SSC 10th Science Part 2 March 2024 Question Paper Solution Maharashtra Board

Science and Technology Part II (E) - March 2024 Full Solution

Examination Details:

• Subject: Science and Technology Part II (English Medium)
• Time: 2 Hours | Max Marks: 40
• Note: All questions are compulsory. Scientifically correct, labeled diagrams should be drawn wherever necessary.

Q. 1 (A) Choose and write correct option number as answer:

(i) Regeneration occurs in:

Answer: (D) planaria

(ii) Lactobacillus brevis gives us the beverage:

Answer: (D) cider

(iii) A minor change occurs due to change in position of any nucleotide is termed as:

Answer: (C) mutation

(iv) Atomic power plant in Maharashtra is:

Answer: (C) Tarapur

(v) Example of phylum Arthropoda is:

Answer: (A) scorpion

Q. 1 (B) Solve the following:

(i) Pick the odd man out: duckbill platypus, pomfret, lungfish, peripatus.

Answer: Pomfret. (Reason: Others are connecting links between different groups of organisms, while pomfret is a true fish).

(ii) Write co-relation: Skin: Melanin :: Pancreas: _________

Answer: Insulin (Melanin is a pigment of the skin, Insulin is a hormone secreted by the Pancreas).

(iii) State, true or false: Production of various useful aquatic organisms with the help of water is called blue revolution.

Answer: True.

(iv) Write full form of WHO.

Answer: World Health Organization.

(v) Match the pair: Male

Answer: (1) Male — (b) $44+XY$

Q. 2 (A) Give scientific reasons (any two):

(i) Though tortoise lives on land as well as in water, it cannot be included in class-Amphibia.

Answer:

• Tortoises have dry and scaly skin, whereas amphibians have moist skin used for respiration.
• Tortoises breathe only through lungs, while amphibians can respire through their skin (cutaneous respiration) in water.
• Tortoises lay hard-shelled eggs on land, which is a characteristic of Class Reptilia.

(ii) Hydroelectric energy, solar energy and wind energy are called renewable energies.

Answer:

• These energy sources are derived from natural processes that are continuous and inexhaustible.
• Unlike fossil fuels, they are replenished by nature over short periods and do not run out with usage.

(iii) We feel tired after exercise.

Answer:

• During vigorous exercise, the body’s demand for oxygen exceeds the supply.
• To produce energy under these conditions, muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic acid.
• The accumulation of lactic acid leads to muscle fatigue and the feeling of tiredness.

Q. 2 (B) Answer any three:

(i) Write four adverse effects of radiations on human body.

1. Genetic mutations in DNA can occur.
2. High risk of developing various cancers, particularly leukemia.
3. Damage to the eyes (cataracts).
4. Destruction of cells in the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract.

(ii) Redraw and complete the given chart: Factors affecting Social Health.

Answer: The four empty circles can be completed with: (1) Financial status, (2) Education, (3) Social security, and (4) Health services.

(iii) Write any four important facts which must be thought over while considering the scope of disaster.

1. Pre-disaster phase (preparedness).
2. Warning phase (alertness).
3. Emergency phase (rescue operations).
4. Rehabilitation and Recovery phase (restoring normalcy).

(iv) Name two fuels obtained by microbial processes. Why is it necessary to increase the use of such fuels?

Answer: Methane and Ethanol. It is necessary to increase their use because they are "clean" fuels that produce less pollution, are renewable, and help reduce our reliance on depleting fossil fuels.

(v) What is DNA fingerprinting? Where is it mainly useful?

Answer: DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to identify the unique genetic pattern of an individual. It is primarily useful in forensic science (to identify criminals) and in paternity testing (to determine biological parents).

Q. 3 Answer any five:

(i) (a) What are vitamins? (b) Classify them according to their solubility. (c) Give one example of each type.

(a) Vitamins are organic compounds required in small quantities for the normal growth and maintenance of the body.
(b/c) Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, D, E, or K. Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamin B or C.

(ii) Explain the following terms: (a) Stem cells, (b) Cloning, (c) Genetically modified crops.

(a) Stem cells: Specialized cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body.
(b) Cloning: The process of producing genetically identical copies of a cell, tissue, or organism.
(c) Genetically modified crops: Crops produced by introducing specific DNA sequences from other organisms to enhance traits like yield or pest resistance.

(iii) Complete the given paragraph: Spilling of...

Answer: Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean... oil may prove fatal and toxic... remove the oil layer... by mechanical method... bacteria... ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals... reaction of carbon with oxygen.

(iv) Observe the wind turbine picture and answer: (a) Identify diagram, (b) Source of energy, (c) Why ecofriendly?

(a) Components of a Windmill / Wind Turbine.
(b) Wind energy.
(c) It is ecofriendly because it does not involve the combustion of fuel, meaning it emits no greenhouse gases or pollutants.

(v) Complete the following chart: Hobbies helpful to overcome stress.

[Image of hobbies for stress management chart] Answer: 1. Music/Singing, 2. Reading, 3. Gardening, 4. Painting, 5. Outdoor sports, 6. Photography.

(vi) Write names of any six materials which are to be in the first aid box.

1. Band-aids / Adhesive bandages.
2. Antiseptic liquid (like Dettol or Savlon).
3. Sterile cotton/gauze pads.
4. Adhesive tape.
5. Pair of scissors.
6. Antiseptic ointment.

(vii) (a) Define vestigial organs. (b) Write names of any two vestigial organs in the human body. (c) Write name of those animals in which these are functional.

(a) Vestigial organs are degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms.
(b) Appendix and Ear muscles (Pinna).
(c) The Appendix is functional in ruminants for cellulose digestion; Ear muscles are functional in monkeys for moving the ear pinna.

(viii) Identify: (a) Phylum with calcareous spines, (b) Phylum of small intestine dweller with pseudocoelom, (c) Class with spindle shape and gills.

(a) Phylum: Echinodermata (Example: Starfish).
(b) Phylum: Aschelminthes (Example: Ascaris).
(c) Class: Pisces (Example: Rohu/Shark).

Q. 4 Answer any one:

(i) Questions based on human male reproductive system: (a) Organ of sperm formation, (b) Length of sperm, (c) Work of vas deferens, (d) Cell division type, (e) Two unpaired organs.

[Image of the human male reproductive system] (a) Testes.
(b) Approximately 60 micrometers.
(c) It carries the sperms from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory duct.
(d) Meiosis.
(e) Prostate gland and Penis.

(ii) Environmental conservation: (a) Complete flow chart of Classification of threatened species.

Answer: 1. Endangered Species, 2. Rare Species, 3. Vulnerable Species, 4. Indeterminate Species.

(b) How can biodiversity be conserved? Give any four points.

Answer:

• Protecting the rare species of organisms to prevent extinction.
• Establishing national parks and sanctuaries to provide safe natural habitats.
• Declaring 'Bio-reservoirs' to protect specific areas of high biodiversity.
• Conserving all the local diversity of plants and animals by involving local communities.

(c) Complete the flow chart: Colour of the pages in Red List of Endangered Species.

Pink colour (Endangered)

← Red List →

Green colour (Previously Endangered/Recovered)

Answer: The empty boxes should be filled with Pink and Green respectively.

SSC Science Part 1 Board Question Paper Solution March 2024 Maharashtra Board

Science and Technology Part I - March 2024 Solution

Q. 1 (A) Write the correct alternative:

(i) The SI unit of heat is

(A) Calorie   (B) Joule   (C) Kcal/kg °C   (D) Cal/g °C

(ii) We can see the sun even when it is little below the horizon because of

(A) Reflection of light   (B) Refraction of light   (C) Dispersion of light   (D) Absorption of light

(iii) ________ is the functional group of carboxylic acid.

(A) -COOH   (B) -CO-   (C) -CHO-   (D) -OH

(iv) In simple microscope ________ lens is used.

(A) Concave   (B) Plano concave   (C) Plano convex   (D) Convex

(v) In ________ process a layer of molten tin is deposited on metals.

(A) Anodization   (B) Tinning   (C) Galvanizing   (D) Alloying

Q. 1 (B) Answer the following:

(i) Write the name of the atom having the smallest size.

Answer: Helium (He)

(ii) Write the molecular formula of calcium carbonate.

Answer: CaCO₃

(iii) Write the use of 'Calorimeter'.

Answer: A calorimeter is used for the measurement of heat exchange during physical or chemical processes.

(iv) Identify the hydrocarbon from the given electron-dot structure:

Answer: The structure (HH HCC:H HH) represents Ethane (C₂H₆).

(v) Match the Columns:

Column 'A'	Column 'B'
Refractive index of water	1.33

Q. 2 (A) Give scientific reasons (any two):

(i) When the gas formed on heating limestone, is passed through freshly prepared lime water, the lime water turns milky.

Answer: Heating limestone ($CaCO_3$) releases Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). When $CO_2$ reacts with lime water ($Ca(OH)_2$), it forms Calcium Carbonate ($CaCO_3$), an insoluble white precipitate that makes the water milky.

(ii) Tungsten metal is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb.

Answer: Tungsten has a very high melting point (approx 3410°C). When current passes through the bulb's filament, it becomes white-hot to emit light; Tungsten's high melting point prevents it from melting at these extreme temperatures.

(iii) On exposure to air, silver articles turn blackish after some time.

Answer: Silver reacts with Hydrogen Sulphide ($H_2S$) gas present in the air to form a layer of Silver Sulphide ($Ag_2S$). This black coating is a result of corrosion.

Q. 2 (B) Answer the following (any three):

(i) State Dobereiner's law of triad. Give one example of it.

Law: When elements with similar properties are arranged in increasing order of atomic masses in a group of three (triad), the atomic mass of the middle element is approximately the average of the other two.
Example: Lithium (6.9), Sodium (23.0), Potassium (39.1).

(ii) Identify the figure and explain its use:

[Image of an AC Electric Generator]

Answer: This is an Electric Generator. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(iii) What is meant by satellite launch vehicle? Name any one Indian satellite launch vehicle.

Answer: A satellite launch vehicle is a rocket used to place satellites into their respective orbits. Example: PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle).

(iv) What is free fall? When is it possible?

Answer: When an object moves solely under the influence of gravity, it is in free fall. It is only truly possible in a vacuum.

(v) The focal length of a convex lens is 20 cm. What is its power?

Answer: $f = 20\text{ cm} = 0.2\text{ m}$.
$P = \frac{1}{f(\text{m})} = \frac{1}{0.2} = +5.0\text{ Dioptre (D)}$.

Q. 3 Answer the following (any five):

(i) Complete the paragraph (Classification of Blocks):
Select the appropriate options and complete the following paragraph :
(Metals, non-metals, metalloids, four, seven, s-block, p-block, d-block, f-block).
On the basis of electronic configuration, elements in the modern periodic table are classified into ...................... blocks. Groups 1 and 2 elements are included in ......................... and all these elements are metals. (except Hydrogen). Group 13 to 18 elements are included in ..................... . This block contains metals, non-metals and metalloids. Group 3 to 12 elements are included in ........................... and all the elements are ............................ elements shown at the bottom of the periodic table i.e. Lanthanides and Actinides constitute .................... and all these elements are metals.

On the basis of electronic configuration, elements in the modern periodic table are classified into four blocks. Groups 1 and 2 elements are included in s-block and all these elements are metals (except Hydrogen). Group 13 to 18 elements are included in p-block. This block contains metals, non-metals and metalloids. Group 3 to 12 elements are included in d-block and all the elements are metals. The elements shown at the bottom of the periodic table i.e. Lanthanides and Actinides constitute f-block and all these elements are metals.

(ii) (a) Factors affecting rate of reaction? (b) Explain one.

Factors: Nature of reactants, size of particles, concentration, temperature, and catalyst.
Explanation (Temperature): Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, leading to more frequent and effective collisions, thus increasing the rate of reaction.

(iii) Observe the graph (Heating curve of water):

(a) The graph represents Latent Heat.
(b) Line AB represents Latent heat of fusion (ice turning to water at 0°C).
(c) Line BC represents increase in water temperature from 0°C to 100°C.

(iv) Complete the eye defect table:

Point/Figure	---	---
Name of the defect	Myopia (Short-sightedness)	Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness)
Position of image	In front of retina	Behind retina
Lens used to correct	Concave lens	Convex lens

(v) General properties of ionic compounds.

1. They are crystalline solids.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. They conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states.

(vi) Newton's Law of Gravitation:

(a) Law: $F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{d^2}$.
(b) If distance is tripled ($3d$), force becomes 1/9th of original.
(c) If one mass is doubled, force is doubled.

(vii) Satellite revolution time calculation:

$R = 6400 + 35780 = 42180\text{ km}$. Velocity $v = 3.08\text{ km/s}$.
$T = \frac{2\pi R}{v} = \frac{2 \times 3.14 \times 42180}{3.08} \approx 86000\text{ seconds}$ (approx. 24 hours).

(viii) What is a solenoid ? Draw a neat diagram and name its various components.

Answer: A copper wire with a resistive coating wound in a chain of loops like a spring is called a solenoid.

[Image of magnetic field lines around a solenoid]

Q. 4 Answer the following (any one):

(i) Observe the given diagram and answer the question : Observe the prism diagram:

(a) Process: Dispersion of light.
(b) Deviates most: Violet.
(c) Deviates least: Red.
(d) Phenomenon: Rainbow.
(e) Spectrum: The band of colored components of a light beam.

(ii) Observe the acetic acid reaction diagram:

(a) Reactants: Acetic acid and Sodium carbonate.
(b) Gas: Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).
(c) Lime water: Turns milky.
(d) Alternative chemical: Sodium bicarbonate.
(e) Use: Preserving food (Vinegar).

Ettuthikkum Sendriduveer | Chapter 4 Science and Technology | 9th Tamil

எட்டுத்திக்கும் சென்றிடுவீர்

இயல் நான்கு: அறிவியல், தொழில்நுட்பம்

எட்டுத்திக்கும் சென்றிடுவீர்

கற்றல் நோக்கங்கள்

• மின்னணு இயந்திரங்களின் தேவையையும் இணையத்தின் இன்றியமையாமையையும் அறிந்து பயன்படுத்துதல்
• இலக்கியங்கள் காட்டும், தமிழர்களின் அறிவியல் சிந்தனைகள், சமூகத் தேவைகளுக்கு ஏற்ப மேம்பட்டு வருவதை உணர்தல்
• தொல்காப்பியம் குறிப்பிடும் உயிர்களின் வகைப்பாட்டினை அறிவியல் செய்திகளோடு ஒப்பிடல்
• அறிவியல் செய்திகளையும் கவிதையாக்க முடியும் என்பதை அறிந்து படைப்பூக்கம் பெறுதல்
• நேர்காணலின் நோக்கமறிந்து ஏற்றவாறு வினாக்களை வடிவமைத்தல்

Answer in one sentence

1. The negatively charged particle considered as a free particle moving in a metallic conductor.

  Ans. Electron

2. The quantity expressed in coulomb.

Ans. Electric charge

3. The quantity expressed in ampere.

Ans. Electric current

4. The quantity expressed in ohm.

Ans. Electric resistance

5. The quantity expressed in volt.

Ans. Electric potential

6. The quantity expressed in joule.

Ans. Work (and energy)

7. The quantity expressed in watt.

Ans. Power

8. The quantity expressed in kilowatt.

Ans. Electric energy

9. A component used to control the current.

Ans. Resistor

10. An instrument used to measure electric current.

Ans. Ammeter

11. An instrument used to measure electric potential difference.

Ans. Voltmeter

12. The scientist who invented the first battery.

Ans. Alessandro volta

13. The ratio of the work done to the quantity of charge transferred.

Ans. Electric potential difference

14. The quantity also called as the specific resistance.

Ans. Resistivity

15. A physical quantity on which resistivity depends.

Ans. Temperature

16. An alloy of Cu and Ni.

Ans. Constantan

17. An alloy of Cu, Mn, and Ni.

Ans. Manganin

18.An alloy of Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe.

Ans. Nichrome

19.A quantity that depends on the temperature but not on the length and area of cross section of the conductor.

Ans. Resistivity

20. A metal used to make the filament of an electric bulb.

Ans. Tungsten

21. An alloy used to prepare a coil of high resistance for use in electric appliances such as an electric heater.

Ans. Nichrome

22. Constituents of the alloy used to make a fuse wire.

Ans. Lead and tin

23. The unit same as the watt second.

Ans. The joule

24.A metal used to make connecting wires in a circutt.

Ans. Copper

25. The scientist in whose honour the SI unit of power is named.

Ans. James Watt.  

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TRY THESE QUESTION PAPERS AS PER NEW SYLLABUS

SCIENCE PAPER ONE WITH SOLUTION

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PAPER TWO 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PAPER THREE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PAPER FOUR

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PAPER FIVE WITH SOLUTION

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

SCHOOL OF ELEMENTS

THE MAGIC OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

ACID BASE CHEMISTRY

ELECTRIC SPARK

ELECTROMAGNETISM

WONDERS OF LIGHT PART - I

WONDERS OF LIGHT PART II

UNDERSTANDING METALS NON METALS

AMAZING WORLD OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

LIFE'S INTERNALSECRETS

REGULATORS OF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE

MAPPING OUR GENES

STRIVING FOR BETTER ENVIRONMENT PART I

STRIVING FOR BETTER ENVIRONMENT PART - II

REVISION

Resistance connected in parallel

Resistors connected in parallel: If the numbers of resistance are connected between two common points, such that the potential difference across each resistance is the same, then the arrangement is called resistance in parallel.

Three resistances R₁, R₂ and R₃ are connected in parallel between the points A and B. Let R_p be the effective resistance in the circuit.

A Cell E, Key K and the ammeters A are also connected with resistances.

Let the current passing through R₁ be I₁, R₂ be I₂, and R₃ be I₃ and that of R be I.

Derivation of Equivalent Resistance in a Parallel Circuit

The image provided outlines the mathematical derivation for calculating the total equivalent resistance ($R_p$) when three resistors ($R_1$, $R_2$, and $R_3$) are connected in parallel. Below is a detailed, step-by-step breakdown of the physics principles shown.

Step 1: The Current Rule in Parallel Circuits

In a parallel circuit, the total current flowing from the source divides into the different parallel branches. Therefore, the total current ($I$) is the sum of the currents in each individual branch.

$$I = I_1 + I_2 + I_3 \quad \text{--- eq no (1)}$$

Step 2: Applying Ohm's Law

According to Ohm's law, Current ($I$) is equal to Voltage ($V$) divided by Resistance ($R$). A fundamental characteristic of parallel circuits is that the voltage ($V$) remains constant across all branches.

Applying this to each resistor gives us their individual currents:

$$I_1 = \frac{V}{R_1}, \quad I_2 = \frac{V}{R_2}, \quad I_3 = \frac{V}{R_3}$$

For the whole circuit, utilizing the total equivalent resistance ($R_p$), the total current is:

$$I = \frac{V}{R_p} \quad \text{--- eq no (2)}$$

Step 3: Substitution

By substituting the Ohm's law relationships from equation (2) into the total current equation (1), we replace the $I$ variables with their $\frac{V}{R}$ equivalents.

$$\frac{V}{R_p} = \frac{V}{R_1} + \frac{V}{R_2} + \frac{V}{R_3}$$

Step 4: Factoring Out Common Variables

Because the voltage ($V$) is identical in every term on the right side of the equation, it can be factored out as a common multiplier.

$$\frac{V}{R_p} = V \left[ \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3} \right]$$

Step 5: Final Formula for Parallel Resistance

Finally, dividing both sides by the common voltage $V$ cancels it out completely. This results in the standard formula used to calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors arranged in parallel.

$$\frac{1}{R_p} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3}$$

Conclusion: If the resistors are connected in parallel then:

1. The sum of reciprocals of the individual resistance is equal to the reciprocal of equivalent resistance.
2. The current in various resistors are inversely proportional to the resistances (higher is the resistance lower is the current through it). However the total current is the sum of the currents flowing in the different branches.
3. The voltage (potential difference) across each resistor is same.
4. The effective resistance of the parallel combination is less than the individual resistance in the combination.
5. This combination is used to decrease resistance in the circuit.

Find the expression for the resistors connected in series

Resistors connected in series: - If the number of resistances are connected one after another in such a way that the same current flows through each resistance, then the arrangement is called resistance in series.

Let R₁, R₂ and R₃ be three resistances connected in a series combination and let R_S be their effective resistance in the circuit.

Let V₁, V₂ and V₃ be the P.D. across resistances R₁, R₂ and R₃ respectively. Let ‘V’ be the P.D. of the cell. Let ‘I’ be the current flow through each resistance.

According to Ohm’s Law,

Conclusion: If the resistors are connected in series then:

1. In a circuit the current is the same in every part of the circuit.
2. The resistance of the combination of resistors is equal to the sum of the individual resistors.
3. The total voltage across the combination is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across the separate resistors.
4. The effective resistance in a series combination is greater than the individual resistances.
5. This combination is used to increase resistance in a circuit.

Joule’s law

- Joule’s law can be stated as the quantity of heat generated (H) in a conductor of Resistance (R), when a current (I) flows through it for a time (t) is directly proportional to:

i.                     The square of the current.

ii.                    The resistance of the conductor, and

iii.                  The time for which the current flows.

Using Ohm’s Law we can write

H	=	(I2 Rt) cal	=	(V2 t) cal	=	VIt cal
		4.18		4.18R		4.18

Ohm’s law

 Ohm’s law states that the electric current flowing in a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its terminals, provided physical conditions of the conductor such as length, area of cross section, temperature and material remain constant.

If I is the current and V is the potenial difference across the ends of a conductor then, V ∝ I

∴ V / I = R  (Where ‘R’ is constant)

∴ V = IR

R is the resistance which is constant for given conductor. The SI unit of resistance is ohm ( Ω )

High resistance and low resistance.

High resistance	Low resistance
A high resistance indicates a material that hardly allows the movement of electrons. It is due to the less number of free flowing electrons in the outer most orbit of an element. Substances with infinitely high electrical resistance are insulators. High resistance provides low conductivity.	A low resistance indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrons. It is due to large number of electrons in the outer most orbit of an element. Substances with low electrical resistances are good conductors. Low resistance provides high conductivity.

Resistance and resistivity.

Resistance	Resistivity
The property of the conductor due to which it opposes a flow of current through it is called resistance. The SI unit of resistance is Ohm ( Ω ) The resistance of a conductor depends on its length and area of cross section.	The resistivity of a conductor is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross section. The SI unit of resistivity is Ohm-metre ( Ωm)  The resistivity of a conductor does not depend on its length and area of cross section.

Conductors and insulators.

Conductors	Insulators
·         Those substances through which electricity can flow are called conductors. ·         Electrical resistances of conductors are very low. ·         They contain large number of free electrons. ·         Generally metals are conductors. E.g. silver, copper, aluminium	·         Those substances through which electricity cannot flow are called insulators. ·         Electrical resistances of insulators are infinitely very high. ·         They do not contain free electrons. ·         Generally non – metals are insulators. E.g. wood, rubber, plastic

Resistances in series and parallel.

Resistance in series

Resistance in parallel

1.       If a number of resistances are connected in such a way that the same current flows through each resistance, then the arrangement is called resistances in series. 2.       The effective resistance is a series combination is greater than the individual resistances. 3.       This combination is used to increase resistance in a circuit. 4.       This combination decreases the current in the circuit.

1.       If a number of resistances are connected between two common points such that the potential difference across each is the same then that arrangement is called resistances in parallel. 2.       The effective resistance of the combination is less than the individual resistances. 3.       This combination is used to decrease resistance in the circuit. 4.       This combination increases the current in the circuit.