Principles of Management
HSC 12th Standard Commerce - Solved Paper
(a) Henry Fayol (b) F.W. Taylor (c) Philip Kotler
(a) Controlling (b) Planning (c) Organizing
(a) Unity of Direction (b) Unity of Command (c) Scalar Chain
(a) Method Study (b) Motion Study (c) Time Study
(a) 2014 (b) 2016 (c) 2018
| Group A | Group B |
|---|---|
| A) Henry Fayol | 1) Scientific Management Theory |
| B) Principle of Unity of Direction | 2) One Head One Plan |
| C) Controlling | 3) Modern Management Theory |
| D) F.W. Taylor | 4) Last function of management |
| E) Staffing | 5) Recruitment and Selection |
A) Henry Fayol — 3) Modern Management Theory
B) Principle of Unity of Direction — 2) One Head One Plan
C) Controlling — 4) Last function of management
D) F.W. Taylor — 1) Scientific Management Theory
E) Staffing — 5) Recruitment and Selection
Answer: Motion study refers to the study of the movement of an employee as well as the machine while completing a particular task. It is a technique of scientific management introduced by F.W. Taylor. The primary objective is to identify and eliminate unnecessary and wasteful movements to increase efficiency and speed of work.
Answer: Scalar chain implies the hierarchy of authority from the top level to the lower level for the purpose of communication. It ensures the orderly flow of information and commands. Henry Fayol suggested that for efficiency, this chain should be followed strictly, except in emergencies where a "Gang Plank" (direct communication) can be used to avoid delay.
Answer: Organizing is the process of identifying, bringing together the required resources (Men, Money, Material, Machines, and Method), and grouping them for the achievement of organizational goals. It establishes the relationship between authority and responsibility among the personnel.
Case: Mr. Ram, an emerging entrepreneur, has designed a structure of his business organization. He has appointed Mr. Shyam as a Production Manager. Mr. Shyam has the right to command his subordinates and is responsible for the production targets.
| Points | Planning | Controlling |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. | Controlling is the process of taking steps to bring actual results and desired results closer together. |
| Order | It is the first and basic function of management. | It is the last function of management; it follows all other functions. |
| Objective | The objective is to set goals and choose the means to achieve them. | The objective is to ensure that objectives are achieved according to the plan. |
| Nature | It is forward-looking (looking into the future). | It is backward-looking (analyzing past performance) as well as forward-looking (corrective action). |
Answer: F.W. Taylor introduced several techniques to apply scientific principles to management:
- 1. Work Study: It consists of an organized, systematic, and critical assessment of the various activities. It includes Time Study, Motion Study, Method Study, and Fatigue Study.
- 2. Standardization of Tools and Equipment: Standardized working environment and methods of production help to reduce spoilage and wastage of material, cost of production, and fatigue among the workers.
- 3. Scientific Task Setting: Taylor emphasized fixing a fair day's work. Scientific work setting prevents employees from working below their capacity.
- 4. Scientific Selection and Training: Management should select the right person for the right job based on scientific standards and provide them with necessary training to increase efficiency.
Justification:
- Management principles are not rigid laws like pure sciences (physics or chemistry).
- They are applied to human behavior, which is complex and unpredictable.
- Managers can modify these principles according to the situation, size, and nature of the organization.
- For example, the degree of centralization may vary from company to company. Hence, principles are flexible guidelines.
Justification:
- Every function of management is based on planning.
- Organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling cannot be performed unless the goals and the path to achieve them are decided.
- Planning lays the foundation by setting objectives and determining the course of action.
- Without planning, other functions become directionless. Therefore, it is the primary or first function.
Definition: Coordination is the integration and synchronization of the efforts of a group so as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. It is often called the "essence of management."
Importance of Coordination:
- 1. Encourages Team Spirit: Coordination arranges the work in such a way that conflicts are minimized. It fosters a sense of unity among employees, leading to higher team spirit.
- 2. Gives Proper Direction: Coordination ensures that all departments work towards the common organizational goal rather than their individual departmental goals. It acts as a binding force.
- 3. Facilitates Motivation: When there is proper coordination, employees know their roles clearly. This reduces confusion and increases job satisfaction, which motivates them to perform better.
- 4. Optimum Utilization of Resources: Coordination helps in bringing together human and physical resources. It minimizes wastage of materials and idle time of labor, ensuring efficiency.
- 5. Improves Relations: Good coordination builds better relations between the management and the staff, and among the staff members themselves. It reduces disputes and creates a healthy work environment.
- 6. Higher Efficiency: By avoiding duplication of work and delays, coordination ensures that the organization operates smoothly. This leads to higher productivity and profitability.
- 7. Good Corporate Image: An organization with well-coordinated departments delivers quality goods and services on time. This builds goodwill in the market and enhances the corporate image.
Conclusion: Thus, coordination is not just a separate function but the underlying force that binds all other functions of management together.