1. affect/effect
affect (verb) - to do something that influences someone or something
Example: The actions of the nobility affected girls’ ideas of correct behavior.
effect (verb) - to make something happen
Example: His careful work effected (brought about) the new structures in the organization.
effect (noun) - a result or reaction to someone or something
Example: The aristocrats’ purchase of more and more elaborate clothing had the effect of increasing social divisions.
2. its/it’s
its (possessive adjective) - belonging to people, animals, or things
Example: The company needs to do what is in its best interest.
it’s = the short form of “it is”
Example: It’s important to understand the organization’s goals before implementing any changes.
3. lay/lie
lay, laid (present, past verb) - to put or set something down
Example: You can lay (present) your books over there. She laid (past of lay) her books on the table.
lie, lay (present, past verb) - for a person or creature to recline or rest in a horizontal position
Example: Every morning, I lie (present) down to take a nap. Yesterday after the exam, I lay (past of lie) down for just five minutes.
4. lead/led
lead (noun) - substance in a pencil
Example: You need to sharpen your pencil because the lead is dull.
lead (verb) - to guide a person or animal to a place
Example: Moses endured many obstacles to lead the Israelites out of bondage.
led (past tense of lead)
Example: The actions taken in science to better our society led people to become too materialistic.
5. then/than
then (adverb) - after something has happened; next
Example: If the risks are too great, then the company may gain almost nothing.
than (conjunction/preposition) - used when comparing
Example: Although he should be more grieved than the doctor, Meursault displays much less sorrow.
6. there/their/they’re
there (expletive) - it has no meaning but is used to start sentence
Example: There are many areas in which a manager needs to be competent; these areas include writing, speaking, critical thinking, and active listening.
there (adverb) - it is used to describe a location
Example: She dumped the books over there and then left for school.
their (possessive adjective) - belonging to people, animals, or things
Example: The employees’ need to care for their sick relatives is a sensitive issue.
they’re = the short form of “they are”
Example: A person may follow rules, but they’re not always the best guide to the right action.
7. to/too/two
to - used with the basic form of a verb to make the infinitive
Example: He mentioned that he liked to watch TV for the liquor commercials and that it made him want to try new drinks and beverages.
to (preposition) - toward or in the direction of
Example: I went to the lab early in the morning.
too (adverb) - more than is needed or wanted
Example: However, too much monitoring can have a negative effect on morale.
too (adverb) – also
Example: I have that exam tomorrow too.
two = number
Example: Assuming that these two issues are truly the source of the absentee problem, then implementing the recommendations will decrease the absentee rate.
8. you’re/your
you’re = the short form of “you are”
Example: Sometimes you do not know if you’re doing well at all, since nobody tells you where you stand at each meeting.
your (possessive adjective) - belonging to people
Example: Mr. Friedlander told you that the most important aspect of being human is to use your intelligence and reasoning abilities.
9. whether/weather
whether (conjunction) - used when talking about a choice between two possibilities
Example: Resources obviously play a big role in whether or not a company takes risks.
weather - the temperature or conditions outside
Example: The rainy weather was responsible for the car accident.
Difficult Words and Their Meanings:
- Nobility: People of high social rank or title (like kings, queens, dukes).
- Aristocrats: Wealthy people from the highest social class, often with special titles.
- Elaborate: Very detailed, complex, or fancy.
- Implementing: Starting to use a plan or system.
- Recline: To lean or lie back comfortably.
- Endured: Bravely put up with something difficult or painful.
- Obstacles: Things that block the way or make it hard to achieve something.
- Bondage: Being held as a slave or prisoner; lack of freedom.
- Materialistic: Caring too much about money and possessions rather than other values.
- Grieved: Felt deep sadness, especially over a loss.
- Expletive (grammatical term): A word used to fill a grammatical role in a sentence, often without adding much to the actual meaning (e.g., "there" in "There are...").
- Competent: Having the necessary skill or knowledge to do something successfully.
- Monitoring: Regularly watching and checking on something.
- Morale: The level of confidence and enthusiasm of a person or group.
- Absentee: Someone who is not present where they are expected to be.
- Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or parts of sentences (e.g., and, but, or, whether).
- Preposition: A word that shows relationships between other words, often indicating location, time, or direction (e.g., in, on, to, than).
- Adverb: A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (e.g., quickly, very, then, too, there).
- Possessive Adjective: A word that shows ownership and comes before a noun (e.g., its, their, your).
- Infinitive: The basic form of a verb, usually preceded by "to" (e.g., to watch, to try).