Chapter 9: Economic Policy of India since
Complete the following statement by choosing the correct alternative :
After Independence, India had adopted________
OPTIONS
Socialism
Capitalism
Mixed Economy
Communism
The new economic policy approved foreign technology in___________
OPTIONS
Cottage industries
Small scale industries
Micro enterprises
High priority industries
At present, the number of industries reserved for the public sector has been reduced to_________
OPTIONS
3
5
7
2
Assertion and Reasoning type question:
Assertion (A) Delicensing of industries was an important step taken under liberalization.
Reasoning (R) Unwanted controls and restrictions led to economic stagnation prior to 1991.
OPTIONS
(A) is TRUE but (R) is FALSE
(A) is FALSE but (R) is TRUE
(A) and (R) both are TRUE and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(A) and (R) both are TRUE but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Assertion (A): In 1990-91, India faced an acute shortage of foreign exchange reserves.
Reasoning (R): Import quotas and tariffs led to an increase in imports.
OPTIONS
(A) is TRUE but (R) is FALSE
(A) is FALSE but (R) is TRUE
(A) and (R) both are TRUE and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(A) and (R) both are TRUE but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Assertion (A): Post liberalization, the sale of domestic goods has increased.
Reasoning (R): The demand for imported goods had increased due to liberal policy.
OPTIONS
(A) is TRUE but (R) is FALSE
(A) is FALSE but (R) is TRUE
(A) and (R) both are TRUE and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(A) and (R) both are TRUE but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Assertion (A): Due to Globalisation, a country cannot achieve self- sufficiency in food production.
Reasoning (R): Globalisation has created a revolution in IT sector.
OPTIONS
(A) is TRUE but (R) is FALSE
(A) is FALSE but (R) is TRUE
(A) and (R) both are TRUE and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(A) and (R) both are TRUE but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Find the odd word out:
New Economic Policy -
OPTIONS
Liberalization
Privatization
Demonetization
Globalisation
Industries requiring compulsory licensing -
OPTIONS
defence equipment
agro-based industries
cigarettes
industrial explosives
Navratna status companies -
OPTIONS
SPCL
IOC
ONGC
HPCL
Liberalization dealt with the following -
OPTIONS
MRTP
FERA
SEBI
NTPC
Identify and explain the concept from the given illustration:
Vehicles manufactured by various automobile companies are now available in India.
SOLUTION
A. Identified concept: Trade liberalisation.
B. Explanation of concept: Trade liberalisation is a practice in which import licensing controls are abolished and import of various goods is made easy.
Government equity in some public sector enterprises is sold to the private sector.
SOLUTION
A. Identified concept: Privatisation.
B. Explanation of concept: Privatisation means the transfer of ownership from the public sector to the private sector. In the above illustration, by selling government equity in some public sector enterprises to the private sector, the transfer of ownership is followed.
Foreign investments are encouraged on a large scale in the industrial sector of India.
SOLUTION
A. Identified concept: Liberalisation.
B. Explanation of concept: Liberalisation refers to economic freedom or freedom for economic decisions.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Give reasons:
Liberalisation has permitted the use of foreign technology.
OPTIONS
Agree
Disagree
SOLUTION
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Reasons:
Liberalisation has allowed the use of foreign technology in high priority industries.
The use of foreign technology reduces the cost of production.
The use of foreign technology also makes the industries competitive. Thus, liberalisation has permitted the use of foreign technology.
Government has given private enterprises free access to public sector.
OPTIONS
Agree
Disagree
SOLUTION
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Reasons:
By disinvestment, the government sells shares of sick public sector units to the private sector. For example, disinvestment of Maruti, VSNL, etc.
By dereservation policy, private enterprises have given free access to the public sector except for railway transport and atomic energy.
During 1997-98, nine public sector units were selected and were given the status of Navratna and were given Financial and managerial autonomy, for example, Oil and Natural Gas Limited (ONGC), Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL). Thus, the government has given private enterprises free access to the public sector.
Government has a monopoly in the insurance sector.
OPTIONS
Agree
Disagree
SOLUTION
No, I disagree with this statement.
Reasons:
The new economic policy passed the Insurance, Regulatory, and Development Authority Act (IRDA) in 1999 With the aim of introducing reforms in the insurance sector.
The IRDA has given licences to many private companies to start an insurance business.
IRDA has ended the monopoly of the government in the insurance sector. Thus, the government has no monopoly in insurance
The creation of the National Renewal Board was done to remove poverty.
OPTIONS
Agree
Disagree
SOLUTION
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Reasons:
Due to the closing down of loss-making public sector units, the workers have to face a problem of unemployment and poverty.
The National Renewal Board (NRB) was established to solve the problem of these unemployed workers.
NRB takes the responsibility for providing compensation to the retrenched workers or the workers taking voluntary retirement. Thus, the creation of the National Renewal Board was done to remove poverty.
Indian Oil Corporation is one of the public sector units among 'Navratnas'.
OPTIONS
Agree
Disagree
SOLUTION
Yes, I agree with this statement.
Reasons:
During 1997-98, nine public sector units were selected and given the status of Navratnas on the basis of their performance.
These nine Navratnas were given full financial and managerial autonomy.
Indian oil corporation is one of these nine Navratnas. Thus, Indian Oil Corporation is one of the public sector units among Navratnas.
Answer in detail:
Explain the features of economic policy of 1991.
SOLUTION
The following are the features of economic policy in 1991.
Delicensing: Delicensing means abolition 0f government licence required to carry on any business or industrial activity. In India, all industries except 18 specified industries of strategic importance required licence. As per the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Government of India, only the following four industries require compulsory licensing:
a. Electronic aerospace and defence equipment,
b. Industrial explosives,
c. Hazardous chemicals, drugs, and pharmaceuticals,
d. Cigarettes
Abolition of Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act: According to the MRTP Act, it was made compulsory for large industrial units. take the approval of the Central government for their establishment, expansion, merger, etc. This resulted in slow industrial growth. After 1991, the abolition of the MRTP Act has encouraged industrial growth in India.
Encouragement to the small sector: The government also encouraged small sector units to attain a higher growth rate in output, employment, and export sector. The small sector unit investment limit was increased from 1 crore to 5 crores.
Encouraging foreign investment: New economic policy of 1991 allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with the aim to encourage investment in high priority industries requiring high investment and technology. Initially, FDI was permitted up to 51% of total investment in selected industries. Later, this limit was raised to 74% and then 100% for specific industries.
Reducing the role of the public sector: Under the new economic policy of 1991, many changes were made in the public sector policy to fulfill the following objectives:
a. Ending state monopoly
b. Improving the efficiency of public sector
c. Releasing capital is blocked in sick public sector enterprises.
To encourage the private sector, NEP reduced the number of industries in the public sector from 17 to 8. From 2014, there are only two industries reserved for public sector viz. railways and atomic energy.
Trade liberalisation: Under the new economic policy of 1991, the import licensing controls have been abolished. Almost all capital goods, raw materials, intermediate goods, and other components were made freely importable. In India, established exporters are allowed to raise external credit to finance their business and trade. Special Economic Zones (SEZ) are set up to promote exports. The Government has also introduced Agro Export Zones (AEZ) to encourage agricultural exports.
Reforms in the insurance sector: Before the new economic policy of 1991, the insurance sector was a monopoly of the government. The new policy passed the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act (IRDA) in 1999 to bring reforms in this sector. The IRDA has given licences to many private companies to run an insurance business. This has resulted in the end of the monopoly of the Government in this sector.
Reforms in the financial sector: Before the new economic policy of 1991, only cooperative banks and public sector banks were permitted to the banking business in the financial sector. The new economic policy has also permitted the entry of new private banks as well as foreign banks.
Explain the measures undertaken for Globalisation.
SOLUTION
Removal of quantitative restrictions: To promote globalisation, all the quantitative restrictions have been removed on imports and exports. Further traffic rates have been brought down considerably. Similarly, the import duty on industrial goods has been reduced.
Encouragement to foreign capital: Government has opened the economy to foreign investments. As a result, foreign capital is attracted to various sectors in India. As a result, the Indian economy has become a part of the global economy.
Convertibility of rupees: To promote globalisation, the exchange rate of rupees has been made flexible. The rupee is made fully convertible to all current account transactions.
Foreign collaboration: Indian companies are allowed to enter into important foreign collaborations, For example, Maruti-Suzuki, Hero Honda, Tata-Corus deal in iron and steel in South Africa.
Long term trade policy: To ensure a longer duration in foreign trade, changes were made in the foreign trade policy.
The main features of this policy included:
a. Liberalised policy.
b. Removal of restrictions on foreign trade.
c. Encouragement to Foreign Collaboration.
Encouragement to Exports: Through EXIM policy, various incentives are given to exporters. Special Economic Zones, Agro-Export Zones (AEZ) are created to encourage exports.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Indian ice-cream industry is one of the fastest-growing segments of the dairy and food processing sector. India has a low per capita consumption of ice-cream of 400 ml whereas in the USA it is 22,000 ml and in China, it is 3000 ml.
The per capita consumption of ice-cream is low in India because it is a country filled with traditional sweets of more than 100 varieties. In developed countries, people have either pastries or ice-creams for dessert. In the era of Globalisation, the mindset of the people is fast changing. This is because multi-national companies have set up a number of ice-cream parlours, with a lot more varieties and flavours that attract the younger lot. Besides this, there are better delivery systems.
The ice-cream sector has great potential for growth in the country due to improvement in the cold chain infrastructure, increasing disposable income, and changing lifestyle of the people. However, it is taxed higher with 18 percent GST while other dairy products in the same basket such as butter and cheese are taxed at 12 percent.
The ice-cream industry has generated revenue of more than $1.5 billion in 2016-17. With an employment of 15 lakh people directly or indirectly, it is also considered one of the largest employers of the dairy and food processing industry.
1) Identify the reason for the low per capita consumption of ice-cream in India.
2) Explain the impact of Globalisation on the Indian ice-cream industry.
SOLUTION
The reason for low per capita consumption of ice-cream in India is availability of traditional sweets of more than 100 varieties.
18 per cent GST on ice-cream discourages entrepreneurs from investing in the ice-cream industry. To boost the ice-cream industry, like other dairy products viz. butter, cheese, etc. ice-cream too Should be taxed at 12 per cent GST.
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Economics
Chapter 4: The Economy of Maharashtra
Chapter 5: Rural Development in India
Chapter 6: Population in India
Chapter 7: Unemployment in India
Chapter 9: Economic Policy of India since
Chapter 10: Economic Planning in India
Economics 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board
Author: Balbharati
Publisher: Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
Balbharati solutions for Economics 11th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board chapter 9 - Economic Policy of India since
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Concepts covered in Economics 11th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board chapter 9 Economic Policy of India since are Economic Policy of India since 1991, Components of New Economic Policy (NEP), Evaluation of the Economic Policy of 1991.
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