Title: Anatomy and Plant Physiology: 10th Science Book Back Questions

Anatomy and Plant Physiology - Book Back Questions

I. Choose the correct answer

1. Casparian strips are present in the _____________ of the root.

1. cortex
2. pith
3. pericycle
4. endodermis

Answer: d) endodermis

2. The endarch condition is the characteristic feature of

1. root
2. stem
3. leaves
4. flower

Answer: b) stem

3. The xylem and phloem arranged side by side on same radius is called _________

1. radial
2. amphivasal
3. conjoint
4. None of these

Answer: c) conjoint

4. Which is formed during anaerobic respiration

1. Carbohydrate
2. Ethyl alcohol
3. Acetyl CoA
4. Pyruvate

Answer: b) Ethyl alcohol

5. Kreb’s cycle takes place in

1. chloroplast
2. mitochondrial matrix
3. stomata
4. inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer: b) mitochondrial matrix

6. Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis ?

1. when ATP is converted to ADP
2. when CO₂ is fixed
3. when H₂O is splitted
4. All of these

Answer: c) when H₂O is splitted

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Cortex lies between _______________.

2. Xylem and phloem occurring on the same radius constitute a vascular bundle called _______________.

3. Glycolysis takes place in _______________.

4. The source of O₂ liberated in photosynthesis is _______________.

5. _______________ is ATP factory of the cells.

1. Cortex lies between epidermal and vascular tissues.

2. Xylem and phloem occurring on the same radius constitute a vascular bundle called conjoint.

3. Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm.

4. The source of O₂ liberated in photosynthesis is water.

5. Mitochondria is ATP factory of the cells.

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

1. Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of water in plant.

2. The waxy protective covering of a plant is called as cuticle.

3. In monocot stem cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.

4. Palisade parenchyma cells occur below upper epidermis in dicot root.

5. Mesophyll contains chlorophyll.

6. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

1. False.
Correct Statement: Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of food in plant.

2. True.

3. False.
Correct Statement: In dicot stem cambium is present between xylem and phloem.

4. False.
Correct Statement: Palisade parenchyma cells occur below upper epidermis in dicot leaf.

5. True.

6. False.
Correct Statement: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

IV. Match the following

Match the items in Column A with Column B:

1. Amphicribal

2. Cambium

3. Amphivasal

4. Xylem

5. Phloem

a) Dracaena

b) Translocation of food

c) Fern

d) Secondary growth

e) Conduction of water

Correct Matches:

1. Amphicribal - Fern

2. Cambium - Secondary growth

3. Amphivasal - Dracaena

4. Xylem - Conduction of water

5. Phloem - Translocation of food

V. Answer in a sentence

1. What is collateral vascular bundle?

Collateral vascular bundle is one type of conjoint vascular bundle in which Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery. Eg : Dicot stem.

2. Where does the carbon that is used in photosynthesis come from?

The carbon that is used in photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide in the air.

3. What is the common step in aerobic and anaerobic pathway?

Glycolysis is the common step in aerobic and anaerobic pathway.

4. Name the phenomenon by which carbohydrates are oxidized to release ethyl alcohol.

Fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

VI. Short answer questions

1. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot stem.

The central part of the stem inner to endodermis is known as stele. It consists of pericycle, vascular bundle and pith. Vascular bundle: Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open. They are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.

2. Write a short note on mesophyll.

(i) The tissue present between the upper and lower epidermis of a dicot leaf is called mesophyll.

(ii) It is differentiated into Palisade parenchyma and Spongy parenchyma.

Palisade parenchyma:

(i) It is found just below the upper epidermis. The cells are elongated.

(ii) These cells have more number of chloroplasts. The cells do not have intercellular spaces and they take part in photosynthesis.

Spongy parenchyma:

(i) It is found below the palisade parenchyma tissue.

(ii) Cells are almost spherical or oval and are irregularly arranged.

(iii) Cells have intercellular spaces. It helps in gaseous exchange.

3. Draw and label the structure of oxysomes.

4. Name the three basic tissues system in flowering plants.

The three basic tissue systems in flowering plants are:

1. Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system

5. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur?

(i) Photosynthesis is a process by which autotrophic organisms like green plants, algae and chlorophyll containing bacteria utilize the energy from sunlight to synthesize their own food. In this process, carbon dioxide combines with water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to form carbohydrates. During this process oxygen is released as a byproduct.

$$6CO_2 + 12H_2O \xrightarrow[\text{chlorophyll}]{\text{Light}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6H_2O + 6O_2 \uparrow$$

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Water + Oxygen

(ii) Photosynthesis occurs in green parts of the plant such as leaves, stems and floral buds.

6. What is respiratory quotient?

Respiratory quotient is the ratio of volume of carbon dioxide liberated and the volume of oxygen consumed during respiration. It is expressed as:

$$RQ = \frac{\text{Volume of } CO_2 \text{ liberated}}{\text{Volume of } O_2 \text{ consumed}}$$

7. Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction?

(i) Light dependent reaction of photosynthesis refers to the light reaction / Hill reaction. This reaction occurs in the presence of light in the grana of chloroplast.

(ii) During this process photosynthetic pigments absorb the light energy, and convert it into chemical energy ATP and NADPH₂.

(iii) The Light Independent reaction refers to the Dark reaction of photosynthesis or the biosynthetic pathway which occurs in stroma of chloroplast.

(iv) During this reaction CO₂, is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of light generated ATP and NADPH₂.

(v) Thus light dependent reaction occurs before the light independent reaction.

8. Write the reaction for photosynthesis?

$$6CO_2 + 12H_2O \xrightarrow[\text{chlorophyll}]{\text{Light}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6H_2O + 6O_2 \uparrow$$

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Water + Oxygen

VII. Long answer questions

1. Differentiate the following
a) Monocot root and Dicot root
b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

a) Monocot root and dicot root

Feature	Monocot Root	Dicot Root
Number of Xylem	Polyarch	Tetrarch
Cambium	Absent	Present (During secondary growth only)
Secondary Growth	Absent	Present
Pith	Present	Absent

b) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic Respiration:

Feature	Aerobic Respiration	Anaerobic Respiration
1. Oxygen Requirement	Organic food is completely oxidised with the help of oxygen.	Organic food is broken down in the absence of oxygen.
2. Breakdown Product	Glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide, water and energy.	Glucose is converted into ethanol or lactate.
3. Energy Production	Lot of energy is produced.	Very small quantity of energy is produced.
4. Complexity	It is a complex process and occurs in three major steps.	It is a simpler process.

2. Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms use to obtain energy from glucose.

Stages of aerobic respiration:

(a) Glycolysis (Glucose splitting):

(i) It is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbon).

(ii) Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm of the cell. It is the first step of both aerobic and anerobic respiration.

(b) Krebs Cycle:

(i) This cycle occurs in mitochondria matrix. At the end of glycolysis, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter into mitochondria.

(ii) The oxidation of pyruvic acid into CO₂ and water takes place through this cycle. It is also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA).

(c) Electron Transport Chain:

(i) This is accomplished through a system of electron carrier complex called electron transport chain (ETC) located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

(ii) NADH₂ and FADH₂ molecules formed during glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to NAD⁺ and FAD⁺ to release the energy via electrons.

(iii) The electrons, as they move through the system, release energy which is trapped by ADP to synthesize ATP. This is called oxidative phosphorylation.

(iv) In this process, O₂ the ultimate acceptor of electrons gets reduced to water.

3. How does the light dependent reaction differ from the light independent reaction? What are the end product and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?

Feature	Light Dependent Reaction	Light Independent Reaction
Name	Light reaction or Hill reaction.	Dark reaction or biosynthetic phase.
Location	It takes place in the grana of the chloroplast.	It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Process	Photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy.	CO2 is reduced into carbohydrates using energy from the light reaction.
Reactants (Inputs)	Water, solar energy, photosynthetic pigments.	CO2, ATP and NADPH2 (from light reaction).
Products (Outputs)	ATP and NADPH2.	Glucose.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. The reactions of photosynthesis make up a biochemical pathway.
a) What are the reactants and products for both light and dark reactions.
b) Explain how the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis recycles many of its own reactions and identify the recycled reactants.

a) Reactants and Products:

• Light Reaction:
  • Reactants: Water, Solar energy, Chlorophyll pigment.
  • Products: Oxygen, ATP, NADPH₂.
• Dark Reaction:
  • Reactants: CO₂, ATP, NADPH₂.
  • Products: Glucose.

b) Recycling in the Pathway:

(i) The ATP and NADPH₂ are generated during light reaction of photosynthesis. They help in reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates and during the process they are converted to ADP and NADP. They are sent back to the grana of chloroplast to form ATP and NADPH₂.

(ii) Similarly the CO₂ from the atmosphere is said to be fixed by a CO₂ acceptor molecule. During successive reactions the carbon of CO₂ is used for formation of glucose and the original acceptor molecule is recycled so that it can again help in CO₂ fixation.

(iii) Water is split during light reaction and oxygen is produced as a by-product. At the same time water is again released as a by-product of dark reaction.

(iv) Thus many molecules such as ATP, NADPH₂, water, CO₂ acceptor molecules are recycled during the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis.

2. Where do the light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast?

(i) The light dependent reaction (refers to the light reaction of photosynthesis or Hill reaction) occurs in the grana of chloroplast.

(ii) The Calvin cycle (a light-independent reaction) occurs in the stroma of chloroplast.