.11 | Page 33

Construct the truth table for the following statement pattern.

(~p ∨ q) ∧ (~p ∧ ~q)


SOLUTION


pq~p~q~p∨q~p∧~q(~p∨q)∧(~p∧~q)
TTFFTFF
TFFTFFF
FTTFTFF
FFTTTTT

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.11 | Page 33

Construct the truth table for the following statement pattern.

(p ∧ r) → (p ∨ ~q)


SOLUTION


pqr~qp∧rp∨~q(p∧r)→(p∨~q)
TTTFTTT
TTFFFTT
TFTTTTT
TFFTFTT
FTTFFFT
FTFFFFT
FFTTFTT
FFFTFTT

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.11 | Page 33

Construct the truth table for the following statement pattern.

(p ∨ r) → ~(q ∧ r)


SOLUTION


pqrp∨rq∧r~q∧r)(p∨r)→~(q ∧ r)
TTTTTFF
TTFTFTT
TFTTFTT
TFFTFTT
FTTTTFF
FTFFFTT
FFTTFTT
FFFFFTT

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.11 | Page 33

Construct the truth table for the following statement pattern.

(p ∨ ~q) → (r ∧ p)


SOLUTION


pqr~qp∨~qr∧p(p∨~q)→(r∧p)
TTTFTTT
TTFFTFF
TFTTTTT
TFFTTFF
FTTFFFT
FTFFFFT
FFTTTFF
FFFTTFF

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.12 | Page 33

What is tautology? What is contradiction?
Show that the negation of a tautology is a contradiction and the negation of a contradiction is a tautology.


SOLUTION

  • Tautology:
    A statement pattern having truth value always T, irrespective of the truth values of its component statement is called a tautology.
  • Contradiction:
    A statement pattern having truth value always F, irrespective of the truth values of its component statement is called a contradiction.

Let Statement p tautology. Consider, truth table

p~ p
TF

i.e., negation of tautology is contradiction.
Let statement of contradiction. Consider, truth table

q~ q
FT

i.e., negation of contradiction is tautology.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.13 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

[(p ∧ q) ∨ (~p)] ∨ [p ∧ (~ q)]


SOLUTION


pq~p~qp∧q(p∧q)∨(~p)p∧~q[(p∧q)∨(~p)]∨[p∧(~q)]
TTFFTTFT
TFFTFFTT
FTTFFTFT
FFTTFTFT

All the truth values in the last column are T. Hence, it is a tautology.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.13 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

[(~p ∧ q) ∧ (q ∧ r)] ∨ (~q)


SOLUTION


pqr~p~q~p∧qq∧r(~p∧q)∧(q∧r)[(~p∧q)∧(q∧r)]∨(~q)
TTTFFFTFF
TTFFFFFFF
TFTFTFFFT
TFFFTFFFT
FTTTFTTTT
FTFTFTFFF
FFTTTFFFT
FFFTTFFFT

Truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.13 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

[~(p ∨ q) → p] ↔ [(~p) ∧ (~q)]


SOLUTION


pq~p~qp∨q~(p∨q)~(p∨q)→p(~p)∧(~q)[~(p∨q)→p]↔[(~p)∧(~q)]
TTFFTFTFF
TFFTTFTFF
FTTFTFTFF
FFTTFTFTF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is a contradiction.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.13 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

[~(p ∧ q) → p] ↔ [(~p) ∧ (~q)]


SOLUTION


pq~p~qp∧q~(p∧q)~(p∧q)→p(~p)∧(~q)[~(p∧q)→p]↔[(~p)∧(~q)]
TTFFTFTFF
TFFTFTTFF
FTTFFTFFT
FFTTFTFTF

Truth values in the last column are not identical. Hence, it is contingency.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.13 | Page 33

Determine whether the following statement pattern is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

[P → (~q ∨ r)] ↔ ~[p → (q → r)]


SOLUTION


pqr~q~q∨rq→rp→(q→r)P→(~q∨r)~[p→(q→r)][P→(~q∨r)]↔~[p → (q → r)]
TTTFTTTTFF
TTFFFFFFTF
TFTTTTTTFF
TFFTTTTTFF
FTTFTTTTFF
FTFFFFTTFF
FFTTTTTTFF
FFFTTTTTFF

All the truth values in the last column are F. Hence, it is contradiction.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.14 | Page 33

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence.

p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)


SOLUTION


12345678
pqrq∨rp∧(q∨r)p∧qp∧r(p∧q)∨(p∧r)
TTTTTTTT
TTFTTTFT
TFTTTFTT
TFFFFFFF
FTTTFFFF
FTFTFFFF
FFTTFFFF
FFFFFFFF

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 5 and 8 are identical.

∴ p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.14 | Page 33

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence.

[~(p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r ≡ r


SOLUTION


1234567
pqrp∨q~(p∨q)[~(p∨q)∨(p∨q)][~(p∨q)∨(p∨q)]∧r
TTTTFTT
TTFTFTF
TFTTFTT
TFFTFTF
FTTTFTT
FTFTFTF
FFTFTTT
FFFFTTF

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 3 and 7 are identical.

∴ [~(p ∨ q) ∨ (p ∨ q)] ∧ r ≡ r

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.14 | Page 33

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence.

p ∧ (~p ∨ q) ≡ p ∧ q


SOLUTION

123456
pq~p~p∨qp∧(~p∨q)p∧q
TTFTTT
TFFFFF
FTTTFF
FFTTFF

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 5 and 6 are identical.

∴ p ∧ (~p ∨ q) ≡ p ∧ q

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.14 | Page 33

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence.

p ↔ q ≡ ~(p ∧ ~q) ∧ ~(q ∧ ~p)


SOLUTION

12345678910
pq~p~qp↔qp∧~q~(p∧~q)(q∧~p)~(q∧~p)~(p∧~q)∧~(q ∧ ~p)
TTFFTFTFTT
TFFTFTFFTF
FTTFFFTTFF
FFTTTFTFTT

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 5 and 10 are identical.

∴ p ↔ q ≡ ~(p ∧ ~q) ∧ ~(q ∧ ~p)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.14 | Page 33

Using the truth table, prove the following logical equivalence.

~p ∧ q ≡ [(p ∨ q)] ∧ ~p


SOLUTION

123456
pq~p~p∧q(p∨q)(p∨q)∧~p
TTFFTF
TFFFTF
FTTTTT
FFTFFF

In the above truth table, the entries in columns 4 and 6 are identical.

∴ ~p ∧ q ≡ [(p ∨ q)] ∧ ~p

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.15 | Page 33

Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive of the following statement.

If 2 + 5 = 10, then 4 + 10 = 20.


SOLUTION

Let p : 2 + 5 = 10
q : 4 + 10 = 20

∴ The given statement is p → q.

Its converse is q → p.
If 4 + 10 = 20, then 2 + 5 = 10

Its inverse is ~p → ~q.
If 2 + 5 ≠ 10 then 4 + 10 ≠ 20.

Its contrapositive is ~q → ~p.
If 4 + 10 ≠ 20 then 2 + 5 ≠ 10.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.15 | Page 33

Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive of the following statement.

If a man is bachelor, then he is happy.


SOLUTION

Let p : A man is bachelor.
q : A man is happy.

∴ The given statement is p → q.

Its converse is q → p.
If a man is happy then he is bachelor.

Its inverse is ~p → ~q.
If a man is not bachelor then he is not happy.

Its contrapositive is ~q → ~p.
If a man is not happy then he is not bachelor.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.15 | Page 33

Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive of the following statement.

If I do not work hard, then I do not prosper.


SOLUTION

Let p : I do not work hard.
q : I do not prosper.

∴ The given statement is p → q.

Its converse is q → p.
If I do not prosper then I do not work hard.

Its inverse is ~p → ~q.
If I work hard then I prosper.

Its contrapositive is ~q → ~p.
If I prosper then I work hard.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.16 | Page 33

State the dual of the following statement by applying the principle of duality.

(p ∧ ~q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ ~(p ∧ q)


SOLUTION

(p ∨ ~q) ∧ (~ p ∨ q) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ ~(p ∨ q)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.16 | Page 33

State the dual of the following statement by applying the principle of duality.

p ∨ (q ∨ r) ≡ ~[(p ∧ q) ∨ (r ∨ s)]


SOLUTION

p ∧ (q ∧ r) ≡ ~[(p ∨ q) ∧ (r ∧ s)]

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.16 | Page 33

State the dual of the following statement by applying the principle of duality.

2 is even number or 9 is a perfect square.


SOLUTION

2 is even number and 9 is a perfect square.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.17 | Page 33

Rewrite the following statement without using the connective ‘If ... then’.

If a quadrilateral is rhombus then it is not a square.


SOLUTION

Let p : A quadrilateral is rhombus.

q : A quadrilateral is not a square.

The given statement is p → q.

But p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q.

∴ The given statement can be written as ‘A quadrilateral is not a rhombus or it is not a square’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.17 | Page 33

Rewrite the following statement without using the connective ‘If ... then’.

If 10 − 3 = 7 then 10 × 3 ≠ 30.


SOLUTION

Let p : 10 − 3 = 7

q : 10 × 3 ≠ 30

The given statement is p → q.

But p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q.

∴ The given statement can be written as
'10 - 3 ≠ 7 or 10 × 3 ≠ 30'.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.17 | Page 33

Rewrite the following statement without using the connective ‘If ... then’.

If it rains then the principal declares a holiday.


SOLUTION

Let p : It rains.

q : The principal declares a holiday.

The given statement is p → q.

But p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q.

∴ The given statement can be written as ‘It does not rain or the principal declares a holiday’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.18 | Page 33

Write the dual of the following.

(~p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q)


SOLUTION

(~p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ ~q) ∧ (~p ∨ ~q)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.18 | Page 33

Write the dual of the following.

(p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r)


SOLUTION

(p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.18 | Page 33

Write the dual of the following.

p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ r)


SOLUTION

p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (q ∧ r)

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.18 | Page 33

Write the dual of the following.

~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∧ ~q


SOLUTION

~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.19 | Page 33

Consider the following statements.
i. If D is dog, then D is very good.
ii. If D is very good, then D is dog.
iii. If D is not very good, then D is not a dog.
iv. If D is not a dog, then D is not very good. Identify the pairs of statements having the same meaning. Justify.


SOLUTION

Let p : D is dog.
q : D is very good.
Then the given statement in the symbolic form is i. p → q
ii. q → p
iii. ~q → ~p
iv. ~p → ~q

Since a statement and its contrapositive are equivalent, statements (i) and (iii) have the same meaning.
Since converse and inverse of a compound statement are equivalent, statements (ii) and (iv) have same meaning.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.2 | Page 33

Express the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

All men are mortal.


SOLUTION

U : The set of all human being
A : The set of all men
B : The set of all mortal


VENN DIAGRAM

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement, i.e. A ⊂ B.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.2 | Page 33

Express the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

Some persons are not politician.


SOLUTION

U : The set of all human beings.
X : The set of all persons.
Y : The set of all politician

Express the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.


The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement, i.e. Y - X ≠ Φ

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.2 | Page 33

Express the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

Some members of the present Indian cricket are not committed.


SOLUTION

U : The set of all human beings.
M : The set of all members of the present Indian cricket.
C : The set of all committed members of the present Indian cricket.

VENN DIAGRAM

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement, i.e. C - M = Φ

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.2 | Page 33

Express the truth of the following statement by the Venn diagram.

No child is an adult.


SOLUTION

U : Set of all human beings.
C : Set of all child.
A : Set of all Adult.

VENN DIAGRAM

The above Venn diagram represents the truth of the given statement, i.e. C ∩ A = Φ

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.21 | Page 34

If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, determine the truth value of the following statement.

∃ x ∈ A, such that 3x + 2 > 9


SOLUTION

For x = 3, 3x + 2 = 3(3) + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11 > 9

∴ x = 3 satisfies the equation 3x + 2 > 9.

∴ The given statement is true.

∴ Its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.21 | Page 34

If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, determine the truth value of the following statement.

∀ x ∈ A, x2 < 18.


SOLUTION

For x = 5, x2 = 52 = 25 < 18

∴ x = 5 does not satisfies the equation x2 < 18.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ Its truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.21 | Page 34

If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, determine the truth value of the following statement.

∃ x ∈ A, such that x + 3 < 11.


SOLUTION

For x = 2, x + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5 < 11. 

∴ x = 2 satisfies the equation x + 3 < 11.

∴ The given statement is true.

∴ Its truth value is T.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.21 | Page 34

If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, determine the truth value of the following statement.

∀ x ∈ A, x2 + 2 ≥ 5.


SOLUTION

There is no x in A which satisfies x2 + 2 ≥ 5.

∴ The given statement is false.

∴ Its truth value is F.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.22 | Page 34

Write the negation of the following statement.

7 is prime number and Tajmahal is in Agra.


SOLUTION

Let p : 7 is prime number.
q : Tajmahal is in Agra.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

Its negation is ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q.

∴ The negation of given statement is '7 is not prime number or Tajmahal is not in Agra.'

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.22 | Page 34

Write the negation of the following statement.

10 > 5 and 3 < 8


SOLUTION

Let p : 10 > 5.
q : 3 < 8.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∧ q.

Its negation is ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q.

∴ The negation of given statement is '10 ≤ 5 or 3 ≥ 8.'

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.22 | Page 34

Write the negation of the following statement.

I will have tea or coffee.


SOLUTION

Let p : I will have tea.
q : I will have coffee.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ∨ q.

Its negation is ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∧ ~q.

∴ The negation of given statement is ‘I will not have tea and coffee’.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.22 | Page 34

Write the negation of the following statement.

∀ n ∈ N, n + 3 > 9.


SOLUTION

∃ n ∈ N such that n + 3 ≤ 9.

QUESTION

Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | Q 4.22 | Page 34

Write the negation of the following statement.

∃ n ∈ A, such that x + 5 < 11.


SOLUTION

∀  x ∈ A, x + 5 ≤ 11  

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