10th English Compound Words (Q.11) Study Material & Exercises

Q.11 Compound Words

The following table:

Word 1	Word 2	Compound word
air	port	airport
hand	written	handwritten
over	load	overload
child	hood	childhood
safe	guard	safeguard
type	write	typewrite
soft	ware	software
walking	stick	walking stick
fast	food	fast food
water	fall	water fall
cricket	ground	cricket ground
head	light	headlight
wind	screen	wind screen
eye	brow	eye brow
car	park	car park
second	class	second class
nice	man	nice man
honest	man	honest man
wise	man	wise man
tall	girl	tall girl
short	hand	short hand
driving	licence	driving licence
walking	stick	walking stick
dining	hall	dining hall
reading	room	reading room
resting	hall	resting hall
cloak	room	cloak room
after	noon	afternoon
fore	sight	fore sight
over	coat	over coat

Exercises

1. Choose the suitable option to pair it with the word 'watch' to form a compound word. (MDL-19)

• a) hall
• b) house
• c) man
• d) clock

2. Choose the suitable option to pair it with the word alarm to form a compound word. (PTA - 1)

• a) sound
• b) clock
• c) time
• d) watch

3. Choose the suitable option to pair with green to form a compound word. (PTA - 2)

• a) dress
• b) house
• c) glass
• d) pen

4. Choose the suitable option to pair it with the word traffic to form a compound word. (PTA-3)

• a) police
• b) signal
• c) jam
• d) light

5. Choose the suitable option to pair it with 'boarding' to form a compound word. (PTA-4)

• a) pause
• b) pass
• c) parts
• d) fast

6. Choose the suitable option to pair with 'sea' to form a compound word. (PTA - 5)

• a) shine
• b) shore
• c) soar
• d) pool

7. Choose the suitable option that do not pair with life to form a compound word. (PTA - 6)

• a) skill
• b) time
• c) boat
• d) leave

Degrees of Comparison Flashcards: Practice & Exercises

Degrees of Comparison Flashcards

Tap on a card to reveal the answer or conversion.

What are the three forms, or 'degrees of comparison', in which an adjective can exist?

Tap to flip

Positive, comparative, and superlative.

What does the positive form of an adjective represent?

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The base form of the adjective, used when not making a comparison.

What does the comparative form of an adjective express?

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A higher degree of some quality, used when comparing two things.

What does the superlative form of an adjective express?

Tap to flip

The highest degree of a quality, used when comparing three or more things.

According to the 'Important Tip', which form of an adjective should be used when comparing exactly two things?

Tap to flip

The comparative form (e.g., 'bigger', 'more beautiful').

The superlative form of an adjective (e.g., 'biggest', 'most beautiful') is used for comparing how many items?

Tap to flip

Three or more items.

What are the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective 'Good'?

Tap to flip

Comparative: Better, Superlative: Best.

What are the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective 'Bad'?

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Comparative: Worse, Superlative: Worst.

What are the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives 'Much' and 'Many'?

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Comparative: More, Superlative: Most.

What are the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective 'Little'?

Tap to flip

Comparative: Lesser, Superlative: Least.

What are the two different sets of comparative and superlative forms for the adjective 'Old'?

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For family: Elder, Eldest. For general use: Older, Oldest.

For adjectives like 'Beautiful' or 'Industrious', how are the comparative and superlative forms typically created?

Tap to flip

By adding 'More' for the comparative and 'Most' for the superlative.

A superlative sentence using 'the [adjective]-est' (e.g., 'the richest') can be changed to a comparative sentence using what phrase?

Tap to flip

...[adjective]-er than any other.

A superlative sentence using 'the [adjective]-est' (e.g., 'the tallest') can be changed to a positive sentence using what phrase?

Tap to flip

No other ... as [adjective] as.

A superlative sentence using 'one of the [adjective]-est' can be changed to a comparative sentence using what phrase?

Tap to flip

...[adjective]-er than many / most other.

A superlative sentence using 'one of the [adjective]-est' can be changed to a positive sentence using what phrase?

Tap to flip

Very few ... as [adjective] as.

Change the following superlative sentence to the comparative form:

'Raji is the richest woman in Mumbai.'

Tap to flip

Raji is richer than any other woman in Mumbai.

Change the following superlative sentence to the positive form:

'Australia is the largest island.'

Tap to flip

No other island is as large as Australia.

Change the following superlative sentence to the comparative form:

'Australia is one of the largest islands.'

Tap to flip

Australia is larger than many other islands.

Change the following comparative sentence to the positive form:

'Iron is stronger than many other metals.'

Tap to flip

Very few metals are as strong as Iron.

Change the following positive sentence to the comparative form:

'No one is as lazy as Raja.'

Tap to flip

Raja is lazier than anyone else.

Change the following comparative sentence to the positive form:

'Mango is sweeter than Apple.'

Tap to flip

Apple is not as sweet as Mango.

Change the following positive sentence to the comparative form:

'March is not as hot as June.'

Tap to flip

June is hotter than March.

Change the following positive sentence to the comparative form:

'The rose smells as sweet as the lily.'

Tap to flip

The lily does not smell sweeter than the rose.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'Lead is heavier than any other metal.'

Tap to flip

Lead is the heaviest metal.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'Very few cities in India are as big as Mumbai.'

Tap to flip

Mumbai is bigger than many other cities in India.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'The pen is mightier than the sword.'

Tap to flip

The sword is not as mighty as the pen.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.'

Tap to flip

No other peak in the world is as high as Mount Everest.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'She is the smartest girl in the class.'

Tap to flip

She is smarter than any other girl in the class.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'No other boy is as fast as Usain.'

Tap to flip

Usain is the fastest boy.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Greenland is the largest island in the world.'

Tap to flip

No other island in the world is as large as Greenland.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'Shakespeare is greater than any other English poet.'

Tap to flip

Shakespeare is the greatest English poet.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Prevention is better than cure.'

Tap to flip

Cure is not as good as prevention.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'Milk is more nourishing than any other food.'

Tap to flip

Milk is the most nourishing food.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'Diamond is the hardest substance.'

Tap to flip

Diamond is harder than any other substance.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'He is as strong as his brother.'

Tap to flip

His brother is not stronger than him.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'The airplane flies faster than birds.'

Tap to flip

Birds do not fly as fast as the airplane.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Gold is more precious than silver.'

Tap to flip

Silver is not as precious as Gold.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'This is the oldest tree in the forest.'

Tap to flip

This tree is older than any other tree in the forest.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'Very few cricketers were as great as Sachin.'

Tap to flip

Sachin was one of the greatest cricketers.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'This sum is easier than that one.'

Tap to flip

That sum is not as easy as this one.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Jupiter is the biggest planet.'

Tap to flip

No other planet is as big as Jupiter.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'A train is faster than a car.'

Tap to flip

A car is not as fast as a train.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'Winter is the coldest season.'

Tap to flip

Winter is colder than any other season.

Rewrite the sentence using the Superlative degree:

'No other story book is as popular as Harry Potter.'

Tap to flip

Harry Potter is the most popular story book.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'My house is bigger than yours.'

Tap to flip

Your house is not as big as mine.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Iron is more useful than copper.'

Tap to flip

Copper is not as useful as Iron.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'The Pacific is the deepest ocean.'

Tap to flip

The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'Hunger is the best sauce.'

Tap to flip

Hunger is better than any other sauce.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Sam is the tallest boy in the group.'

Tap to flip

No other boy in the group is as tall as Sam.

Rewrite the sentence using the Comparative degree:

'Coffee is not as healthy as Tea.'

Tap to flip

Tea is healthier than Coffee.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Asia is the largest continent.'

Tap to flip

No other continent is as large as Asia.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Light travels faster than sound.'

Tap to flip

Sound does not travel as fast as light.

Rewrite the sentence using the Positive degree:

'Your handwriting is worse than mine.'

Tap to flip

My handwriting is not as bad as yours.

Term: Adjective

Tap to flip

Definition: A word that tells us more about a person, place, or thing.

Term: Comparison

Tap to flip

Definition: Looking at two or more things to see how they are alike or different.

Term: Degree (of comparison)

Tap to flip

Definition: Levels that show how much of a quality something has when you compare it.

Term: Base form (of adjective)

Tap to flip

Definition: The simple, original adjective before you change it to compare (e.g., 'tall').

Term: Recreation

Tap to flip

Definition: Fun things you do to relax when you're not working or studying.

Term: Eminent

Tap to flip

Definition: Very famous and respected by many people for being good at something.

Term: Industrious

Tap to flip

Definition: Someone who works very hard and is always busy doing useful things.

Term: Ferocious

Tap to flip

Definition: Very wild, fierce, and a bit scary.

The Real Wealth Poem Questions Answers | 4th English Term 2 Unit 1 Affection

The Real Wealth (Poem): Questions with Answers

4th English | Term 2 Unit 1 | Affection

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Parents never let us get spoilt.

2. Parents help us to overcome our bad habits (which spoil us).

3. Sister is next to parents in care.

4. Relationships are the real wealth.

5. A friend always stays to the last in our needs.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. Who brought us to this world?

Our parents brought us to this world.

2. Which is as important as our health?

Relationship is as important as our health.

3. How does a friend support us?

A friend is with us in all our deeds. He sticks to us till the end in fulfilling our needs.

4. Why relationships are more important than wealth?

Relationships feed us, protect us and prevent us from being spoiled. They help us to grow ahead. So they are more important than wealth.

C. Match the rhyming words.

Student Task: Try to match the words on the left with the rhyming words on the right before checking the answer below.

Questions:

(i) share - dare

(ii) bread - rest

(iii) care - needs

(iv) deeds - ahead

(v) zest – bear

Answer:

(i) share - bear
(ii) bread - ahead
(iii) care - dare
(iv) deeds - needs
(v) zest - rest

LET US KNOW

Look at the picture and find the dog.

The dog is in front of the house.

The dog is behind the house.

The dog is between the houses.

The words in front of, behind and between tell us where the dog is. Such words are called prepositions of place.

---

Tick (✔) the correct place of the apple.

---

Write the correct prepositions.

(i) The doll is in front of the box.

(ii) The doll is between the boxes.

(iii) The doll is behind the box.

---

Imagine yourself as the rabbit and tell your friend deer where you are.

I am in front of the rock.

I am behind the tree.

I am between the bushes.

---

Before – After

The yellow toy is before blue toy.

The blue toy is after yellow toy.

Here before indicates a position preceding.

After indicates a position following.

---

Fill in the blanks with before or after.

a) 5 is after 4.

b) 1 is before 2.

c) 3 is before 4.

d) 6 is after 5.

---

a) A is before B.

b) D is after C.

c) E is before F.

d) B is before C.

---

Athithya is standing in front of Devi.

Vishali is standing behind Anish.

---

Watermelon is in front of pineapple.

Banana is behind apple.

LET US LISTEN

Listen to the conversation and answer the following.

1. How many variety of dosa did the waiter say?

a. one
b. two
c. three

2. Name the special dish.

a. Adai
b. Idly
c. Dosai

3. How long will it take to make Adai?

a. 5 minutes
b. 10 minutes
c. 15 minutes

4. What type of coffee did the customer order?

a. instant
b. black
c. filter

Note to the teacher: Scan the QR code to listen to the audio. Let the children listen to the audio and answer the questions.

LET US SPEAK

Hello sir. Give me ticket to Trichy.

How many tickets do you need?

Only one ticket sir.

It costs 120 rupees.

Here it is .

Here is your ticket and the change.

What time does the bus leave?

The bus leaves in 5 minutes.

Will you stop the bus for breakfast?

Yes, we will stop in Alathur for breakfast.

When will we reach Trichy?

We will reach Trichy by 12:30 p.m.

Thank you sir.

---

Structures that are useful for this situation.

Does this bus go to Trichy?

How much is a ticket to Trichy?

Give me a ticket.

When will you start the bus?

Give me 120 rupees.

We are leaving in 5 minutes.

We are about to leave.

Note to the teacher: Make the children practice these phrases and give them more scenarios to practise.

Book Back Exercises Questions with Answers, Solution

Tags: Affection, Term 2 Chapter 1, 4th English, The real wealth

Home | More Notes

My Hobbies | Treasure Trove Poem & Grammar Exercises | Class 4 English Term 1 Unit 2

Chapter: 4th English : Term 1 Unit 2 : My Hobbies

Treasure Trove: Questions with Answers

Text Book Back Exercises Questions with Answers, Solution

A. Answer the following questions.

a. What would we do when we are happy or sad?

When we are happy or sad we should read books.

b. When do we land on Mars?

When we read about space we land on Mars.

c. Why do we discover a mystery?

We discover a mystery to solve a crime.

d. Where did we visit a mermaid?

We visit a mermaid under the sea.

e. Why should we read?

We should read to learn a lot about things around us.

B. Pick out the rhyming words from the poem and write.

Mars - cars

time - crime

be - sea

LET US KNOW

Simple present tense is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths and planned actions. The simple present tense is easy to form. We all know verbs have forms. Those are:

The present form is used in simple present tense. Come let us use it.

• For I, we, you and they, present form is used.

• For he, she and it, s is added to the present form.

Give the correct verb form for following sentences.

I go to school.

You go to school.

We go to school.

He goes to school.

It goes to school.

She goes to school.

They go to school.

Simple Present Tense for 'Be' Verbs

We saw simple present tense for action verbs. Let us see the simple present tense for ‘be’ verbs. 'Be' verbs show a state of being.

• ‘am’ is used for I

• ‘are’ is used for we, you, and they

• ‘is’ is used for he, she, it.

Give the correct verb form for following sentences.

I am a doctor.

It is a car.

We are police.

They are football players.

You are an engineer.

She is a driver.

He is a carpenter.

When to use Simple Present Tense?

Habitual actions.

I wake up at 6 am every day.

I go to market every Saturday.

---

General truths.

The earth goes round the sun.

Water boils at 100º C.

---

Unchanging situations.

I am a teacher and I teach English. I go to school by bus.

---

Planned actions.

The examination starts next week.

A. Use the suitable verb. ( Read / reads )

I read the book.

Banu reads the lesson.

Suresh reads the poem.

We read loudly.

My friends read a passage.

My father reads the news.

The boy reads the story.

You read the instruction.

The robot reads some words.

B. Circle/underline the correct word.

1. Boy like / likes the cake.

2. We come / comes home at 4 p.m. every day.

3. The birds fly / flies in the sky.

4. You comes / come late to school.

5. It run / runs very fast.

C. Rewrite the sentences using the words in the brackets.

1. I go to school at 8 ‘o’ clock. (He)

He goes to school at 8 o'clock.

2. We play cricket on Sundays. (Aravind)

Aravind plays cricket on Sundays.

3. I watch tv in the afternoon. (My mother)

My mother watches TV in the afternoon.

4. They visit their friends in the evenings. (Kavitha)

Kavitha visits her friends in the evenings.

5. I have dinner at 8 p.m. (She)

She has dinner at 8 p.m.

Fill in the blanks.

She is my mother.

He is my father.

I am Rani.

They are my brothers.

He is my grandpa.

She is my grandma.

We are family.

My grandma goes to temple.

My grandpa goes to shop.

My Mom goes to office.

They go to school

I go to school.

My dad goes to office.

We all do our work regularly.

LET US LISTEN

Listen to the audio and answer the riddles.

Who am I?

1. ___________

2. ___________

3. ___________

4. ___________

5. ___________

Note to the teacher: Scan the QR code to listen to the audio. Let the children listen to the audio and answer the question.

LET US SPEAK

What’s your lunch today?

Lucky: come let’s have our lunch together.

Kavi: Mm... wait a minute, Kavi.

Lucky: What is your lunch today?

Kavi: Let me see, oh! It is curd rice.

Kavi: What is yours?

Lucky: Mine is white rice and sambar.

Kavi: I like sambar.

Kavi: Can I take some?

Lucky: Yes, sure. Let’s share.

Kavi: You take my curd rice.

Lucky: Enough... enough, I can not eat this much.

Kavi: Have it, kavi. This is not much.

Structures that are useful for this situation.

Take or have some more rice.

Give me some water please.

I don’t like eggs.

Eat slowly.

It is enough.

I want more sambar, rasam, etc.

Take some vegetables.

I am full.

No thanks.

Do you want Pickles?

Note to the teacher: Make children practise these structures and encourage them to use them during their lunch time. You can also practise with different situations like breakfast and supper.

The Woman on Platform 8: Step to Success & Connecting to Self Exercises | 8th English Unit 1

The Woman on Platform 8

Unit 1: Supplementary by Ruskin Bond | 8th English

Step to Success

Sentence Rearrangement

Arrange the following sentences in the correct logical order.

• A. Miss Sullivan arrived at the Keller home when Helen was seven.
• B. The deaf and blind Helen learned to communicate verbally.
• C. But, eventually, Miss Sullivan's effort was rewarded.
• D. Before Helen Keller was two years old, she lost her sight and her hearing.
• E. Miss Sullivan worked closely with Helen, her new student.
• F. At times the teacher became frustrated.

Choose the correct sequence:

1. 1. DEFACB
2. 2. DAEFCB
3. 3. ACFDEB
4. 4. CFDABE
5. 5. FDACEB

Correct Order

[Answer: 2. DAEFCB]

1. D. Before Helen Keller was two years old, she lost her sight and her hearing.
2. A. Miss Sullivan arrived at the Keller home when Helen was seven.
3. E. Miss Sullivan worked closely with Helen, her new student.
4. F. At times the teacher became frustrated.
5. C. But, eventually, Miss Sullivan’s effort was rewarded.
6. B. The deaf and blind Helen learned to communicate verbally.

Connecting to Self

Think you are in the following situation and write what would you do and why.

1. Will you ignore/take and give to its owner/take and keep it yourself.

I will take it and see the address of the owner.

I will hand it over to him.

If not, I’ll hand it in the police station.

This is an act of a good person.

2. Will you ignore/go and help him/stand watching him feeling shy to help.

I will go and help him to carry his things till he reaches his destination.

Helping an elderly person is a good quality of a youngster.

3. Will you ignore/try to stop them fighting / be afraid and go away from there.

Even though I am afraid, I would like to stop them, if I can.

It is a human nature.

ICT CORNER

GRAMMAR – NOUN

To learn the parts of speech and also about the Nouns and its kind.

STEPS TO PLAY THE GAME:

1. Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code.
2. Click the arrow button to know about nouns with examples.
3. Click QUIZZES at the bottom and answer the questions.
4. Click GAMES to play a game related with noun.
5. Continue the same with the remaining parts of speech to strengthen your learning.

** Images are indicatives only.

Mastering English Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement and Non-Finites

Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement, Appropriate Verb, & Non-Finites

Subject-Verb Agreement

The subject and verb of a sentence should be in agreement with each other.

A verb agrees with the subject in number and person. A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

E.g., for singular verb in a sentence:

1. She is a good speaker.
2. Ramu is an intelligent student.
3. Subhasini is an excellent dancer.
4. Sunita is a great artist.
5. He is a good person.

E.g., for plural verb in a sentence:

1. Children are playing.
2. They have finished their work.
3. Geeta and Sita have won the prize.
4. You and I are friends.
5. Two and two make four.

Rules

1. Two or more singular subjects joined by “and” take a plural verb.

   E.g., You and I love music.

2. When two subjects are joined by “as well as”, the verb agrees with the first subject.

   E.g., Her cousins as well as she are hard working.

3. Either, neither, each, every and everyone are followed by a singular verb.

   E.g., Each of them is lovable.

4. When two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular.

   E.g., My sister and friend has come.

5. When two subjects express one idea, the verb is in the singular.

   E.g., Three and three make six.

6. When a plural noun expresses some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb is in the singular.

   E.g., Thirty litres of milk is too much for payasam.

7. When two or more singular subjects are connected by “with”, “together with”, “and not”, “besides”, “no less than”, the verb is in the singular.

   E.g., He and not she is to blame.

8. The verb agrees with the number of the nouns that follow the verb.

   E.g., There are ten students in the crowd.

9. Some nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning, take a singular verb.

   E.g., Tamil is my mother tongue.

10. A plural noun which is in the name of a country, province, a book, is followed by a singular verb.

    E.g., Human values is of great importance.

11. A collective noun takes a singular verb.

    E.g., The whole class is attentive.

12. A relative pronoun must agree with its gender, number and person.

    E.g., It is I, who is to write.

A. Fill in the blanks appropriately

1. Mahatma Gandhi is the father of our nation.
2. There are ten dogs in my street.
3. They are to write the exercises neatly.
4. Butter milk is good for health.
5. Fruits are good for health.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb:

1. The quality of dal is not good.
2. The horse carriage is at the door.
3. My friend and teacher has come.
4. Are your father and mother at home?
5. Honour and glory is his reward.
6. The ship with its crew is sailing good.
7. Gullivers Travels is an excellent story.
8. Neither food nor water is found here.
9. Mathematics is a branch of study.
10. Fifteen minutes is allowed to read the question paper.

C. Change the singular nouns to plurals by either adding ‘s’, ‘ies’, ‘es’, ‘ves

Plural form conversions.

Non Finites

Verbs are action words. They are divided into two: Finite and Non Finites.

Finite Verbs...

1. act as a verb.
2. act as a main verb of a sentence or a clause.
3. indicate number, person and tense.
4. are used in the present tense and the past tense.
5. have to agree with the subject and change accordingly.

On the other hand, Non Finite verbs...

1. do not act as a verb.
2. act as nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
3. do not indicate number, person or tense.
4. are usually gerunds, infinitives or participle.

The different kinds of Non Finites are:

1. Infinitives
2. Gerund
3. Participles

Infinitives:

1. Full infinitives - It is “to+ a verb.

   Example: Pushpa eats lunch with me.
   {to+a verb}
   ‘eats’ is a third person singular, simple present tense, main verb.

2. Bare infinitives - It is a verb without ‘to’.

   Example: Reena will help me.

Gerund:

Gerund functions as a noun, so it is called a verbal noun. It also functions as an adjective. A gerund has the same form as a present participle.

Gerunds are used in the following ways.

1. As a subject and a kind of a noun.
   • a) Reading is a good habit.
   • b) Learning a language is always useful.
2. As an object:

   Rita likes cooking.

3. As a complement:

   Her liking is cooking.

4. Used in compound nouns:

   bath tub {a tub to bathe}

Participles:

Participles come after an object to describe it and express the state the object is in. A present participle indicates an activity that is continuing and is in progress. A present or past participle can function as an adjective phrase to describe a noun placed before it.

Example- 1. The baby singing in the room is my child.

Example- 2. The bird flying in the sky is the lark.

The different forms of Participles are:

1. Present participle - verb +ing (e.g., sleep+ing=sleeping)
2. Past participles - verb+d/ed/en (e.g., like+d=liked)
3. Perfect participles - having + past participles (e.g., having + finished = having finished)
4. Present - {passive} - being + past participle (e.g., being + toed = being toed)
5. Perfect {passive} - having been + past participle (e.g., having been written)

Participles are used as a verb. Example: Sita is sleeping.

It is used as an adjective. Example: She is a retired Principal.

D. Identify the non-finites in the following sentences and underline them

E.g., Children love eating chocolates

1. Roshan dreams of becoming an architect.
2. We must aim at fulfilling Dr APJ Abdul kalam’s dream to make India the most developed country by 2020.
3. Taking the children to the museum is Seema’s responsibility.
4. Having finished the work, the manager decided to return home.
5. Travelling with her family, Tara enjoyed every minute of it.

E. Replace the underlined words by a participle in the following sentences:

Example: When young people wear soiled clothes on formal occasions to show rebelliousness.
Ans: Young people wear soiled clothes on formal occasions to show rebelliousness.

1. While Sudha was climbing the stairs, she tripped and fell down.
   Climbing the stairs, sudha tripped and fell down.
2. After her evening prayers, my grandmother went to the temple.
   Having prayed, my grandmother went to the temple.
3. Since he is a king, he can order everybody.
   Being a king, he can order everybody.
4. They took the last wicket and walked back to the pavillion.
   Having taken the last wicket, they walked back to the pavillion.
5. When he saw the train in the platform he rushed.
   Seeing the train on the platform, he rushed.

F. Fill in the blank with the correct alternative:

1. Having played on the flute, Krishna returned it. {played/having played}
2. We wish she continues being healthy. {being /be}
3. The doctor advised him against wandering in the sun. {wander / wandering}
4. I like drinking rasam. {drinking / drink}
5. Having used the scissors I returned it to her. {using / having used}

G. Tick the correct sentences:

Questions for Exercise G.

1. I had desired to eat a cake.
2. My son is fond of music.
3. Sreena avoids eating fruits.
4. Bravery is not picking a quarrel.
5. It is easier to say than do.

Answers for Exercise G (correct sentences are ticked).

Based on the image above, the correct sentences are 1, 2, 4, and 5.

Mastering English Grammar: Conjunctions, Phrases, and Clauses Explained with Exercises

Grammar: Conjunctions, Phrases and Clauses

Conjunctions And Their Functions

Now, let us see various types of Conjunctions and practise how to use them in sentences.

I. Coordinating Conjunctions:

1. I rang up but he didn’t speak to me.
2. Slow and steady wins the race.
3. Finish your work or you will not be sent home.
4. The child was ill so he was admitted in the hospital.
5. He is rich for he is hard-working.

II. Subordinating Conjunctions:

1. Unless you work hard, you cannot secure good marks.
2. Wait till I return.
3. He is honest, though he is poor.
4. As John is very weak, he is not able to walk fast.
5. I will return home after sunset.
6. My uncle entered my house, while I was doing my homework.

III. Correlative Conjunctions:

1. Sheeba is both a singer and a dancer.
2. Neither Jane nor Ram has attended the function.
3. No sooner did the teacher enter the class than the boys stood up.
4. Scarcely had they gone out when it started raining.
5. The car is not only economical but also feels good to drive.

EXERCISE:

A. Complete the sentences given below choosing the right connectors given in brackets.

1. Call me ________ you need money. (so that, in order that, in case)

   Call me in case you need money.

2. I forgot ________ I had to meet the Principal. (whether, that, if)

   I forgot that I had to meet the Principal.

3. ________ he is ninety years old, he is in the pink of health. (when, since, though)

   Though he is ninety years old, he is in the pink of health.

4. It is raining. Take an umbrella ________ you will get drenched. (or else, and, but)

   It is raining. Take an umbrella or else you will get drenched.

5. They faced many hardships ________ they are always cheerful. (although, nevertheless, otherwise)

   They faced many hardships nevertheless they are always cheerful.

B. Fill in the blanks with the connector that goes with the underlined words.

1. Both the minister ________ the officers visited the affected areas.

   Both the minister and the officers visited the affected areas.

2. Jaya teaches not only English ________ Science.

   Jaya teaches not only English but also Science.

3. Either Raghu ________ Bala will have to buy vegetables from the market.

   Either Raghu or Bala will have to buy vegetables from the market.

4. No sooner did I enter the house ________ it started drizzling.

   No sooner did I enter the house than it started drizzling.

C. Combine the pairs of sentences using appropriate connectors.

1. We came late. We did not miss the train.

   Though we came late, we did not miss the train.

2. They checked the packet twice. Then they sealed it.

   They checked the packet twice and then they sealed it.

3. Sita saw a snake. At once she ran away.

   As soon as Sita saw a snake, she ran away. (or)
   Sita saw a snake and at once she ran away.

4. Robert completed the project. He submitted it to the teacher.

   Robert completed the project and submitted it to the teacher.

5. Yusuf was running high temperature. He could not take part in the competition.

   As Yusuf was running high temperature, he could not take part in the competition. (or)
   Yusuf was running high temperature and so he could not take part in the competition.

D. Tick the correct linker.

1. ________ he was honest, he was punished. (though, but)

   Though he was honest, he was punished.

2. Walk carefully ________ you will fall down. (unless, otherwise)

   Walk carefully otherwise you will fall down.

3. My mother called me ________ I was playing football. (or, while)

   My mother called me while I was playing football.

4. My salary is low ________ I find the work interesting. (Nevertheless, similarly)

   My salary is low nevertheless I find the work interesting.

5. The passengers rushed to board the bus ________ it arrived. (as soon as, as long as)

   The passengers rushed to board the bus as soon as it arrived.

E. Supply suitable linkers.

1. “________ I was alive and had a human heart,” answered the statue, “I did not know what tears were, ________ I lived in the palace ________ sorrow was not allowed to enter. My courtiers called me the Happy Prince ________ Happy Indeed I was. So I lived and ________ I died.”

   “When I was alive and had a human heart,” answered the statue, “I did not know what tears were, for I lived in the palace where sorrow was not allowed to enter. My courtiers called me the Happy Prince and Happy Indeed I was. So I lived and so I died.”

2. Many writers make incorrect sentences ________ they try to put sentences together. They may make grammatical errors ________ leave out important punctuation marks. Making such mistakes is quite common ________ preparing the first draft. ________ he must carefully edit his final draft.

   Many writers make incorrect sentences when they try to put sentences together. They may make grammatical errors and leave out important punctuation marks. Making such mistakes is quite common while preparing the first draft. So he must carefully edit his final draft.

3. In most large cities ________ towns of our country, there are special schools for girls. ________, there are many co-educational schools ________ girls ________ boys study together. Most parents allow their daughters to attend these schools, ________ there are some parents ________ are against such schools for girls ________ the age of 14 or 15.

   In most large cities and towns of our country, there are special schools for girls. Moreover / And also, there are many co-educational schools where girls and boys study together. Most parents allow their daughters to attend these schools, but there are some parents who are against such schools for girls after the age of 14 or 15.

F. Rearrange the words in the correct order to make meaningful sentences.

1. as / I / healthy / are / you / am / as

   I am as healthy as you are.

2. your / today / put on / new / since / is / birthday /dress / the

   Since today is your birthday, put on the new dress.

3. allergic / dogs / Rani / though / is / to / of / six / she / them / has

   Though Rani is allergic to dogs, she has six of them.

4. speaks / Ruben / besides / German / languages / two

   Ruben speaks two languages besides German.

5. loan/apply/you/if/for/you/a/get/will/immediately/it/

   If you apply for a loan, you will get it immediately.

Nominalisation

The term "nominalisation" refers to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech by adding a derivational affix.

A grammatical expression is turned into a noun phrase when we nominalise a sentence. For example,

• (A) After 1885, trade with Europe grew. (Verb)
• (B) After 1885, there was a growth in trade with Europe. (Noun)

In sentence B, we have used the word ‘growth’ which is the noun form of the verb ‘grow’ by adding the suffix ‘th’.

Nominalisation can be done in three different ways.

1. We can add suffixes like -ment, -tion, -sion, -ness, -ation, -ity, -al to verbs and adjectives.

Examples:

• admire – admiration
• arrive – arrival
• careless – carelessness
• fail – failure
• include – inclusion
• intense – intensity
• punish – punishment

2. Some words are turned into nouns without any adding suffix.

Examples:

• bleed – blood
• lose – loss
• prove – proof
• sell – sale
• speak – speech

3. Some words do not undergo any change when they are used as nouns.

Examples:

• attempt – attempt
• change – change
• control – control
• desire – desire
• escape – escape

Nominalisation Exercises

G. Write the noun forms of the following words.

1. beautiful 2. breathe 3. enter 4. know 5. deafen 6. zealous 7. familiar 8. accept 9. dangerous

Word : Noun forms

1. beautiful : beauty
2. breathe : breath
3. enter : entry
4. know : knowledge
5. deafen : deaf
6. zealous : zeal
7. familiar : familiarity
8. accept : acceptance
9. dangerous : danger

H. Complete the following sentences using the noun form of the words given in brackets

1. The boy had to give a proper ________ for being late. (explain)

   The boy had to give a proper explanation for being late.

2. They could make ________ about the future. (predict)

   They could make prediction about the future.

3. At one point in life, he had no ________ but to trust his friend. (choose)

   At one point in life, he had no choice but to trust his friend.

4. The monuments are to be preserved because of their historical ________. (significant)

   The monuments are to be preserved because of their historical significance.

5. It is very difficult to work with so many ________. (distract)

   It is very difficult to work with so many distractions.

I. Rewrite the sentences nominalising the underlined words.

Example: Students work diligently to score well in exams.

Students work with diligence to score well in exams.

1. We succeeded in our attempt.

   We got success in our attempt.

2. Nalini leads a happy life.

   Nalini has happiness in her life.

3. She failed and it disappointed her.

   Her failure gave her disappointment.

4. India became an independent country in the year 1947.

   India got independence in the year 1947.

5. The child resembles her father.

   The child has a resemblance to her father.

J. Combine the pairs of sentences given below into a single sentence using the noun form of the highlighted words.

1. He is an honest person. Everyone likes him.

   Everyone likes him for his honesty.

2. Sathya gave an explanation. The police wanted her to prove it.

   Though Sathya gave an explanation, the police wanted the proof.

3. He speaks well. It attracts all.

   His speech is an attraction to all.

4. Suresh is always punctual and regular. It has earned him a good job.

   Punctuality and regularity of Suresh have earned him a good job.

5. The policeman arrived quickly. It made us happy.

   The quick arrival of the policeman made us happy.

K. Complete the sentences in the paragraph using the appropriate form of words given in brackets.

1. My sister wanted to go to Mumbai last week. She made a decision (decide) to buy a ticket at once. As reservation (reserve) could be done online, she gave preference (prefer) to book a ticket that way. First, she collected information (inform) about the arrival (arrive) and departure (depart) of trains and airplanes.

2. A few days later, Androcles was captured by his master. He had to suffer all kinds of punishment (punish). At last, he was thrown to a lion which was in great hunger (hungry). It had been kept in an enclosure (enclose) and had not been fed for several days. His friends stood there with tearful (tear) eyes as the lion rushed towards him. The lion stopped near him and stood for a while looking (look) at him. Then it lay down by his side like a pet dog. Obviously (obvious), the lion recognized Androcles and the help (help) he had given it.

Phrases and Clauses

Finite And Non-Finite Verbs:

Words which denote an action are known as verbs. We classify verbs into two types. They are:

1. Finite verbs:

• My brother goes to temple daily.
• We have already finished the project.

The words printed in bold letters are finite verbs.

1. Finite verbs indicate the tense and time of actions.
2. Finite verbs undergo a change as and when the Subject (number or person) changes.

2. Non-Finite Verbs:

1. Non-finite verbs do not indicate the tense and time of actions.
2. Non-finite verbs do not change even when the Subject (number or person) changes.

There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.

1. An infinitive ( to + verb )
2. A gerund ( verb + ing )
3. A participle

Example:

• My son likes to watch cricket matches.(Infinitive)
• Playing chess is my hobby. (Gerund)
• Driven out of the kingdom, the king hid himself in a forest. (Participle)

PHRASE:

A Phrase is a group of words without a finite verb.

Examples: an intelligent boy, a costly pen, an interesting story.

The groups of words are phrases because they don’t contain a finite verb.

CLAUSE:

A Clause is a group of words which consists of a finite verb.

Examples: a boy who is intelligent, a pen which is costly, a story which is interesting.

Kinds Of Phrases & Clauses

Kinds Of Phrases:

We have three kinds of phrases according to their functions in sentences.

1. Adjective Phrase:

It is a group of words that does the work of an adjective. It describes the noun.

Example: We bought chairs made of wood for our auditorium.

2. Adverb Phrase:

It is a phrase which functions as an adverb. This Phrase supplies some information about the action.

Example: When the patient was taken to the Emergency ward, the doctors rushed there in a hurried manner.

3. Noun Phrase:

This is a phrase which acts as a noun.

Example: A boy of class X became the house captain.

L. Identify the phrases in the following sentences and classify them as Adjective, Adverb or Noun phrases.

1. The girl in blue saree is my sister.

   Identified Phrase: in blue saree
   Classification: Adjective phrase

2. Kohli hopes to win the trophy.

   Identified Phrase: to win the trophy
   Classification: Noun phrase

3. The train halts at every junction.

   Identified Phrase: at every junction
   Classification: Adverb phrase

4. I have never seen such a picture.

   Identified Phrase: such a picture
   Classification: Noun phrase

5. She worked in an enthusiastic manner.

   Identified Phrase: in an enthusiastic manner
   Classification: Adverb phrase

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Kinds Of Clauses

1. Adverb Clause:

It modifies the verb, that is, it tells something about the action. This Clause gives details about the action.

Example: The students were sitting quietly in the classroom until the teacher arrived.

2. Noun Clause:

This clause functions as a noun.

Example: Whoever wins the contest will get a prize.

3. Adjective Clause:

It acts as an adjective and describes a noun.

Example: I went to the place where I was born.

M. Identify the clauses and classify them accordingly.

1. Ram bought a pen that doesn’t write well.

   Identified Clause: that doesn’t write well
   Classification: Adjective clause

2. Come back as soon as possible.

   Identified Group: as soon as possible
   Classification: Adverb phrase (as per source)

3. Most of her friends, whom she had invited, attended her wedding.

   Identified Clause: whom she had invited
   Classification: Noun clause

4. My brother visits my father whenever he comes to Chennai.

   Identified Clause: whenever he comes to Chennai
   Classification: Adverb clause

5. Call me in case there is an emergency.

   Identified Clause: in case there is an emergency
   Classification: Adverb clause

6. Until the sun sets, the old woman cannot step out of her house.

   Identified Clause: Until the sun sets
   Classification: Adverb clause

7. She knows where I go.

   Identified Clause: where I go
   Classification: Noun clause

8. You can go wherever you want.

   Identified Clause: wherever you want
   Classification: Adverb clause