Molecule and Molecular Mass: A Detailed Guide for Class 10 Science

Molecule and Molecular Mass

MOLECULE AND MOLECULAR MASS

Except noble gases, atoms of most of the elements are found in the combined form with itself or atoms of other elements. It is called as a molecule. A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms held together by strong chemical forces of attraction, i.e. chemical bonds.

Diagram showing the combination of atoms to form molecules of elements and compounds

1. Classification of molecules

A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or may contain atoms of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio, in accordance with the law of definite proportions. Thus, a molecule may be an element or a compound. If the molecule is made of similar kind of atoms, then it is called homoatomic molecule.

The molecule that consist of atoms of different elements is called heteroatomic molecule. A compound is a heteroatomic molecule. The number of atoms present in the molecule is called its ‘atomicity’.

Table 7.4 Classification of molecules based on atomicity

Let us consider oxygen. Oxygen gas exists in two allotropic forms: Oxygen (O₂) and Ozone (O₃). In oxygen molecule, there are two oxygen atoms. So its atomicity is two. Since both the atoms are similar, oxygen (O₂) is a homodiatomic molecule. Other elements that exist as diatomic molecules are hydrogen (H₂), nitrogen (N₂) and halogens: fluorine (F₂), chlorine (Cl₂), bromine (Br₂) and iodine (I₂).

Figure 7.1 Illustrating homoatomic molecules like Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen (O2)

Ozone (O₃) contains three oxygen atoms and hence it is called homotriatomic molecule. If a molecule contains more than three atoms, then it is called polyatomic molecule.

Illustration showing the structure of Ozone (O3) as a homotriatomic molecule.

Conisder hydrogen chloride. It consists of two atoms, but of different elements, i.e. hydrogen and chlorine. So, its atomicity is two. It is a heterodiatomic molecule. Similarly, the water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. So its atomicity is three. It is a heterotriatomic molecule.

Figure 7.2 Illustrating heteroatomic molecules like Water (H2O) and Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

2. Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)

As the molecules are made of atoms, they also have their own mass. The mass of the molecule of an element or compound is measured in the C-12 scale and hence called relative molecular mass.

The Relative Molecular Mass of a molecule is the ratio between the mass of one molecule of the substance to 1/12th mass of an atom of Carbon -12.

The relative molecular mass is obtained by adding together the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in a molecule.

Calculation of relative molecular mass – Solved examples:

Example 1: Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Relative molecular mass of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is calculated as follows: Sulphuric acid conatins 2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen.

Therefore, Relative molecular mass of sulphuric acid = (2 × mass of hydrogen) + (1 × mass of sulphur) + (4 × mass of oxygen)

= (2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16)

= 98

i.e., one molecule of H₂SO₄ is 98 times as heavy as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon –12.

Example 2: Water (H₂O)

Relative molecular mass of water (H₂O) is calculated as follows: A water molecule is made of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

So, the relative molecular mass of water = (2 × mass of hydrogen) + (1 × mass of oxygen)

= (2 × 1) + (1 × 16)

= 18

i.e., one molecule of H₂O is 18 times as heavy as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon –12.